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Koksal BT, Barıs Z, Sencelikel T, Ozcay F, Ozbek OY. Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis in infants is associated with low serum levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-3a. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 78:211-216. [PMID: 38374573 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) is a nonimmunoglobulin (IgE)-mediated food hypersensitivity and the exact mechanisms that cause FPIAP are unknown. Chemokines play crucial roles in the development of allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE To examine serum levels of a group of chemokines in infants with FPIAP. METHODS In 67 infants with FPIAP and 65 healthy infants, we measured serum levels of mucosa-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC/CCL28), thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK/CCL25), CX3CL1 and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3a/CCL20. RESULTS Infants with FPIAP had a lower median value of MIP3a/CCL20 than healthy infants [0.7 (0-222) vs. 4 (0-249) pg/mL, respectively] (p < 0.001). Infants with MIP3a/CCL20 levels ≤0.95 pg/mL have 13.93 times more risk of developing FPIAP than infants with MIP3a/CCL20 levels >0.95 pg/mL. Serum MEC/CCL28, TECK/CCL25, and CX3CL1 levels were similar between the infants with FPIAP and the control group. CONCLUSION MIP3a/CCL20 serum levels were reduced in infants with FPIAP compared with healthy controls. Whether this finding has a role in pathogenesis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Tahire Koksal
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeren Barıs
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Tugce Sencelikel
- Department of Biostatistics, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Ozcay
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Yılmaz Ozbek
- Department of Pediatric Allergy, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Schülke S, Gilles S, Jirmo AC, Mayer JU. Tissue-specific antigen-presenting cells contribute to distinct phenotypes of allergy. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249980. [PMID: 36938688 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are critical cells bridging innate and adaptive immune responses by taking up, processing, and presenting antigens to naïve T cells. At steady state, APCs thus control both tissue homeostasis and the induction of tolerance. In allergies however, APCs drive a Th2-biased immune response that is directed against otherwise harmless antigens from the environment. The main types of APCs involved in the induction of allergy are dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. However, these cell types can be further divided into local, tissue-specific populations that differ in their phenotype, migratory capacity, T-cell activating potential, and production of effector molecules. Understanding if distinct populations of APCs contribute to either tissue-specific immune tolerance, allergen sensitization, or allergic inflammation will allow us to better understand disease pathology and develop targeted treatment options for different stages of allergic disease. Therefore, this review describes the main characteristics, phenotypes, and effector molecules of the APCs involved in the induction of allergen-specific Th2 responses in affected barrier sites, such as the skin, nose, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we highlight open questions that remain to be addressed to fully understand the contribution of different APCs to allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schülke
- Vice President´s Research Group: Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen (Hesse), Germany
| | - Stefanie Gilles
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Adan C Jirmo
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes U Mayer
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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3
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Koenig JFE, Bruton K, Phelps A, Grydziuszko E, Jiménez-Saiz R, Jordana M. Memory Generation and Re-Activation in Food Allergy. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:171-184. [PMID: 34136419 PMCID: PMC8200165 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s284823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has highlighted the critical role of memory cells in maintaining lifelong food allergies, thereby identifying these cells as therapeutic targets. IgG+ memory B cells replenish pools of IgE-secreting cells upon allergen exposure, which contract thereafter due to the short lifespan of tightly regulated IgE-expressing cells. Advances in the detection and highly dimensional analysis of allergen-specific B and T cells from allergic patients have provided insight on their phenotype and function. The newly identified Th2A and Tfh13 populations represent a leap in our understanding of allergen-specific T cell phenotypes, although how these populations contribute to IgE memory responses remains poorly understood. Within, we discuss the mechanisms by which memory B and T cells are activated, integrating knowledge from human systems and fundamental research. We then focus on memory reactivation, specifically, on the pathways of secondary IgE responses. Throughout, we identify areas of future research which will help identify immunotargets for a transformative therapy for food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F E Koenig
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kelly Bruton
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allyssa Phelps
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Grydziuszko
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Jiménez-Saiz
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de la Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Jordana
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Li JB, Li JJ, Li M, Gao C, Zhang L, Li M, Zhu Q. Oral immunization induces a novel CXCR6 + β7 + intraepithelial lymphocyte subset predominating in the small intestine. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12996. [PMID: 33205443 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal T cells form a central part of the front-line defence against foreign organisms and need to be situated in the mucosa where infection occurs. It is well accepted that immunization by a mucosal route favours localization of antigen-specific effector T cells in the mucosal epithelium, while systemic immunization does not. The aim of the study is to determine how homing receptors are specifically involved in retaining effector T cells in the small intestine after oral immunization. We here demonstrate that the chemokine receptor CXCR6, integrins β7 and CD29 contribute differentially to the epithelial retention phenotype of CD8+ T cells in the small intestine of mice. CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) of unvaccinated mice are predominantly β7 single positives, and subcutaneous immunization-induced antigen-specific CD8+ effector IELs are mainly composed of CXCR6+ , CD29+ and CXCR6+ CD29+ cells. Strikingly, the majority of oral immunization-induced antigen-specific CD8+ effector IELs exhibit a distinct, tissue-specific CXCR6+ β7+ double-positive phenotype, cytotoxic potential and enhanced intraepithelial localization. Transfer of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells preactivated with certain immuno-stimuli (such as monophosphoryl lipid A) results in increased accumulation of donor IELs with the CXCR6+ β7+ phenotype. As β7 exclusively paired with αE on IELs, our results strongly suggest that CXCR6 may cooperate with the heterodimer αEβ7 to preferentially retain intestinally induced effector IELs in the epithelium. The identification of this novel IEL phenotype has significant implications for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies to enhance gut immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing B Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Jing J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Changxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Meihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, and Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
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5
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Gonçalves MVM, Brandão WN, Longo C, Peron JPS, Dos Passos GR, Pagliarini GL, do Nascimento OJM, Marinowic DR, Machado DC, Becker J. Correlation between IL-31 and sCD40L plasma levels in Fingolimod-treated patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS). J Neuroimmunol 2020; 350:577435. [PMID: 33189062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, several protocols are described for the different phases of MS. In this longitudinal study, we aim to quantify the concentration of plasma cytokines of MS patients treated with Fingolimod alone or after Glatiramer Acetate (GA) or Interferon-beta (IFN-β), in order to compeer both treatments and describes if it is possible to use them as biomarkers. OBJECTIVE Compare the two different types of drug treatment and describes possible immune biomarkers in RRMS patients treated with Fingolimod alone or after GA or IFN-β. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a controlled, non-randomized clinical trial. Plasma concentrations of IL-31, sCD40L and nine others cytokines were evaluated in two groups of patients with a one-year follow-up. Group 1 (n = 12): RRMS patients treated with GA or IFN-β for at least six months before the study who changed therapy to Fingolimod after six months, and Group 2 (n = 12): naïve RRMS patients who started treatment with Fingolimod. We used ANOVA two-way to analyze the cytokines and Spearman coefficient to evaluate the correlation. RESULTS Although Group 2 started with a greater number of relapses per disease duration, Fingolimod treatment was effective in decreasing this parameter, as well as EDSS over 12 months. However, the treatment with GA or IFN-β on Group 1 showed a tendency to increase the number of relapses after 6 months of follow-up, which decrease when the therapy was changed to Fingolimod. After the evaluation of 11 cytokines in one year, we found that IL-31 and sCD40L were the biomarkers that demonstrated a more difference when compared to the classical ones, following the clinical pattern over the treatment period. CONCLUSIONS Our study describes the existence of two promising plasmatic biomarkers (IL-31 and sCD40L), which reduced plasmatic levels in RRMS patients followed the treatment time of Fingolimod, despite that more studies are needed to prove their efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley Nogueira Brandão
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Longo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Löw Pagliarini
- School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Cellular and Molecular Biology and Neuroimmunology Lab, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Denise Cantarelli Machado
- Cellular and Molecular Biology and Neuroimmunology Lab, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Becker
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil; School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Neuroimmunology Program, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Huang CH, Lu SY, Tsai WC. Relevant fecal microbes isolated from mice with food allergy elicited intestinal cytokine/chemokine network and T-cell immune responses. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2020; 39:234-242. [PMID: 33117622 PMCID: PMC7573112 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2020-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the relevant fecal microbes from mice with
food allergy and investigate the impact of these microbes on intestinal epithelial cells
and allergen-specific T-cell responses. A murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced food
allergy was employed. The profile of fecal microbiota was evaluated by the traditional
plating method and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The
density of fecal bacteria growth on RCM, TSA and LB plates was elevated in mice with food
allergy, whereas the diversity of fecal bacteria was decreased. Additionally, the relative
abundances of Prevotellaceae and Prevotella were increased. The isolated
fecal strains, mostly belonging to Enterococcus, Streptococcus and
Vagococcus, significantly reduced the viability of intestinal Caco-2
cells but increased the production of interleukin (IL)-8, C-C motif chemokine ligand
(CCL)-2, CCL-5, CCL-20 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-1. Moreover, cell expansion
and secretion of IL-2, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 by mesenteric lymph node (MLN)
cells were augmented, whereas the production of IL-10 and transforming growth factor
(TGF)-β was diminished. Although individual fecal strains had varying degrees of impact on
Caco-2 cells and MLN cells, these results precisely indicate a different profile of fecal
microbiota between normal mice and allergic mice. Most important, the relevant fecal
microbes involved in allergen-induced dysbiosis have the potential to induce intestinal
cytokine/chemokine network and T-cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hsiung Huang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shueh-Yu Lu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Chung Tsai
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan, ROC
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Ranasinghe R, Eri R. Modulation of the CCR6-CCL20 Axis: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Inflammation and Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54050088. [PMID: 30453514 PMCID: PMC6262638 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prototypical functions of the chemokine receptor CCR6 include immune regulation by maneuvering cell chemotaxis and selective delimiting of the pro-inflammatory TH17 and regulatory Treg subsets during chronic or acute systemic inflammation. Inhibition of CCR6 is proposed to attenuate disease symptoms and promote recuperation of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Prescription medicines with pharmacodynamics involving the inhibition of the chemokine axis CCR6–CCL20 are very limited. The development of such therapeutics is still at an early experimental stage and has mostly involved the utilization of pre-clinical models and neutralizing mono or polyclonal antibodies against either partner (CCR6 or CCL20). Other methods include the constitutive use of small molecules as peptide inhibitors or small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) to interfere with transcription at the nuclear level. In our review, we aim to introduce the wide array of potential CCR6–CCL20 inhibitors with an emphasis on attendant immune-modulator capacity that have been tested in the research field to date and are immensely promising compounds as forerunners of future curatives. Sixteen different tractable inhibitors of the CCR6–CCL20 duo have been identified as possessing high medicinal potential by drug developers worldwide to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as shown in Figure 1. A multitude of antibody preparations are already available in the current pharmaceutical market as patented treatments for diseases in which the CCR6–CCL20 axis is operative, yet they must be used only as supplements with existing routinely prescribed medication as they collectively produce adverse side effects. Novel inhibitors are needed to evaluate this invaluable therapeutic target which holds much promise in the research and development of complaisant remedies for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranmali Ranasinghe
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia.
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia.
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8
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Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) and its specific partner CC chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) are known to play a pivotal role in intestinal inflammation. CCR6-associated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is already at the forefront of experimental inflammatory disease models, being the subject of numerous analytical studies. IBD is associated with two sub phenotypes, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both these disease entities produce potent immune dysregulation followed by intense tissue damage within the gut mucosal system, initiating symptoms that are severely debilitating. Multiple causative factors are said to be responsible for IBD, but direct immune dysfunction is kindled by overplay of innate and adaptive immune responses produced against the luminal contents through the weakened or leaky gut epithelial barrier. Once immune homeostasis is not achieved by endogenous protective mechanisms, the self-assertive adaptive immunity mobilizes its various T and B cell cohorts, initializing their immune mechanisms by deploying the immune cells towards the site of infection. CCR6 and its unique solitary ligand CCL20 are small protein molecules that are abundantly expressed by T and B lymphocytes and act as chemotactic immune-modulatory envoys that help in the deployment of the effector lymphocyte arm of the immune system and produce two directly opposing outcomes in IBD. This dichotomous immunity consists of either immune tolerance or inflammation which then develops into a chronic state, remaining unresponsive to inherent immunity or targeted clinical therapy. In this review, we have identified large numbers of experimental studies that have employed both mouse models and clinical subjects spanning a period of nearly two decades and we have clustered these into 13 different groups. This review will provide greater understanding of the CCR6–CCL20 axis in IBD and identify gaps in the literature that can be filled in the future.
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Chiang D, Chen X, Jones SM, Wood RA, Sicherer SH, Burks AW, Leung DYM, Agashe C, Grishin A, Dawson P, Davidson WF, Newman L, Sebra R, Merad M, Sampson HA, Losic B, Berin MC. Single-cell profiling of peanut-responsive T cells in patients with peanut allergy reveals heterogeneous effector T H2 subsets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:2107-2120. [PMID: 29408715 PMCID: PMC5994177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of phenotypic variation of peanut-specific T cells to clinical allergy or tolerance to peanut is not well understood. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to comprehensively phenotype peanut-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of subjects with and without peanut allergy (PA). METHODS We obtained samples from patients with PA, including a cohort undergoing baseline peanut challenges for an immunotherapy trial (Consortium of Food Allergy Research [CoFAR] 6). Subjects were confirmed as having PA, or if they passed a 1-g peanut challenge, they were termed high-threshold subjects. Healthy control (HC) subjects were also recruited. Peanut-responsive T cells were identified based on CD154 expression after 6 to 18 hours of stimulation with peanut extract. Cells were analyzed by using flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS Patients with PA had tissue- and follicle-homing peanut-responsive CD4+ T cells with a heterogeneous pattern of TH2 differentiation, whereas control subjects had undetectable T-cell responses to peanut. The PA group had a delayed and IL-2-dependent upregulation of CD154 on cells expressing regulatory T (Treg) cell markers, which was absent in HC or high-threshold subjects. Depletion of Treg cells enhanced cytokine production in HC subjects and patients with PA in vitro, but cytokines associated with highly differentiated TH2 cells were more resistant to Treg cell suppression in patients with PA. Analysis of gene expression by means of single-cell RNA sequencing identified T cells with highly correlated expression of IL4, IL5, IL9, IL13, and the IL-25 receptor IL17RB. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the presence of highly differentiated TH2 cells producing TH2-associated cytokines with functions beyond IgE class-switching in patients with PA. A multifunctional TH2 response was more evident than a Treg cell deficit among peanut-responsive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Xintong Chen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Stacie M Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Ark
| | - Robert A Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Scott H Sicherer
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - A Wesley Burks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Charuta Agashe
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alexander Grishin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Wendy F Davidson
- National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases), Bethesda, Md
| | - Leah Newman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Bojan Losic
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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10
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Archila LD, Chow IT, McGinty JW, Renand A, Jeong D, Robinson D, Farrington ML, Kwok WW. Ana o 1 and Ana o 2 cashew allergens share cross-reactive CD4(+) T cell epitopes with other tree nuts. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 46:871-83. [PMID: 27129138 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergies to cashew are increasing in prevalence, with clinical symptoms ranging from oral pruritus to fatal anaphylactic reaction. Yet, cashew-specific T cell epitopes and T cell cross-reactivity amongst cashew and other tree nut allergens in humans remain uncharacterized. OBJECTIVES In this study, we characterized cashew-specific T cell responses in cashew-allergic subjects and examined cross-reactivity of these cashew-specific cells towards other tree nut allergens. METHODS CD154 up-regulation assay was used to determine immunodominance hierarchy among cashew major allergens at the T cell level. The phenotype, magnitude and functionality of cashew-specific T cells were determined by utilizing ex vivo staining with MHC class II tetramers. Dual tetramer staining and proliferation experiments were used to determine cross-reactivity to other tree nuts. RESULTS CD4(+) T cell responses were directed towards cashew allergens Ana o 1 and Ana o 2. Multiple Ana o 1 and Ana o 2 T cell epitopes were then identified. These epitopes elicited either TH 2 or TH 2/TH 17 responses in allergic subjects, which were either cashew unique epitope or cross-reactive epitopes. For clones that recognized the cross-reactive epitope, T cell clones responded robustly to cashew, hazelnut and/or pistachio but not to walnut. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenetically diverse tree nut allergens can activate cashew-reactive T cells and elicit a TH 2-type response at an epitope-specific level. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lack of cross-reactivity between walnut and cashew suggests that cashew peptide immunotherapy approach may not be most effective for walnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Archila
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - I-T Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J W McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Renand
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D Jeong
- Virginia Mason Medical center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D Robinson
- Virginia Mason Medical center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - W W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ahrens B, Schulz G, Bellach J, Niggemann B, Beyer K. Chemokine levels in serum of children with atopic dermatitis with regard to severity and sensitization status. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2015; 26:634-40. [PMID: 26102348 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many infants with atopic dermatitis (AD) are sensitized against food or airborne allergens. The severity of AD, using the SCORAD, seems to correlate with elevated serum levels of TARC/CCL17. Other chemokines, such as CCL20 or CCL25, have been described in the context of allergic inflammation. The aim of this study was to analyze whether chemokine serum levels differ within a cohort of infants suffering from varying severities of AD with or without allergic sensitization. METHODS Chemokine serum levels (CCL8, CCL17, CCL20, CCL25) as well as food and airborne allergen-specific IgE were analyzed in infants with AD. RESULTS About 60.9% (78/128) infants with AD (median age 8.8 months, 49 (38%) girls and 79 (62%) boys) showed a positive screening test to common food allergens and 26.6% to common airborne allergens. There was a strong correlation between serum levels of CCL17 and SCORAD in food-sensitized infants (r(s) = 0.646, p = <1e-04) and airborne-sensitized infants (r(s) = 0.587, p = 0.00065) in contrast to non-sensitized ones. Moreover, food-sensitized infants showed significantly higher levels of CCL25 compared to non-food-sensitized ones (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION The strong correlation between TARC/CCL17 and SCORAD in infants with specific sensitizations may be accounted for by the impaired skin barrier. As TARC/CCL17 has been found mainly in the (inflamed) skin but not in the gut, the detection of significantly higher levels of CCL25, ligand of CCR9, localized primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, suggests its impact on food allergen-induced inflammation processes in food-sensitized infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Ahrens
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schulz
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Bellach
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bodo Niggemann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Beyer
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Chung SH, Chang SY, Lee HJ, Choi SH. The C-C chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) is crucial for Th2-driven allergic conjunctivitis. Clin Immunol 2015; 161:110-9. [PMID: 26307432 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allergic conjunctivitis from an allergen-driven Th2 response is characterized by conjunctival eosinophilic infiltration. Although CCL20-CCR6 axis has been reported to play a proinflammatory role in several murine models of autoimmune diseases including allergic diseases, their underlying mechanism needs to be investigated. We here examined whether CCL20-CCR6 axis could play a role in the development of allergic conjunctival inflammation using murine experimental allergic conjunctivitis (EAC) model induced by ovalbumin (OVA) allergen. Mice were challenged with consecutive 10days of OVA via conjunctival sac after systemic challenge with OVA and cholera toxin in alum. Several indicators for allergy were comparatively evaluated in wild-type and CCR6 KO EAC mice. Wild-type mice challenged with OVA via conjunctival sac following systemic challenge with OVA in alum had severe allergic conjunctivitis. The absence of CCR6 suppressed IgE secretion and allergic conjunctival inflammation. Reduced allergic inflammation was ascribable to reduced cytokine responses from Th-2 type in draining lymph node although Th17, regulatory T cells and dendritic cell subsets are not affected by the absence of CCR6. In addition, neutralization of CCR6 ligand, CCL20 could repress allergic conjunctival inflammation. Our findings suggested that CCR6 might be crucial for optimal development of Th2 immune responses and further allergic conjunctival inflammation in EAC model.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyang Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea; Catholic Institute of Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sun Young Chang
- Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Choi
- Catholic Institute of Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Jug r 2-reactive CD4(+) T cells have a dominant immune role in walnut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:983-92.e7. [PMID: 25772597 PMCID: PMC4568181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Allergic reactions to walnut can be life threatening. While IgE epitopes of walnut have been studied, CD4+ T-cell specific epitopes for walnut remain uncharacterized. Particularly, the relationship of both phenotype and frequency of walnut specific T-cells to the disease have not been examined. Objectives We sought to provide a thorough phenotypic analysis for walnut reactive T-cells in allergic and non-allergic subjects. Particularly, the relationship of phenotypes and frequencies of walnut specific T-cells with the disease. Methods CD154 up-regulation assay was used to examine CD4+ T-cell reactivity towards walnut allergens.Jug r 1, Jug r 2 and Jug r 3. Tetramer-Guided epitope mapping approach was utilized to identify HLA-restricted CD4+ T-cells epitopes in Jug r 2. Direct ex vivo staining with peptide-major histocompatibility complex class II (pMHC-II) tetramers enabled the comparison of frequency and phenotype of Jug r 2-specific CD4+ T-cells between allergic and non-allergic subjects. Jug r 2-specific T-cell-clones were also generated and mRNA transcription factor levels were assessed by RT qPCR. Intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays were performed for further phenotypical analyses. Results Jug r 2 was identified as the major allergen that elicited CD4+ T-cell responses. Multiple Jug r 2 T-cell epitopes were identified. The majority of these T-cells in allergic subjects have a CCR4+ TCM (central memory) phenotype. A subset of these T-cells express CCR4+CCR6+ irrespectively of the asthmatic status of the allergic subjects. ICS confirmed these TH2, TH2/TH17 and TH17-like heterogenic profiles. Jug r 2-specific T-cell-clones from allergic subjects mainly expressed GATA3; nonetheless, a portion of T-cell clones expressed either GATA3 and RORC, or RORC, confirming the presence of TH2, TH2/TH17 and TH17 cells. Conclusions Jug r 2 specific responses dominate walnut T-cell responses in subjects with walnut allergy. Jug r 2 central memory CD4+ cells and terminal effector T-cells were detected in peripheral blood with the central memory phenotype as the most prevalent phenotype. In addition to conventional TH2-cells, TH2/TH17 and TH17 cells were also detected in non-asthmatic and asthmatic subjects with walnut allergy. Understanding this T-cell heterogeneity may render better understanding of the disease manifestation.
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Nakajima-Adachi H, Kikuchi A, Fujimura Y, Shibahara K, Makino T, Goseki-Sone M, Kihara-Fujioka M, Nochi T, Kurashima Y, Igarashi O, Yamamoto M, Kunisawa J, Toda M, Kaminogawa S, Sato R, Kiyono H, Hachimura S. Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes cooperatively promote enteropathy in a mouse model of food allergy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107492. [PMID: 25290461 PMCID: PMC4188560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective To improve the efficacy and safety of tolerance induction for food allergies, identifying the tissues responsible for inducing intestinal inflammation and subsequent oral tolerance is important. We used OVA23-3 mice, which express an ovalbumin-specific T-cell receptor, to elucidate the roles of local and systemic immune tissues in intestinal inflammation. Methods and Results OVA23-3 mice developed marked enteropathy after consuming a diet containing egg white (EW diet) for 10 days but overcame the enteropathy (despite continued moderate inflammation) after receiving EW diet for a total of 28 days. Injecting mice with anti-IL-4 antibody or cyclosporine A confirmed the involvement of Th2 cells in the development of the enteropathy. To assess the individual contributions of Peyer’s patches (PPs), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and the spleen to the generation of effector CD4+ T-cells, we analyzed the IL-4 production, proliferation in response to ovalbumin, and CD4+ T-cell numbers of these tissues. EW feeding for 10 days induced significant IL-4 production in PPs, the infiltration of numerous CD4+ T-cells into MLNs, and a decrease in CD4+ T-cell numbers in spleen. On day 28, CD4+ T-cells from all tissues had attenuated responses to ovalbumin, suggesting tolerance acquisition, although MLN CD4+ T-cells still maintained IL-4 production with proliferation. In addition, removal of MLNs but not the spleen decreased the severity of enteropathy and PP-disrupted mice showed delayed onset of EW-induced inflammatory responses. Disruption of peripheral lymphoid tissues or of both PPs and MLNs almost completely prevented the enteropathy. Conclusions PPs and MLNs coordinately promote enteropathy by generating effector T-cells during the initial and exacerbated phases, respectively; the spleen is dispensable for enteropathy and shows tolerogenic responses throughout EW-feeding. The regulation of PPs may suppress the initiation of intestinal inflammation, subsequently restricting MLNs and inhibiting the progression of food-allergic enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruyo Nakajima-Adachi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Akira Kikuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Shibahara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Makino
- Biotechnical Center (BT Center), Japan SLC, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masae Goseki-Sone
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, Japan Women’s University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miran Kihara-Fujioka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurashima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Igarashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masako Toda
- Vice President’s Research Group “Molecular Allergology”, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Shuichi Kaminogawa
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hachimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Wu X, Lahiri A, Haines GK, Flavell RA, Abraham C. NOD2 regulates CXCR3-dependent CD8+ T cell accumulation in intestinal tissues with acute injury. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3409-18. [PMID: 24591373 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in NOD2 confer risk for Crohn's disease, characterized by intestinal inflammation. How NOD2 regulates both inflammatory and regulatory intestinal T cells, which are critical to intestinal immune homeostasis, is not well understood. Anti-CD3 mAb administration is used as therapy in human autoimmune diseases, as well as a model of transient intestinal injury. The stages of T cell activation, intestinal injury, and subsequent T tolerance are dependent on migration of T cells into the small intestinal (SI) lamina propria. Upon anti-CD3 mAb treatment of mice, we found that NOD2 was required for optimal small intestinal IL-10 production, in particular from CD8(+) T cells. This requirement was associated with a critical role for NOD2 in SI CD8(+) T cell accumulation and induction of the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9 and CXCL10, which regulate T cell migration. NOD2 was required in both the hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartments for optimal expression of CXCR3 ligands in intestinal tissues. NOD2 synergized with IFN-γ to induce CXCL9 and CXCL10 secretion in dendritic cells, macrophages, and intestinal stromal cells in vitro. Consistent with the in vitro studies, during anti-CD3 mAb treatment in vivo, CXCR3 blockade, CD8(+) T cell depletion, or IFN-γ neutralization each inhibited SI CD8(+) T cell recruitment, and reduced chemokine expression and IL-10 expression. Thus, NOD2 synergizes with IFN-γ to promote CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression, thereby amplifying CXCR3-dependent SI CD8(+) T cell migration during T cell activation, which, in turn, contributes to induction of both inflammatory and regulatory T cell outcomes in the intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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16
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Serum levels of the CC chemokines CCL2, CCL5, and CCL11 in food allergic children with different clinical manifestations. Inflammation 2014. [PMID: 23180368 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies (FA) are frequent in 8 % of children under 3 years old and approximately 2 % of adults. Chemokine are involved in various allergies such as FA. The present study was aimed to determine CCL2, CCL5, and CCL11 levels in FA. The study population of this cross-sectional study contained 63 patients suffering from FA and 100 healthy controls. Concentrations of CCL2, CCL5, CCL11, and IgE were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eosinophils were counted using Casy Ι cell counter + analyzer system model SCAREF system GmbH. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Current results showed that FA patients had significantly elevated numbers of circulating periphery eosinophils than the disease-free controls. Serum IgE levels in FA patients were also higher than controls. We also showed that serum levels of CCL2 and CCL11 were significantly enhanced in FA patients compared to control but CCL5 was not detectable. Results of present study revealed that both CCL2 and CCL11 were more elevated in FA children suffering from anaphylaxis and urticaria than bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. These results also indicated that more increased levels of CCL2 and CCL11 were observed following consumption of cow's milk and pistachio nuts. Overall, findings of the present study proposed that serum levels of CCL2 and CCL11 are elevated in FA and these may be considered as useful parameters in diagnosis of disorder. It is also possible to design treatments on the basis of blocking of chemokines expression by application of antibodies against them to overcome allergic complications in patients suffering from FA.
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Abstract
Food allergies are increasing in prevalence at a higher rate than can be explained by genetic factors, suggesting a role for as yet unidentified environmental factors. In this review, we summarize the state of knowledge about the healthy immune response to antigens in the diet and the basis of immune deviation that results in immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization and allergic reactivity to foods. The intestinal epithelium forms the interface between the external environment and the mucosal immune system, and emerging data suggest that the interaction between intestinal epithelial cells and mucosal dendritic cells is of particular importance in determining the outcome of immune responses to dietary antigens. Exposure to food allergens through non-oral routes, in particular through the skin, is increasingly recognized as a potentially important factor in the increasing rate of food allergy. There are many open questions on the role of environmental factors, such as dietary factors and microbiota, in the development of food allergy, but data suggest that both have an important modulatory effect on the mucosal immune system. Finally, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of immune mechanisms of clinical manifestations of food allergy. New experimental tools, particularly in the field of genomics and the microbiome, are likely to shed light on factors responsible for the growing clinical problem of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecilia Berin
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Box 1198, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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18
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Smaldini PL, Stanford J, Romanin DE, Fossati CA, Docena GH. Down-regulation of NF-κB signaling by Gordonia bronchialis prevents the activation of gut epithelial cells. Innate Immun 2013; 20:626-38. [PMID: 24055879 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913503577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory power of heat-killed Gordonia bronchialis was studied on gut epithelial cells activated with pro-inflammatory stimuli (flagellin, TNF-α or IL-1β). Light emission of luciferase-transfected epithelial cells and mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL20, IL-8 and MCP-1 were measured. NF-κB activation was assessed by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting, and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated. In vivo inhibitory properties of G. bronchialis were studied with ligated intestinal loop assay and in a mouse model of food allergy. G. bronchialis promoted the down-regulation of the expression of CCL20 and IL-1β on activated epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. A concomitant blocking of nuclear p65 translocation with increased production of ROS was found. In vivo experiments confirmed the inhibition of CCL20 expression and the suppression of IgE sensitization and hypersensitivity symptoms in the food allergy mouse model. In conclusion, heat-killed G. bronchialis inhibited the activation of NF-κB pathway in human epithelial cells, and suppressed the expression of CCL20. These results indicate that G. bronchialis may be used to modulate the initial steps of innate immune activation, which further suppress the allergic sensitization. This approach may be exploited as a therapy for intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola L Smaldini
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - John Stanford
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences, University College London UK and BioEos Ltd, London, UK
| | - David E Romanin
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Fossati
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo H Docena
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones del Sistema Inmune, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Steele L, Mayer L, Berin MC. Mucosal immunology of tolerance and allergy in the gastrointestinal tract. Immunol Res 2013; 54:75-82. [PMID: 22447352 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system typically exists in a state of active tolerance to food antigens and commensal bacteria. Tolerance to food proteins is induced in part by dendritic cells residing in the intestinal mucosa and implemented by regulatory T cells. Food allergy occurs when immune tolerance is disrupted and a sensitizing immune response characterized by food-specific IgE production occurs instead. Experimental food allergy in mice requires use of adjuvant or exploitation of alternate routes of sensitization to induce allergic sensitization, and can aid in understanding the mechanisms of sensitization to food allergens and the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal manifestations of food allergy. Recent work in the understanding of mucosal immunology of tolerance and allergy in the gastrointestinal tract will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Steele
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Immunology Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
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20
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Abstract
This article summarizes the work done by our laboratory and by our collaborators on the biological role of chemokines and their receptors. Using both gain-of-function and loss of function genetic approaches, we have demonstrated that chemokines are important for the homeostatic distribution of leukocytes in tissues and for their mobilization from the bone marrow. We have also shown that chemokines are important players in inflammation and autoimmunity and that they contribute to lymphoid organogenesis, angiogenesis, and immune regulation. Together, our results and those of the literature suggest an important role for chemokines in homeostasis and disease and characterize chemokines as important targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Lira
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Immunology Institute, 1425 Madison Ave, Box 1630, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA.
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21
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KleinJan A, van Nimwegen M, Leman K, Hoogsteden HC, Lambrecht BN. Topical treatment targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate and sphingosine lyase abrogates experimental allergic rhinitis in a murine model. Allergy 2013; 68:204-12. [PMID: 23253209 DOI: 10.1111/all.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays a crucial role in homeostasis of the immune system by regulating lymphocyte recirculation and inflammatory cell recruitment. The levels of S1P are tightly controlled through regulated production and controlled breakdown by sphingosine-lyase (SL). The S1P analogue FTY720 has been developed as an immunosuppressant in transplantation and tested as a treatment for various inflammatory diseases. FTY720 exploits S1P biology by acting as a S1P1 and S1P 3 agonist and by inhibiting S1P breakdown by SL. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigate interfering S1P in allergic rhinitis (AR) and its way of action. METHODS Allergic rhinitis was induced by sensitizing mice to ovalbumin (OVA) and challenging the nose with OVA allergen. At the time of allergen challenge, mice received topical intranasal treatment with FTY720. To address the relative contribution of SL inhibition in mediating its effects, some mice were treated with the SL inhibitor 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutyl (THI). RESULTS FTY720 treatment resulted in significantly fewer eosinophils, mast cells and dendritic cells in the nasal mucosa of AR animals, compared with diluent treatment. Levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 produced by lymph node cells fell significantly in FTY720-treated animals. Moreover, FTY720 proved potent enough to suppress inflammation in a model of persistent AR. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that FTY720 impaired Th2 differentiation and proliferation important in driving eosinophilia and induced apoptosis in mast cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that interfering with S1P metabolism is a powerful and feasible strategy to develop new topical agents that suppress AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. KleinJan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - M. van Nimwegen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - K. Leman
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - H. C. Hoogsteden
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam; The Netherlands
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22
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Ahrens B, Niggemann B, Wahn U, Beyer K. Organ-specific symptoms during oral food challenge in children with food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:549-51. [PMID: 22846754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Two distinct epitopes on the ovalbumin 323-339 peptide differentiating CD4⁺T cells into the Th2 or Th1 phenotype. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1979-81. [PMID: 23047087 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epitopes for OVA323-339-specific CD4⁺T cells from OVA23-3 food allergy model and DO11.10 tolerant induction model mice were analyzed. We found that OVA23-3 CD4⁺T cells recognized the N-terminal region, showing strong proliferation and the Th2-phenotype, and that DO11.10 CD4⁺T cells recognized the C-terminal region, showing milder proliferation and a Th1-skewed response. These differences may regulate the responses of those mice to OVA-feeding, inflammation and tolerance.
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24
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Abstract
An intricate network of innate and immune cells and their derived mediators function in unison to protect us from toxic elements and infectious microbial diseases that are encountered in our environment. This vast network operates efficiently by use of a single cell epithelium in, for example, the gastrointestinal (GI) and upper respiratory (UR) tracts, fortified by adjoining cells and lymphoid tissues that protect its integrity. Perturbations certainly occur, sometimes resulting in inflammatory diseases or infections that can be debilitating and life threatening. For example, allergies in the eyes, skin, nose, and the UR or digestive tracts are common. Likewise, genetic background and environmental microbial encounters can lead to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). This mucosal immune system (MIS) in both health and disease is currently under intense investigation worldwide by scientists with diverse expertise and interests. Despite this activity, there are numerous questions remaining that will require detailed answers in order to use the MIS to our advantage. In this issue of PLOS Biology, a research article describes a multi-scale in vivo systems approach to determine precisely how the gut epithelium responds to an inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), given by the intravenous route. This article reveals a previously unknown pathway in which several cell types and their secreted mediators work in unison to prevent epithelial cell death in the mouse small intestine. The results of this interesting study illustrate how in vivo systems biology approaches can be used to unravel the complex mechanisms used to protect the host from its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R McGhee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America.
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25
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Berin MC. Mucosal antibodies in the regulation of tolerance and allergy to foods. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:633-42. [PMID: 22777546 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is densely packed with antibody-secreting B cells, the majority of which produce IgA. Mucosal antibodies have traditionally been thought of as neutralizing antibodies that exclude antigens, but they also function in antigen sampling, allowing for selective transcytosis of antigens from the intestinal lumen. IgE-mediated antigen uptake can facilitate the development of allergic reactions to foods, but emerging evidence indicates that IgG-mediated antigen uptake may also play an important role in the development of immune tolerance to foods, particularly in the neonate. This review will focus on the role of intestinal immunoglobulins in the development of clinical tolerance and allergy to food antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cecilia Berin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Abstract
Allergic inflammation develops in tissues that have large epithelial surface areas that are exposed to the environment, such as the lung, skin and gut. In the steady state, antigen-experienced memory T cells patrol these peripheral tissues to facilitate swift immune responses against invading pathogens. In at least two allergy-prone organs, the skin and the gut, memory T cells are programmed during the initial antigen priming to express trafficking receptors that enable them to preferentially home to these organs. In this review we propose that tissue-specific memory and inflammation-specific T cell trafficking facilitates the development of allergic disease in these organs. We thus review recent advances in our understanding of tissue-specific T cell trafficking and how regulation of T cell trafficking by the chemokine system contributes to allergic inflammation in mouse models and in human allergic diseases of the skin, lung and gut. Inflammation- and tissue-specific T lymphocyte trafficking pathways are currently being targeted as new treatments for non-allergic inflammatory diseases and may yield effective new therapeutics for allergic diseases.
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Burggraf M, Nakajima-Adachi H, Hachimura S, Ilchmann A, Pemberton AD, Kiyono H, Vieths S, Toda M. Oral tolerance induction does not resolve gastrointestinal inflammation in a mouse model of food allergy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1475-83. [PMID: 21714123 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Oral immunotherapy (OIT) involving continuous oral administration of allergenic foods has gained attention as a therapy for food allergies. To study the influence of oral administration of allergenic foods on gastrointestinal symptoms including inflammation, we established a mouse model of food-induced intestinal allergy. METHODS AND RESULTS BALB/c mice were fed an egg white (EW) diet containing ovalbumin (OVA, a major EW allergen) after intraperitoneal sensitisation with OVA and Alum. The mice on the EW diet for one wk presented gastrointestinal symptoms (i.e. weight loss and soft stools) and inflammation in the small intestines (i.e. duodenum, jejunum and ileum). Further continuous EW diet resolved the weight loss but not the soft stools. Splenic CD4(+) T-cells of EW diet-fed mice on the continuous diet showed less proliferation and cytokine production compared with those of control mice, suggesting tolerance induction by the diet. The continuous EW diet reduced levels of OVA-specific IgE antibodies, but significantly aggravated the inflammation in the jejunum. CONCLUSION Our mouse model would be useful to investigate inflammatory and regulatory mechanisms in food-induced intestinal allergies. Our results suggest potential gastrointestinal inflammation in patients undergoing OIT as continuous administration of allergenic foods, even though the therapy may induce clinical tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manja Burggraf
- Junior Research Group 1 Experimental Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 59, Langen, Germany
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Shahzad G, Mustacchia P, Frieri M. Role of mucosal inflammation in eosinophilic esophagitis: review of the literature. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2010; 2011:468073. [PMID: 21991511 PMCID: PMC3168455 DOI: 10.5402/2011/468073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) is increasingly recognized in adults. It is an inflammatory disease of the esophageal mucosa, with variable presentation, unresponsive to acid suppression therapy. The diagnosis requires histological confirmation of intense eosinophilic infiltration on esophageal biopsy specimen, however exact criteria required to make a diagnosis of EE is still being debated and a clear differentiation from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is important. Allergen elimination or anti-inflammatory therapy may be effective in such patients. The imperfect diagnostic criteria for EE mandate an understanding of the immunology and the pathophysiology of the disease. It may facilitate the introduction of novel treatment modalities in an individual unresponsive to acid suppression therapy. This paper describes basic elements of the immune-mediated injury to the esophageal mucosa and management aspects to provide a better understanding of the condition.
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Blázquez AB, Mayer L, Berin MC. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is required for gastrointestinal allergy but not oral tolerance. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:1301-9. [PMID: 20600023 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine produced by epithelial cells that acts on dendritic cells, mast cells, T cells, and B cells. TSLP is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation in the lung and skin, but data indicate a regulatory role in the gastrointestinal tract. We tested the functional role of TSLP in mouse models of gastrointestinal allergy and tolerance. METHODS TSLP Receptor (TSLPR)(+/+) and TSLPR(-/-) mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin; models of allergic diarrhea or systemic anaphylaxis were studied. To induce oral tolerance, mice were fed with low-dose ovalbumin before they were immunized with it. Tolerance was measured from inhibition of ear swelling in a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. RESULTS TSLPR(-/-) mice were protected from the onset of allergic diarrhea; they did not develop mastocytosis in the jejunum and had reduced ovalbumin-immunoglobulin E in their serum, compared with TSLPR(+/+) mice. TSLPR(-/-) mice also lost T helper cell (Th) 2-mediated inflammation in the jejunum. In contrast, sensitization and oral tolerance were not impaired in TSLPR(-/-) mice. Transfer of wild-type, Th2-primed cells to TSLPR(-/-) mice completely restored the development of allergic diarrhea. Antigen presentation assays showed that TSLPR on T cells, but not dendritic cells, was required to mediate the Th2 response. CONCLUSIONS TSLP is required for allergic inflammation but not primary sensitization or tolerance to food proteins in the gastrointestinal tract; it amplifies Th2 responses directly from CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Blázquez
- The Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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