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Chen Q, Weng K, Lin M, Jiang M, Fang Y, Chung SSW, Huang X, Zhong Q, Liu Z, Huang Z, Lin J, Li P, El-Rifai W, Zaika A, Li H, Rustgi AK, Nakagawa H, Abrams JA, Wang TC, Lu C, Huang C, Que J. SOX9 Modulates the Transformation of Gastric Stem Cells Through Biased Symmetric Cell Division. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:1119-1136.e12. [PMID: 36740200 PMCID: PMC10200757 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Transformation of stem/progenitor cells has been associated with tumorigenesis in multiple tissues, but stem cells in the stomach have been hard to localize. We therefore aimed to use a combination of several markers to better target oncogenes to gastric stem cells and understand their behavior in the initial stages of gastric tumorigenesis. METHODS Mouse models of gastric metaplasia and cancer by targeting stem/progenitor cells were generated and analyzed with techniques including reanalysis of single-cell RNA sequencing and immunostaining. Gastric cancer cell organoids were genetically manipulated with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) for functional studies. Cell division was determined by bromodeoxyuridine-chasing assay and the assessment of the orientation of the mitotic spindles. Gastric tissues from patients were examined by histopathology and immunostaining. RESULTS Oncogenic insults lead to expansion of SOX9+ progenitor cells in the mouse stomach. Genetic lineage tracing and organoid culture studies show that SOX9+ gastric epithelial cells overlap with SOX2+ progenitors and include stem cells that can self-renew and differentiate to generate all gastric epithelial cells. Moreover, oncogenic targeting of SOX9+SOX2+ cells leads to invasive gastric cancer in our novel mouse model (Sox2-CreERT;Sox9-loxp(66)-rtTA-T2A-Flpo-IRES-loxp(71);Kras(Frt-STOP-Frt-G12D);P53R172H), which combines Cre-loxp and Flippase-Frt genetic recombination systems. Sox9 deletion impedes the expansion of gastric progenitor cells and blocks neoplasia after Kras activation. Although Sox9 is not required for maintaining tissue homeostasis where asymmetric division predominates, loss of Sox9 in the setting of Kras activation leads to reduced symmetric cell division and effectively attenuates the Kras-dependent expansion of stem/progenitor cells. Similarly, Sox9 deletion in gastric cancer organoids reduces symmetric cell division, organoid number, and organoid size. In patients with gastric cancer, high levels of SOX9 are associated with recurrence and poor prognosis. CONCLUSION SOX9 marks gastric stem cells and modulates biased symmetric cell division, which appears to be required for the malignant transformation of gastric stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyue Chen
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Kai Weng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Lin
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ming Jiang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinshan Fang
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sanny S W Chung
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zening Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxian Lin
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida
| | - Alexander Zaika
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, Florida
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hiroshi Nakagawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Julian A Abrams
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Changming Huang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianwen Que
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.
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Xie X, Wu Z, Wu Y, Liu J, Chen X, Shi X, Wei C, Li J, Lv J, Li Q, Tang L, He S, Zhan T, Tang Z. Cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010774. [PMID: 36084127 PMCID: PMC9491586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Currently, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has become a global chronic idiopathic disease with ever-rising morbidity and prevalence. Accumulating evidence supports the IBD-hygiene hypothesis that helminths and their derivatives have potential therapeutic value for IBD. Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) mainly elicit Th2/Treg-dominated immune responses to maintain long-term parasitism in the host. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of cysteine protease (CsCP) and adult crude antigen (CsCA) of C. sinensis, and C. sinensis (Cs) infection on DSS-induced colitis mice.
Methods
BALB/c mice were given 5% DSS daily for 7 days to induce colitis. During this period, mice were treated with rCsCP, CsCA or dexamethasone (DXM) every day, or Cs infection which was established in advance. Changes in body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colon lengths, macroscopic scores, histopathological findings, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity levels, regulatory T cell (Treg) subset levels, colon gene expression levels, serum cytokine levels, and biochemical indexes were measured.
Results
Compared with Cs infection, rCsCP and CsCA alleviated the disease activity of acute colitis more significant without causing abnormal blood biochemical indexes. In comparison, rCsCP was superior to CsCA in attenuating colonic pathological symptoms, enhancing the proportion of Treg cells in spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes, and improving the secretion of inflammatory-related cytokines (e.g., IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) in serum. Combined with RNA-seq data, it was revealed that CsCA might up-regulate the genes related to C-type lectin receptor and intestinal mucosal repair related signal pathways (e.g., Cd209d, F13a1 and Cckbr) to reduce colon inflammation and benefit intestinal mucosal repair. Dissimilarly, rCsCP ameliorated colitis mainly through stimulating innate immunity, such as Toll like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, down-regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-12b, IL-23r and IL-7), thereby restraining the differentiation of Th1/Th17 cells.
Conclusions
Both rCsCP and CsCA showed good therapeutic effects on the treatment of acute colitis, but rCsCP is a better choice. rCsCP is a safe, effective, readily available and promising therapeutic agent against IBD mainly by activating innate immunity and regulating the IL-12/IL-23r axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Xie
- School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhanshuai Wu
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- GuangXi Medical Transformational Key Laboratory of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and High Incidence of Infectious Diseases, Nanning, China
| | - Yuhong Wu
- School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinyuan Chen
- School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shi
- School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Caiheng Wei
- School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiasheng Li
- School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiahui Lv
- School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shanshan He
- Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tingzheng Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- * E-mail: (TZ); (ZT)
| | - Zeli Tang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Pre-clinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- * E-mail: (TZ); (ZT)
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Jiang X, Liu Y, Zhang XY, Liu X, Liu X, Wu X, Jose PA, Duan S, Xu FJ, Yang Z. Intestinal Gastrin/CCKBR (Cholecystokinin B Receptor) Ameliorates Salt-Sensitive Hypertension by Inhibiting Intestinal Na +/H + Exchanger 3 Activity Through a PKC (Protein Kinase C)-Mediated NHERF1 and NHERF2 Pathway. Hypertension 2022; 79:1668-1679. [PMID: 35674015 PMCID: PMC9278716 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The present study directly tested the crucial role of intestinal gastrin/CCKBR (cholecystokinin B receptor) in the treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension. Methods: Adult intestine-specific Cckbr-knockout mice (Cckbrfl/flvillin-Cre) and Dahl salt-sensitive rats were studied on the effect of high salt intake (8% NaCl, 6–7 weeks) on intestinal Na+/H+ exchanger 3 expression, urine sodium concentration, and blood pressure. High-salt diet increased urine sodium concentration and systolic blood pressure to a greater extent in Cckbrfl/flvillin-Cre mice and Dahl salt-sensitive rats than their respective controls, Cckbrfl/flvillin mice and SS13BN rats. We constructed gastrin-SiO2 microspheres to enable gastrin to stimulate specifically and selectively intestinal CCKBR without its absorption into the circulation. Results: Gastrin-SiO2 microspheres treatment prevented the high salt-induced hypertension and increase in urine Na concentration by inhibiting intestinal Na+/H+ exchanger 3 trafficking and activity, increasing stool sodium without inducing diarrhea. Gastrin-mediated inhibition of intestinal Na+/H+ exchanger 3 activity, related to a PKC (protein kinase C)-mediated activation of NHERF1 and NHERF2. Conclusions: These results support a crucial role of intestinal gastrin/CCKBR in decreasing intestinal sodium absorption and keeping the blood pressure in the normal range. The gastrointestinal administration of gastrin-SiO2 microspheres is a promising and safe strategy to treat salt-sensitive hypertension without side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS&PUMC), National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, P.R. China (X.J., Y.L., Xue Liu, Xing Liu, X.W., Z.Y.)
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS&PUMC), National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, P.R. China (X.J., Y.L., Xue Liu, Xing Liu, X.W., Z.Y.)
| | - Xin-Yang Zhang
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.R. China (X.-Y.Z., S.D., F.-J.X.)
| | - Xue Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS&PUMC), National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, P.R. China (X.J., Y.L., Xue Liu, Xing Liu, X.W., Z.Y.)
| | - Xing Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS&PUMC), National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, P.R. China (X.J., Y.L., Xue Liu, Xing Liu, X.W., Z.Y.)
| | - Xianxian Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS&PUMC), National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, P.R. China (X.J., Y.L., Xue Liu, Xing Liu, X.W., Z.Y.)
| | - Pedro A Jose
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC.,Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (P.A.J.), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - Shun Duan
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.R. China (X.-Y.Z., S.D., F.-J.X.)
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- Key Lab of Biomedical Materials of Natural Macromolecules (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P.R. China (X.-Y.Z., S.D., F.-J.X.)
| | - Zhiwei Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine (The Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS&PUMC), National Human Diseases Animal Model Resource Center, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, P.R. China (X.J., Y.L., Xue Liu, Xing Liu, X.W., Z.Y.)
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Roles of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Focus on Sphingosine 1-Shosphate Receptors, Angiotensin II Receptors, and Estrogen-Related GPCRs. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112988. [PMID: 34831211 PMCID: PMC8616429 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are common and devastating diseases around the world. Despite the significant progress that has been made in the treatment of GI cancers, the mortality rates remain high, indicating a real need to explore the complex pathogenesis and develop more effective therapeutics for GI cancers. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical signaling molecules involved in various biological processes including cell growth, proliferation, and death, as well as immune responses and inflammation regulation. Substantial evidence has demonstrated crucial roles of GPCRs in the development of GI cancers, which provided an impetus for further research regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms and drug discovery of GI cancers. In this review, we mainly discuss the roles of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs), angiotensin II receptors, estrogen-related GPCRs, and some other important GPCRs in the development of colorectal, gastric, and esophageal cancer, and explore the potential of GPCRs as therapeutic targets.
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Chang J, Liu ZS, Song DF, Li M, Zhang S, Zhao K, Guan YT, Ren HL, Li YS, Zhou Y, Liu XL, Lu SY, Hu P. Cholecystokinin type 2 receptor in colorectal cancer: diagnostic and therapeutic target. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:2205-2217. [PMID: 32488497 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cholecystokinin type 2 receptor (CCK2R), which mediates the action of gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), has been demonstrated to promote the proliferation of colorectal cancer (CRC). A number of studies showed that CCK2R overexpressed in gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer but few in CRC. The correlation between CCK2R expression and clinicopathological characteristics is also not clear. METHODS This study investigated CCK2R expression in a wide range of cell lines and clinical CRC samples, and explored expression pattern and prognostic value of CCK2R in relation to clinicopathological parameters. The location and expression levels of CCK2R were measured by immunocytochemical (ICC), qRT-PCR and Western blot. The druggability and antineoplastic effects of CCK2R as a therapeutic target were investigated using an anti-CCK2R targeting recombinant toxin named rCCK8PE38 by CCK-8 assay. RESULTS Compared with paracarcinoma tissues, tumor samples showed overexpression of CCK2R (p = 0.028) including both CRC tissue and plasma samples, with plasma detection showing a significant indication for CCK2R evaluation. Aberrant expression correlated significantly with histological type (p = 0.032) and p53 status (p < 0.01), and patients with CCK2R overexpression had significantly lower disease-free survival. Application of rCCK8PE38 demonstrated the specificity and druggability of CCK2R as a therapeutic target, providing a strategy for clinical case screening of drugs targeting CCK2R. CONCLUSION This study highlighted the aberrant expression and clinical correlation of CCK2R and reveals its diagnostic, prognostic and treatment value in CRC. We hypothesize that CCK2R serve as a target for the diagnosis and treatment of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zeng-Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - De-Feng Song
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Xian Tai Da Jie 126, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yu-Ting Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Hong-Lin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yan-Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xi-Lin Liu
- China-Japan Union Hospital, Xian Tai Da Jie 126, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Shi-Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Pan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Double-First Class Discipline of Human-Animal Medicine, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education/Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Xi An Da Lu 5333, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Chang W, Wang H, Kim W, Liu Y, Deng H, Liu H, Jiang Z, Niu Z, Sheng W, Nápoles OC, Sun Y, Xu J, Sepulveda A, Hayakawa Y, Bass AJ, Wang TC. Hormonal Suppression of Stem Cells Inhibits Symmetric Cell Division and Gastric Tumorigenesis. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:739-754.e8. [PMID: 32142681 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is believed to arise from stem cells, but mechanisms that limit the acquisition of mutations and tumor development have not been well defined. We show that a +4 stem cell (SC) in the gastric antrum, marked by expression of Cck2r (a GPCR) and Delta-like ligand 1 (DLL1), is a label-retaining cell that undergoes predominant asymmetric cell division. This +4 antral SC is Notch1low/ Numb+ and repressed by signaling from gastrin-expressing endocrine (G) cells. Chemical carcinogenesis of the stomach is associated with loss of G cells, increased symmetric stem cell division, glandular fission, and more rapid stem cell lineage tracing, a process that can be suppressed by exogenous gastrin treatment. This hormonal suppression is associated with a marked reduction in gastric cancer mutational load, as revealed by exomic sequencing. Taken together, our results show that gastric tumorigenesis is associated with increased symmetric cell division that facilitates mutation and is suppressed by GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenju Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Colorectal Cancer Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Gastric Cancer Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Woosook Kim
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Huan Deng
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330003, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhengchuan Niu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Weiwei Sheng
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Osmel Companioni Nápoles
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yihong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Gastric Cancer Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianmin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Colorectal Cancer Center of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Antonia Sepulveda
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Adam J Bass
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Gastric acid secretion (i) facilitates digestion of protein as well as absorption of micronutrients and certain medications, (ii) kills ingested microorganisms, including Helicobacter pylori, and (iii) prevents bacterial overgrowth and enteric infection. The principal regulators of acid secretion are the gastric peptides gastrin and somatostatin. Gastrin, the major hormonal stimulant for acid secretion, is synthesized in pyloric mucosal G cells as a 101-amino acid precursor (preprogastrin) that is processed to yield biologically active amidated gastrin-17 and gastrin-34. The C-terminal active site of gastrin (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 ) binds to gastrin/CCK2 receptors on parietal and, more importantly, histamine-containing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, located in oxyntic mucosa, to induce acid secretion. Histamine diffuses to the neighboring parietal cells where it binds to histamine H2 -receptors coupled to hydrochloric acid secretion. Gastrin is also a trophic hormone that maintains the integrity of gastric mucosa, induces proliferation of parietal and ECL cells, and is thought to play a role in carcinogenesis. Somatostatin, present in D cells of the gastric pyloric and oxyntic mucosa, is the main inhibitor of acid secretion, particularly during the interdigestive period. Somatostatin exerts a tonic paracrine restraint on gastrin secretion from G cells, histamine secretion from ECL cells, and acid secretion from parietal cells. Removal of this restraint, for example by activation of cholinergic neurons during ingestion of food, initiates and maximizes acid secretion. Knowledge regarding the structure and function of gastrin, somatostatin, and their respective receptors is providing novel avenues to better diagnose and manage acid-peptic disorders and certain cancers. Published 2020. Compr Physiol 10:197-228, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Schubert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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SOX9 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion through BMP2 and mTOR signaling. Gene 2019; 715:144017. [PMID: 31357026 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SRY-related high-mobility-group box 9 (SOX9) is a member of the SOX family of transcription factors. Accumulating evidence has shown that SOX9 plays a significant role in various malignancies. However, the role of SOX9 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unknown. In the present study, up-regulation of SOX9 was observed in both NPC tissues and different NPC cells. Overexpression of SOX9 promoted NPC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Conversely, knock down of SOX9 inhibited NPC proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion. Mechanistically, SOX9 bound directly to the promoter region of BMP2 and increased BMP2 expression. In addition, overexpression of SOX9 activated the mTOR pathway partly through BMP2. Collectively, these results identify a novel role for SOX9 as a potential therapeutic marker for the prevention and treatment of NPC.
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9
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Bagnato A, Rosanò L. New Routes in GPCR/β-Arrestin-Driven Signaling in Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:114. [PMID: 30837880 PMCID: PMC6390811 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells acquire invasive and metastatic behavior by sensing changes in the localization and activation of signaling pathways, which in turn determine changes in actin cytoskeleton. The core-scaffold machinery associated to β-arrestin (β-arr) is a key mechanism of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) to achieve spatiotemporal specificity of different signaling complexes driving cancer progression. Within different cellular contexts, the scaffold proteins β-arr1 or β-arr2 may now be considered organizers of protein interaction networks involved in tumor development and metastatic dissemination. Studies have uncovered the importance of the β-arr engagement with a growing number of receptors, signaling molecules, cytoskeleton regulators, epigenetic modifiers, and transcription factors in GPCR-driven tumor promoting pathways. In many of these molecular complexes, β-arrs might provide a physical link to active dynamic cytoskeleton, permitting cancer cells to adapt and modify the tumor microenvironment to promote the metastatic spread. Given the complexity and the multidirectional β-arr-driven signaling in cancer cells, therapeutic targeting of specific GPCR/β-arr molecular mechanisms is an important avenue to explore when considering future new therapeutic options. The focus of this review is to integrate the most recent developments and exciting findings of how highly connected components of β-arr-guided molecular connections to other pathways allow precise control over multiple signaling pathways in tumor progression, revealing ways of therapeutically targeting the convergent signals in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bagnato
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Rosanò
- Unit of Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents, IRCCS-Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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10
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New insights into the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton dynamics by GPCR/β-arrestin in cancer invasion and metastasis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 346:129-155. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Liu W, Pan HF, Wang Q, Zhao ZM. The application of transgenic and gene knockout mice in the study of gastric precancerous lesions. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1929-1939. [PMID: 30477641 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastric intestinal metaplasia is a precursor for gastric dysplasia, which is in turn, a risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastric metaplasia and dysplasia are known as gastric precancerous lesions (GPLs), which are essential stages in the progression from normal gastric mucosa to gastric cancer (GC) or gastric adenocarcinoma. Genetically-engineered mice have become essential tools in various aspects of GC research, including mechanistic studies and drug discovery. Studies in mouse models have contributed significantly to our understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms underlying GPLs and GC. With the development and improvement of gene transfer technology, investigators have created a variety of transgenic and gene knockout mouse models for GPLs, such as H/K-ATPase transgenic and knockout mutant mice and gastrin gene knockout mice. Combined with Helicobacter infection, and treatment with chemical carcinogens, these mice develop GPLs or GC and thus provide models for studying the molecular biology of GC, which may lead to the discovery and development of novel drugs. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the use of genetically-engineered mouse models for GPL research, with particular emphasis on the importance of examining the gastric mucosa at the histological level to investigate morphological changes of GPL and GC and associated protein and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
| | - Hua-Feng Pan
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zi-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Province Engineering Technology Research Institute of T.C.M., Guangzhou 510095, China
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12
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Huang KY, Lin HH. The Activation and Signaling Mechanisms of GPR56/ADGRG1 in Melanoma Cell. Front Oncol 2018; 8:304. [PMID: 30135857 PMCID: PMC6092491 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) constitute the second largest GPCR subfamily. GPR56/ADGRG1 is a member of the ADGRG subgroup of aGPCRs. Although GPR56 is best known for its pivotal role in the cerebral cortical development, it is also important for tumor progression. Numerous studies have revealed that GPR56 is expressed in various cancer types with a role in cancer cell adhesion, migration and metastasis. In a recent study, we found that the immobilized GPR56-specific CG4 antibody enhanced IL-6 production and migration ability of melanoma cells. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of GPR56 function and discuss the activation and signaling mechanisms of GPR56 in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yeh Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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13
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Jin G, Sakitani K, Wang H, Jin Y, Dubeykovskiy A, Worthley DL, Tailor Y, Wang TC. The G-protein coupled receptor 56, expressed in colonic stem and cancer cells, binds progastrin to promote proliferation and carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40606-40619. [PMID: 28380450 PMCID: PMC5522213 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of human progastrin increases colonic mucosal proliferation and colorectal cancer progression in mice. The G-protein coupled receptor 56 (GPR56) is known to regulate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and stem cell biology, but its expression in the gut has not been studied. We hypothesized that the promotion of colorectal cancer by progastrin may be mediated in part through GPR56. Here, we found that GPR56 expresses in rare colonic crypt cells that lineage trace colonic glands consistent with GPR56 marking long-lived colonic stem-progenitor cells. GPR56 was upregulated in transgenic mice overexpressing human progastrin. While recombinant human progastrin promoted the growth and survival of wild-type colonic organoids in vitro, colonic organoids cultured from GPR56−/− mice were resistant to progastrin. We found that progastrin directly bound to, and increased the proliferation of, GPR56-expressing colon cancer cells in vitro, and proliferation was increased in cells that expressed both GPR56 and the cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R). In vivo, deletion of GPR56 in the mouse germline abrogated progastrin-dependent colonic mucosal proliferation and increased apoptosis. Loss of GPR56 also inhibited progastrin-dependent colonic crypt fission and colorectal carcinogenesis in the azoxymethane (AOM) mouse model of colorectal cancer. Overall, we found that progastrin binds to GPR56 expressing colonic stem cells, which in turn promotes their expansion, and that this GPR56-dependent pathway is an important driver and potential new target in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Jin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,The Research Institute, Yanbian University Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Kosuke Sakitani
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of General surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Dubeykovskiy
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yagnesh Tailor
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Blurring Boundaries: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases as functional G Protein-Coupled Receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:1-40. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Oridonin, a novel lysine acetyltransferases inhibitor, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through p53- and caspase-3-mediated mechanisms. Oncotarget 2017; 7:22623-31. [PMID: 26980707 PMCID: PMC5008386 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation has been reported to involve in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases including cancer. In our screening study to identify natural compounds with lysine acetyltransferase inhibitor (KATi) activity, oridonin was found to possess acetyltransferase-inhibitory effects on multiple acetyltransferases including P300, GCN5, Tip60, and pCAF. In gastric cancer cells, oridonin treatment inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and down-regulated the expression of p53 downstream genes, whereas p53 inhibition by PFT-α reversed the antiproliferative effects of oridonin. Moreover, oridonin treatment induced cell apoptosis, increased the levels of activated caspase-3 and caspase-9, and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential in gastric cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Caspase-3 inhibition by Ac-DEVD-CHO reversed the proapoptosis effect of oridonin. In conclusion, our study identified oridonin as a novel KATi and demonstrated its tumor suppressive effects in gastric cancer cells at least partially through p53-and caspase-3-mediated mechanisms.
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16
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Guo Y, Zhang K, Cheng C, Ji Z, Wang X, Wang M, Chu M, Tang DG, Zhu HH, Gao WQ. Numb -/low Enriches a Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cell Subpopulation Associated with Enhanced Notch and Hedgehog Signaling. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6744-6756. [PMID: 28751447 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To elucidate the role and molecular mechanism of Numb in prostate cancer and the functional contribution of Numb-/low prostate cancer cells in castration resistance.Experimental Design: The expression of Numb was assessed using multiple Oncomine datasets and prostate cancer tissues from both humans and mice. The biological effects of the overexpression and knockdown of Numb in human prostate cancer cell lines were investigated in vitro and in vivo In addition, we developed a reliable approach to distinguish between prostate cancer cell populations with a high or low endogenous expression of Numb protein using a Numb promoter-based lentiviral reporter system. The difference between Numb-/low and Numbhigh prostate cancer cells in the response to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) was then tested. The likely downstream factors of Numb were analyzed using luciferase reporter assays, immunoblotting, and quantitative real-time PCR.Results: We show here that Numb was downregulated and negatively correlated with prostate cancer advancement. Functionally, Numb played an inhibitory role in xenograft prostate tumor growth and castration-resistant prostate cancer development by suppressing Notch and Hedgehog signaling. Using a Numb promoter-based lentiviral reporter system, we were able to distinguish Numb-/low prostate cancer cells from Numbhigh cells. Numb-/low prostate cancer cells were smaller and quiescent, preferentially expressed Notch and Hedgehog downstream and stem-cell-associated genes, and associated with a greater resistance to ADT. The inhibition of the Notch and Hedgehog signaling pathways significantly increased apoptosis in Numb-/low cells in response to ADT.Conclusions: Numb-/low enriches a castration-resistant prostate cancer cell subpopulation that is associated with unregulated Notch and Hedgehog signaling. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6744-56. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaping Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongzhong Ji
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minglei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingliang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Carlton and Elm Streets, Buffalo, New York
| | - Helen He Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Prieur A, Cappellini M, Habif G, Lefranc MP, Mazard T, Morency E, Pascussi JM, Flacelière M, Cahuzac N, Vire B, Dubuc B, Durochat A, Liaud P, Ollier J, Pfeiffer C, Poupeau S, Saywell V, Planque C, Assenat E, Bibeau F, Bourgaux JF, Pujol P, Sézeur A, Ychou M, Joubert D. Targeting the Wnt Pathway and Cancer Stem Cells with Anti-progastrin Humanized Antibodies as a Potential Treatment for K-RAS-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:5267-5280. [PMID: 28600477 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer suffer from disease relapse mainly due to cancer stem cells (CSC). Interestingly, they have an increased level of blood progastrin, a tumor-promoting peptide essential for the self-renewal of colon CSCs, which is also a direct β-catenin/TCF4 target gene. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel targeted therapy to neutralize secreted progastrin to inhibit Wnt signaling, CSCs, and reduce relapses.Experimental Design: Antibodies (monoclonal and humanized) directed against progastrin were produced and selected for target specificity and affinity. After validation of their effectiveness on survival of colorectal cancer cell lines harboring B-RAF or K-RAS mutations, their efficacy was assessed in vitro and in vivo, alone or concomitantly with chemotherapy, on CSC self-renewal capacity, tumor recurrence, and Wnt signaling.Results: We show that anti-progastrin antibodies decrease self-renewal of CSCs both in vitro and in vivo, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Furthermore, migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells are diminished; chemosensitivity is prolonged in SW620 and HT29 cells and posttreatment relapse is significantly delayed in T84 cells, xenografted nude mice. Finally, we show that the Wnt signaling activity in vitro is decreased, and, in transgenic mice developing Wnt-driven intestinal neoplasia, the tumor burden is alleviated, with an amplification of cell differentiation in the remaining tumors.Conclusions: Altogether, these data show that humanized anti-progastrin antibodies might represent a potential new treatment for K-RAS-mutated colorectal patients, for which there is a crucial unmet medical need. Clin Cancer Res; 23(17); 5267-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thibault Mazard
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris Planque
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Assenat
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Bibeau
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Pascal Pujol
- Departement d'oncogénétique clinique, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alain Sézeur
- Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses Croix St Simon Chirurgie Digestive, Paris, France
| | - Marc Ychou
- Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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18
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Hayakawa Y, Chang W, Jin G, Wang TC. Gastrin and upper GI cancers. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 31:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Adipocytes promote prostate cancer stem cell self-renewal through amplification of the cholecystokinin autocrine loop. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4939-48. [PMID: 26700819 PMCID: PMC4826255 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has long been linked with prostate cancer progression, although the underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. Here, we report that adipocytes promote the enrichment of prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs) through a vicious cycle of autocrine amplification. In the presence of adipocytes, prostate cancer cells actively secrete the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), which not only stimulates prostate CSC self-renewal, but also induces cathepsin B (CTSB) production of the adipocytes. In return, CTSB facilitates further CCK secretion by the cancer cells. More importantly, inactivation of CCK receptor not only suppresses CTSB secretion by the adipocytes, but also synergizes the inhibitory effect of CTSB inhibitor on adipocyte-promoted prostate CSC self-renewal. In summary, we have uncovered a novel mechanism underlying the mutual interplay between adipocytes and prostate CSCs, which may help explaining the role of adipocytes in prostate cancer progression and provide opportunities for effective intervention.
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20
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Yu B, Lv X, Su L, Li J, Yu Y, Gu Q, Yan M, Zhu Z, Liu B. MiR-148a Functions as a Tumor Suppressor by Targeting CCK-BR via Inactivating STAT3 and Akt in Human Gastric Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158961. [PMID: 27518872 PMCID: PMC4982598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been widely accepted as a class of gene expression regulators which post-translationally regulate protein expression. These small noncoding RNAs have been proved closely involved in the modulation of various pathobiological processes in cancer. In this research, we demonstrated that miR-148a expression was significantly down-regulated in gastric cancer tissues in comparison with the matched normal mucosal tissues, and its expression was statistically associated with lymph node metastasis. Ectopic expression of miR-148a inhibited tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro, and inhibited tumor formation in vivo. Subsequently, we identified cholecystokinin B receptor (CCK-BR) as a direct target of miR-148a using western blot and luciferase activity assay. More importantly, siRNA-induced knockdown of CCK-BR elicited similar anti-oncogenic effects (decreased proliferation and migration) as those induced by enforced miR-148a expression. We also found that miR-148a-mediated anti-cancer effects are dependent on the inhibition of STAT3 and Akt activation, which subsequently regulates the pathways involved in cell proliferation and migration. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-148a serves as a tumor suppressor in human gastric carcinogenesis by targeting CCK-BR via inactivating STAT3 and Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiqin Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinlong Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Rosanò L, Bagnato A. β-arrestin1 at the cross-road of endothelin-1 signaling in cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:121. [PMID: 27473335 PMCID: PMC4966762 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The advent of targeted therapeutics in human cancer has begun to find novel druggable targets and, in this context, the endothelin-1 receptor (ET-1R), namely ETA receptor (ETAR) and ETB receptor, among the GPCR family represents a class of highly druggable molecules in cancer. ET-1R are aberrantly expressed in human malignancies, potentially representing prognostic factors. Their activation by ligand stimulation initiate signaling cascades activating different downstream effectors, allowing precise control over multiple signaling pathways. ET-1R regulates cell proliferation, survival, motility, cytoskeletal changes, angiogenesis, metastasis as well as drug resistance. The molecular events underlying these responses are the activation of transcriptional factors and coactivators, and downstream genes, acting as key players in tumor growth and progression. ET-1R represent crucial cancer targets that have been exploited for ET-1R therapeutics. Importantly, efforts to explore new information of ETAR in cancer have uncovered that their functions are crucially regulated by multifunctional scaffold protein β-arrestins (β-arrs) which orchestrate the multidimensionality of ETAR signaling into highly regulated and distinct signaling complexes, a property that is highly advantageous for tumor signaling. Moreover, the role of β-arr1 in ET-1 signaling in cancer highlights why the pleiotropic effects of ET-1 and its dynamic signaling are more complex than previously recognized. In order to improve therapeutic strategies that interfere with the widespread effects of ET-1R, it is important to consider antagonists able to turn the receptors “off” selectively controlling β-arr1-dependent signaling, highlighting the possibility that targeting ETAR/β-arr1 may display a large therapeutic window in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rosanò
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Translational Research Functional Departmental Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Bagnato
- Preclinical Models and New Therapeutic Agents Unit, Translational Research Functional Departmental Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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Giraud J, Failla LM, Pascussi JM, Lagerqvist EL, Ollier J, Finetti P, Bertucci F, Ya C, Gasmi I, Bourgaux JF, Prudhomme M, Mazard T, Ait-Arsa I, Houhou L, Birnbaum D, Pélegrin A, Vincent C, Ryall JG, Joubert D, Pannequin J, Hollande F. Autocrine Secretion of Progastrin Promotes the Survival and Self-Renewal of Colon Cancer Stem–like Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3618-28. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu Z, Luo Y, Cheng Y, Zou D, Zeng A, Yang C, Xu J, Zhan H. Gastrin attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced intestinal injury in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:873-81. [PMID: 26984262 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216630179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a devastating complication when the blood supply is reflowed in ischemic organs. Gastrin has critical function in regulating acid secretion, proliferation, and differentiation in the gastric mucosa. We aimed to determine whether gastrin has an effect on intestinal I/R damage. Intestinal I/R injury was induced by 60-min occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery followed by 60-min reperfusion, and the rats were induced to be hypergastrinemic by pretreated with omeprazole or directly injected with gastrin. Some hypergastrinemic rats were injected with cholecystokinin-2 (CCK-2) receptor antagonist prior to I/R operation. After the animal surgery, the intestine was collected for histological analysis. Isolated intestinal epithelial cells or crypts were harvested for RNA and protein analysis. CCK-2 receptor expression, intestinal mucosal damage, cell apoptosis, and apoptotic protein caspase-3 activity were measured. We found that high gastrin in serum significantly reduced intestinal hemorrhage, alleviated extensive epithelial disruption, decreased disintegration of lamina propria, downregulated myeloperoxidase activity, tumor necrosis factor-α, and caspase-3 activity, and lead to low mortality in response to I/R injury. On the contrary, CCK-2 receptor antagonist L365260 could markedly impair intestinal protection by gastrin on intestinal I/R. Severe edema of mucosal villi with severe intestinal crypt injury and numerous intestinal villi disintegrated were observed again in the hypergastrinemic rats with L365260. The survival in the hypergastrinemic rats after intestinal I/R injury was shortened by L365260. Finally, gastrin could remarkably upregulated intestinal CCK-2 receptor expression. Our data suggest that gastrin by omeprazole remarkably attenuated I/R induced intestinal injury by enhancing CCK-2 receptor expression and gastrin could be a potential mitigator for intestinal I/R damage in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Liu
- Department of Emergence Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yongli Luo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yunjiu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dezhi Zou
- Department of Emergence Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Aihong Zeng
- Department of Emergence Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Department of Emergence Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Emergence Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hong Zhan
- Department of Emergence Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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PONNUSAMY SURIYAN, LATTMANN ERIC, LATTMANN PORNTHIP, THIYAGARAJAN THIRUMAGAL, PADINJARETHALAKAL BALARAMN, NARAYANAN RAMESH. Novel, isoform-selective, cholecystokinin A receptor antagonist inhibits colon and pancreatic cancers in preclinical models through novel mechanism of action. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2097-106. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Hypersecretory conditions affecting the stomach account for significant morbidity and mortality manifested in some cases with peptic ulcer, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and/or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The diagnosis of gastric acid hypersecretory states can be challenging and relies on the use of quantitative assays to measure gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin. The most common etiology for hypergastrinemia is the use of potent gastric acid inhibitors such as the proton pump inhibitors. The differential diagnosis of this condition is of critical importance, and will dictate management decisions. Conditions such as atrophic gastritis are relatively benign and can lead to hypergastrinemia without the presence of gastric acid hypersecretion. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, on the other hand, causes hypergastrinemia with profound gastric acid hypersecretion [1]. More common causes of hypergastrinemia include gastric outlet obstruction, ileus, and chronic renal failure [2]. In most cases, proton pump inhibitors will be used to manage these conditions. In some instances, surgical therapy may be required. This chapter will review the important clinical causes of gastric acid hypersecretion and provide insights to the best medical management options to better care for patients with these disorders.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the past year's literature regarding the neuroendocrine and intracellular regulation of gastric acid secretion, discussing both basic and clinical aspects. RECENT FINDINGS Gastric acid facilitates the digestion of protein as well as the absorption of iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and certain medications. High acidity kills ingested microorganisms and limits bacterial overgrowth, enteric infection, and possibly spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The main stimulants of acid secretion are gastrin, released from antral gastrin cells; histamine, released from oxyntic enterochromaffin-like cells; and acetylcholine, released from antral and oxyntic intramural neurons. Ghrelin and coffee also stimulate acid secretion whereas somatostatin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and atrial natriuretic peptide inhibit acid secretion. Although 95% of parietal cells are contained within the oxyntic mucosa (fundus and body), 50% of human antral glands contain parietal cells. Proton pump inhibitors are considered well tolerated drugs, but concerns have been raised regarding dysbiosis, atrophic gastritis, hypergastrinemia, hypomagnesemia, and enteritis/colitis. SUMMARY Our understanding of the functional anatomy and physiology of gastric secretion continues to advance. Such knowledge is crucial for improved management of acid-peptic disorders, prevention and management of neoplasia, and the development of novel medications.
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Cancer stem cells in human digestive tract malignancies. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Hayakawa Y, Jin G, Wang H, Chen X, Westphalen CB, Asfaha S, Renz BW, Ariyama H, Dubeykovskaya ZA, Takemoto Y, Lee Y, Muley A, Tailor Y, Chen D, Muthupalani S, Fox JG, Shulkes A, Worthley DL, Takaishi S, Wang TC. CCK2R identifies and regulates gastric antral stem cell states and carcinogenesis. Gut 2015; 64:544-53. [PMID: 24951258 PMCID: PMC4627594 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progastrin is the incompletely cleaved precursor of gastrin that is secreted by G-cells in the gastric antrum. Both gastrin and progastrin bind to the CCK2 receptor (Cckbr or CCK2R) expressed on a subset of gastric epithelial cells. Little is known about how gastrin peptides and CCK2R regulate gastric stem cells and carcinogenesis. Interconversion among progenitors in the intestine is documented, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly defined. DESIGN We generated CCK2R-CreERT mice and performed inducible lineage tracing experiments. CCK2R+ antral cells and Lgr5+ antral stem cells were cultured in a three-dimensional in vitro system. We crossed progastrin-overexpressing mice with Lgr5-GFP-CreERT mice and examined the role of progastrin and CCK2R in Lgr5+ stem cells during MNU-induced carcinogenesis. RESULTS Through lineage tracing experiments, we found that CCK2R defines antral stem cells at position +4, which overlapped with an Lgr5(neg or low) cell population but was distinct from typical antral Lgr5(high) stem cells. Treatment with progastrin interconverts Lgr5(neg or low) CCK2R+ cells into Lgr5(high) cells, increases CCK2R+ cell numbers and promotes gland fission and carcinogenesis in response to the chemical carcinogen MNU. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of CCK2R attenuated progastrin-dependent stem cell expansion and carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS CCK2R labels +4 antral stem cells that can be activated and expanded by progastrin, thus identifying one hormonal trigger for gastric stem cell interconversion and a potential target for gastric cancer chemoprevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoku Hayakawa
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guangchun Jin
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hongshan Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christoph B Westphalen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA,Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernhard W Renz
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hiroshi Ariyama
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zinaida A Dubeykovskaya
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Takemoto
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yoomi Lee
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ashlesha Muley
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yagnesh Tailor
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Duan Chen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shigeo Takaishi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA,Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the past year's literature regarding the neural, paracrine, hormonal, and intracellular regulation of gastric acid secretion. RECENT FINDINGS Gastric acid facilitates the digestion of protein as well as the absorption of iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and certain medications. High gastric acidity, in combination with pepsin and lipase, kills ingested microorganisms and may play a role in preventing bacterial overgrowth, enteric infection, and possibly spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, community-acquired pneumonia, and infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Stimulants of acid secretion include histamine, gastrin, acetylcholine, and ghrelin. Inhibitors include somatostatin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and adrenomedullin. Helicobacter pylori stimulates or inhibits depending upon the time course of infection and the area of the stomach predominantly infected. Proteins implicated in H-K-ATPase membrane trafficking include myosin IIB, F-actin, ezrin, and Rab GTPases. SUMMARY Our understanding of the regulation of gastric acid secretion continues to advance. Such knowledge is crucial for the management of acid-peptic disorders and the development of novel medications, such as cholecystokinin-2 receptor antagonists.
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30
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Mao JD, Wu P, Huang JX, Wu J, Yang G. Role of ERK-MAPK signaling pathway in pentagastrin-regulated growth of large intestinal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:12542-12550. [PMID: 25253956 PMCID: PMC4168089 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i35.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role and mechanisms of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK-MAPK) signaling in pentagastrin-regulated growth of large intestinal carcinoma.
METHODS: HT-29 cells were incubated in different media and divided into the control group, pentagastrin group, proglumide group, and pentagastrin + proglumide group. No reagent was added to the control group, and other groups were incubated with reagent at different concentrations. Changes in proliferation of HT-29 cells were detected by MTT assay, and the optimal concentrations of pentagastrin and proglumide were determined. The changes in proliferation index (PI) and apoptosis rate (AR) of HT-29 cells were detected by Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate flow cytometry. mRNA expression of pentagastrin receptor/cholecystokinin-B receptor (CCK-BR), ERK1/2 and K-ras were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The protein and phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 and K-ras were detected by western blotting. All data were analyzed by analysis of variance and SNK-q test.
RESULTS: The proliferation of HT-29 cells was stimulated by pentagastrin at a concentration of 6.25-100 mg/L, and the optimal concentration of pentagastrin was 25.0 mg/L (F = 31.36, P < 0.05). Proglumide had no obvious effect on the proliferation of HT-29 cells, while it significantly inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells stimulated by pentagastrin when the concentration of proglumide was 8.0-128.0 mg/L, and the optimal concentration was 32.0 mg/L (F = 24.31, P < 0.05). The PI of the pentagastrin (25.0 mg/L) group was 37.5% ± 5.2%, which was significantly higher than 27.7% ± 5.0% of the control group and 27.3% ± 5.8% of the pentagastrin (25.0 mg/L) + proglumide (32.0 mg/L) group (Q = 4.56-4.75, P < 0.05). The AR of the pentagastrin (25.0 mg/L) group was 1.9% ± 0.4%, which was significantly lower than 2.5% ± 0.4% of the control group and 2.4% ± 0.3% of the pentagastrin (25.0 mg/L) + proglumide (32.0 mg/L) group (Q = 4.23-4.06, P < 0.05). mRNA expression of CCK-BR was detected in HT-29 cells. The phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 protein and phosphorylated K-ras protein of the pentagastrin group were 0.43% ± 0.04% and 0.45% ± 0.06%, which were significantly higher than 0.32% ± 0.02% and 0.31% ± 0.05% of the control group (Q = 7.78-4.95, P < 0.05), and 0.36% ± 0.01% and 0.35% ± 0.04% of the pentagastrin + proglumide group (Q = 5.72-4.08, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the mRNA and protein expression of ERK1/2 and K-ras among the control, pentagastrin, proglumide and pentagastrin + proglumide groups (F = 0.52, 0.72, 0.78, 0.28; P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Gastrin stimulates proliferation of HT-29 cells and inhibits apoptosis by upregulating phosphorylation of ERK and K-ras through the Ras-Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway, and this is restrained by proglumide.
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31
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Najib S, Kowalski-Chauvel A, Do C, Roche S, Cohen-Jonathan-Moyal E, Seva C. Progastrin a new pro-angiogenic factor in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:3120-30. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Similar morphological and molecular signatures shared by female and male germline stem cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5580. [PMID: 24993338 PMCID: PMC4082104 DOI: 10.1038/srep05580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of mammalian female germline stem cells (FGSCs) indicates that mammalian ovaries possess germline stem cells analogous to testis, and continue to produce gametes postnatally, which provides new insights into female fertility. In this study, we compared the morphological and molecular characteristics between FGSCs and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) by analysis of morphology, immunofluorescence, alkaline phosphatase activity assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and microarray hybridization. The results demonstrated that the morphology and growth patterns of FGSCs are similar to those of SSCs. Microarray analysis of global gene expression profiles of FGSCs and SSCs showed similar signatures in the transcriptome level. A list of 853 co-highly expressed genes (CEG) in female and male germline stem cells may be responsible for the morphological and molecular similarity. We constructed a continuous network of the CEG based on I2D protein-protein interaction database by breadth first search. From the network, we could observe the interactions of the CEG may be responsible for maintaining the properties of germline stem cells. This study was the first attempt to compare morphological and molecular characteristics between FGSCs and SSCs. These findings would provide some clues for further research on mammalian FGSCs.
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Abstract
The existence of the hormone gastrin in the distal stomach (antrum) has been known for almost 110 years, and the physiological function of this amidated peptide in regulating gastric acid secretion via the CCK2 receptor is now well established. In this brief review we consider important additional roles of gastrin, including regulation of genes encoding proteins such as plasminogen activator inhibitors and matrix metalloproteinases that have important actions on extracellular matrix remodelling. These actions are, at least in part, effected by paracrine signalling pathways and make important contributions to maintaining functional integrity of the gastric epithelium. Recent studies also provide support for the idea that gastrin, in concert with other hormones, could potentially contribute a post-prandial incretin effect. We also review recent developments in the biology of other gastrin gene products, including the precursor progastrin, which causes proliferation of the colonic epithelium and in certain circumstances may induce cancer formation. Glycine-extended biosynthetic processing intermediates also have proliferative effects in colonic mucosa and in some oesophageal cancer cell lines. Whether these additional gene products exert their effects through the CCK2 receptor or a separate entity is currently a matter of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Dimaline
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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