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Tan M, Zhang S, Stevens M, Li D, Tan EJ. Antipredator defences in motion: animals reduce predation risks by concealing or misleading motion signals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:778-796. [PMID: 38174819 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Motion is a crucial part of the natural world, yet our understanding of how animals avoid predation whilst moving remains rather limited. Although several theories have been proposed for how antipredator defence may be facilitated during motion, there is often a lack of supporting empirical evidence, or conflicting findings. Furthermore, many studies have shown that motion often 'breaks' camouflage, as sudden movement can be detected even before an individual is recognised. Whilst some static camouflage strategies may conceal moving animals to a certain extent, more emphasis should be given to other modes of camouflage and related defences in the context of motion (e.g. flicker fusion camouflage, active motion camouflage, motion dazzle, and protean motion). Furthermore, when motion is involved, defence strategies are not necessarily limited to concealment. An animal can also rely on motion to mislead predators with regards to its trajectory, location, size, colour pattern, or even identity. In this review, we discuss the various underlying antipredator strategies and the mechanisms through which they may be linked to motion, conceptualising existing empirical and theoretical studies from two perspectives - concealing and misleading effects. We also highlight gaps in our understanding of these antipredator strategies, and suggest possible methodologies for experimental designs/test subjects (i.e. prey and/or predators) and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Shichang Zhang
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology & Evolution, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Martin Stevens
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Daiqin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology & Evolution, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Eunice J Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
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2
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Park J, Kim MS, Kim J, Chang S, Lee M, Lee GJ, Song YM, Kim DH. Avian eye-inspired perovskite artificial vision system for foveated and multispectral imaging. Sci Robot 2024; 9:eadk6903. [PMID: 38809996 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.adk6903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Avian eyes have deep central foveae as a result of extensive evolution. Deep foveae efficiently refract incident light, creating a magnified image of the target object and making it easier to track object motion. These features are essential for detecting and tracking remote objects in dynamic environments. Furthermore, avian eyes respond to a wide spectrum of light, including visible and ultraviolet light, allowing them to efficiently distinguish the target object from complex backgrounds. Despite notable advances in artificial vision systems that mimic animal vision, the exceptional object detection and targeting capabilities of avian eyes via foveated and multispectral imaging remain underexplored. Here, we present an artificial vision system that capitalizes on these aspects of avian vision. We introduce an artificial fovea and vertically stacked perovskite photodetector arrays whose designs were optimized by theoretical simulations for the demonstration of foveated and multispectral imaging. The artificial vision system successfully identifies colored and mixed-color objects and detects remote objects through foveated imaging. The potential for use in uncrewed aerial vehicles that need to detect, track, and recognize distant targets in dynamic environments is also discussed. Our avian eye-inspired perovskite artificial vision system marks a notable advance in bioinspired artificial visions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonsoo Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehui Chang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Electro-Medical Equipment Research Division, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Ju Lee
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Graduate School, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Escoriza D. Environmental colour pattern variation in Mediterranean Podarcis. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:53. [PMID: 38658833 PMCID: PMC11044340 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lizards of the genus Podarcis are widespread in the Mediterranean region, including islands and island archipelagos. These small-bodied lizards have a predominantly protective green-brown colouration. However, some populations display unusual patterns, in which the colouration is predominantly blue or uniformly black. This study explores the factors that influence this chromatic variation, whether environmental (climate and island conditions) or evolutionary (phylogenetic trait conservatism). The colouration of 1400 individuals (27 species) was analysed in the CIELAB colour space. RESULTS Pagel's λ indicated that colouration is weakly conserved within phylogenetic lineages. Although the island surface plays a key role in the chromatic variability of these lacertids, geographic isolation and climate hold less influence. The colouration of some small island populations tends to be uniform and dark, possibly due to intense intraspecific competition and lower predatory pressure. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of island populations in understanding the processes that favour the emergence of extreme phenotypes in small ectothermic vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Escoriza
- GRECO, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain.
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4
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Tozetti RAR, de Lima Sousa Araújo R, Moreira MVL, de Souza Akiyama LC, Corrêa JR, Moore BA, Galera PD. Evaluation of the common pauraque (Nyctidromus albicollis) cornea using light and scanning electron microscopy. Anat Histol Embryol 2024; 53:e12987. [PMID: 37850266 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The common pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin, 1789) is a widespread avian species; however due to its nocturnal habits and reclusive behaviour, little is known about their vision and ecology. Most avian species are visually dependent with advanced visual systems providing high spatial resolution, on the species needs. Each ocular structure has a specific role in contributing towards high visual function, and the cornea is the first refractive structure in the visual process. However, the common pauraque cornea had not been described until the present data. Therefore, this study aims to describe the morphology and morphometry of the common pauraque cornea by means of light and scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the cross-sectional anatomy as well as the ultrastructure of the endothelial cells. Histological similarities with the cornea of other birds have been observed, but the thickness of the common pauraque cornea is much smaller than the other described corneas. A better understanding of the common pauraque cornea can help us better explain the physiology of vision and the visual requirements of this species. In turn, this will help us better understand how this species successfully interacts with its environment, and will improve our knowledge on how to interpret pathological changes in their cornea in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Alves Ribon Tozetti
- Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rosélia de Lima Sousa Araújo
- Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Cristina de Souza Akiyama
- Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - José Raimundo Corrêa
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalyses, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Bret A Moore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paula Diniz Galera
- Comparative Ophthalmology Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Tan M, Chan JYO, Yu L, Tan EJ, Li D. Background matching can reduce responsiveness of jumping spiders to stimuli in motion. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246092. [PMID: 38054359 PMCID: PMC10906486 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Motion and camouflage were previously considered to be mutually exclusive, as sudden movements can be easily detected. Background matching, for instance, is a well-known, effective camouflage strategy where the colour and pattern of a stationary animal match its surrounding background. However, background matching may lose its efficacy when the animal moves, as the boundaries of the animal become more defined against its background. Recent evidence shows otherwise, as camouflaged objects can be less detectable than uncamouflaged objects even while in motion. Here, we explored whether the detectability of computer-generated stimuli varies with the speed of motion, background (matching and unmatching) and size of stimuli in six species of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Our results showed that, in general, the responsiveness of all six salticid species tested decreased with increasing stimulus speed regardless of whether the stimuli were conspicuous or camouflaged. Importantly, salticid responses to camouflaged stimuli were significantly lower compared with those to conspicuous stimuli. There were significant differences in motion detectability across species when the stimuli were conspicuous, suggesting differences in visual acuity in closely related species of jumping spiders. Furthermore, small stimuli elicited significantly lower responses than large stimuli across species and speeds. Our results thus suggest that background matching is effective even when stimuli are in motion, reducing the detectability of moving stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore117543
| | - Jeremiah Y. O. Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore117543
| | - Long Yu
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology & Evolution, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
| | - Eunice J. Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore117543
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore138527
| | - Daiqin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore117543
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology & Evolution, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, Hubei, China
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6
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Cantlay JC, Martin GR, McClelland SC, Potier S, O'Brien MF, Fernández-Juricic E, Bond AL, Portugal SJ. Binocular vision and foraging in ducks, geese and swans (Anatidae). Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231213. [PMID: 37670586 PMCID: PMC10510447 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wide variation in visual field configuration across avian species is hypothesized to be driven primarily by foraging ecology and predator detection. While some studies of selected taxa have identified relationships between foraging ecology and binocular field characteristics in particular species, few have accounted for the relevance of shared ancestry. We conducted a large-scale, comparative analysis across 39 Anatidae species to investigate the relationship between the foraging ecology traits of diet or behaviour and binocular field parameters, while controlling for phylogeny. We used phylogenetic models to examine correlations between traits and binocular field characteristics, using unidimensional and morphometric approaches. We found that foraging behaviour influenced three parameters of binocular field size: maximum binocular field width, vertical binocular field extent, and angular separation between the eye-bill projection and the direction of maximum binocular field width. Foraging behaviour and body mass each influenced two descriptors of binocular field shape. Phylogenetic relatedness had minimal influence on binocular field size and shape, apart from vertical binocular field extent. Binocular field differences are associated with specific foraging behaviours, as related to the perceptual challenges of obtaining different food items from aquatic and terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Cantlay
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Graham R. Martin
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stephanie C. McClelland
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Simon Potier
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Alexander L. Bond
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 6AP, UK
| | - Steven J. Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Akeman Street, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 6AP, UK
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7
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Pérez-Campanero Antolín N, Taylor GK. Gap selection and steering during obstacle avoidance in pigeons. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb244215. [PMID: 36576032 PMCID: PMC10086542 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of birds to fly through cluttered environments has inspired biologists interested in understanding its underlying mechanisms, and engineers interested in applying its underpinning principles. To analyse this problem empirically, we break it down into two distinct, but related, questions: How do birds select which gaps to aim for? And how do they steer through them? We answered these questions using a combined experimental and modelling approach, in which we released pigeons (Columbia livia domestica) inside a large hall with an open exit separated from the release point by a curtain creating two vertical gaps - one of which was obstructed by an obstacle. We tracked the birds using a high-speed motion capture system, and found that their gap choice seemed to be biased by their intrinsic handedness, rather than determined by extrinsic cues such as the size of the gap or its alignment with the destination. We modelled the pigeons' steering behaviour algorithmically by simulating their flight trajectories under a set of six candidate guidance laws, including those used previously to model target-oriented flight behaviours in birds. We found that their flights were best modelled by delayed proportional navigation commanding turning in proportion to the angular rate of the line-of-sight from the pigeon to the midpoint of the gap. Our results are consistent with this being a two-phase behaviour, in which the pigeon heads forward from the release point before steering towards the midpoint of whichever gap it chooses to aim for under closed-loop guidance. Our findings have implications for the sensorimotor mechanisms that underlie clutter negotiation in birds, uniting this with other kinds of target-oriented behaviours including aerial pursuit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham K. Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11A Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
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8
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Kano F, Naik H, Keskin G, Couzin ID, Nagy M. Head-tracking of freely-behaving pigeons in a motion-capture system reveals the selective use of visual field regions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19113. [PMID: 36352049 PMCID: PMC9646700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a motion-capture system and custom head-calibration methods, we reconstructed the head-centric view of freely behaving pigeons and examined how they orient their head when presented with various types of attention-getting objects at various relative locations. Pigeons predominantly employed their retinal specializations to view a visual target, namely their foveas projecting laterally (at an azimuth of ± 75°) into the horizon, and their visually-sensitive "red areas" projecting broadly into the lower-frontal visual field. Pigeons used their foveas to view any distant object while they used their red areas to view a nearby object on the ground (< 50 cm). Pigeons "fixated" a visual target with their foveas; the intervals between head-saccades were longer when the visual target was viewed by birds' foveas compared to when it was viewed by any other region. Furthermore, pigeons showed a weak preference to use their right eye to examine small objects distinctive in detailed features and their left eye to view threat-related or social stimuli. Despite the known difficulty in identifying where a bird is attending, we show that it is possible to estimate the visual attention of freely-behaving birds by tracking the projections of their retinal specializations in their visual field with cutting-edge methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Kano
- grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany ,grid.507516.00000 0004 7661 536XDepartment of Collective Behaviour, Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hemal Naik
- grid.507516.00000 0004 7661 536XDepartment of Collective Behaviour, Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany ,grid.507516.00000 0004 7661 536XDepartment of Ecology of Animal Societies, Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XComputer Aided Medical Procedures, Teschnische Universiät Munchen, Munich, Germany ,grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Göksel Keskin
- grid.5018.c0000 0001 2149 4407MTA-ELTE Lendület Collective Behaviour Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Iain D. Couzin
- grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany ,grid.507516.00000 0004 7661 536XDepartment of Collective Behaviour, Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany ,grid.9811.10000 0001 0658 7699Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Máté Nagy
- grid.507516.00000 0004 7661 536XDepartment of Collective Behaviour, Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany ,grid.5018.c0000 0001 2149 4407MTA-ELTE Lendület Collective Behaviour Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Meleppat RK, Fortenbach CR, Jian Y, Martinez ES, Wagner K, Modjtahedi BS, Motta MJ, Ramamurthy DL, Schwab IR, Zawadzki RJ. In Vivo Imaging of Retinal and Choroidal Morphology and Vascular Plexuses of Vertebrates Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:11. [PMID: 35972433 PMCID: PMC9396679 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.8.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To perform in vivo evaluation of the structural morphology and vascular plexuses of the neurosensory retina and choroid across vertebrate species using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and SS-OCT angiography (SS-OCTA) imaging. Methods A custom-built SS-OCT system with an incorporated flexible imaging arm was used to acquire the three-dimensional (3D) retinal OCT and vascular OCTA data of five different vertebrates: a mouse (C57BL/6J), a rat (Long Evans), a gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica), a white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), and a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). Results In vivo structural morphology of the retina and choroid, as well as en face OCTA images of retinal and choroidal vasculature of all species were generated. The retinal morphology and vascular plexuses were similar between rat and mouse, whereas distinct choroidal and paired superficial vessels were observed in the opossum retina. The retinal and vascular structure of the sturgeon, as well as the pecten oculi and overlying the avascular and choroidal vasculature in the owl retina are reported in vivo. Conclusions A high-quality two-dimensional and 3D in vivo visualization of the retinal structures and en face visualization of the retina and choroidal vascular plexus of vertebrates was possible. Our studies affirm that SS-OCT and SS-OCTA are viable methods for evaluating the in vivo retinal and choroidal structure across terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial vertebrates. Translational Relevance In vivo characterization of retinal morphology and vasculature plexus of multiple species using SS-OCT and SS-OCTA imaging can increase the pool of species available as models of human retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratheesh K Meleppat
- UC Davis Eyepod Imaging Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christopher R Fortenbach
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yifan Jian
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Esteban Soto Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen Wagner
- Department of Entomology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Bobeck S Modjtahedi
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Monica J Motta
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Deepa L Ramamurthy
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ivan R Schwab
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Zawadzki
- UC Davis Eyepod Imaging Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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10
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The Application of Quantitative Metabolomics for the Taxonomic Differentiation of Birds. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071089. [PMID: 36101467 PMCID: PMC9312993 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the current pilot study, we propose the use of quantitative metabolomics to reconstruct the phylogeny of vertebrates, namely birds. We determined the concentrations of the 67 most abundant metabolites in the eye lenses of the following 14 species from 6 orders of the class Aves (Birds): the Black kite (Milvus migrans), Eurasian magpie (Pica pica), Northern raven (Corvus corax), Eurasian coot (Fulica atra), Godlewski's bunting (Emberiza godlewskii), Great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), Great tit (Parus major), Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes), Hooded crow (Corvus cornix), House sparrow (Passer domesticus), Rock dove (Columba livia), Rook (Corvus frugilegus), Short-eared owl (Asio flammeus) and Ural owl (Strix uralensis). Further analysis shows that the statistical approaches generally used in metabolomics can be applied for differentiation between species, and the most fruitful results were obtained with hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). We observed the grouping of conspecific samples independently of the sampling place and date. The HCA tree structure supports the key role of genomics in the formation of the lens metabolome, but it also indicates the influence of the species lifestyle. A combination of genomics-based and metabolomics-based phylogeny could potentially resolve arising issues and yield a more reliable tree of life.
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11
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Being There. If the Pairing of the Birdwatchers Affects the Pairing of the Birds. RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.7358/rela-2022-01-usko] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The drives of inter-individual relationships within avian social groups are largely unexplored and relatively poorly understood, including how social landscapes affect the decisions of individuals within these groups. On a modest level, this study undertakes to expand this knowledge with an ornithological observation of temporary groupings among multiple aquatic species in response to the pairing of birdwatchers. More ambitiously, the study presumes the analogy between the social response of an avian community and the subliminal response of the human psyche to spatial stimuli. The number of bird pairs forming in flocks, coverts and rafts was consistently higher when the birds interacted with children teamed up in pairs than when solitary children interacted with the birds. Inadvertent social cues consequential to the extended duration of the focus, vigilance stimulation and subliminal messages affecting the neurological pathways in the brain and the social dynamics pertaining to proxemics are discussed as potential causes of this effect. Lastly, the structure of the paper mimics the lifetime of inventive ideas, which originate from a chaos of amorphous thought, then crystallize into a clarity of logical concepts open to elaboration, and eventually disperse into a similar semantic clutter as that from which they were born.
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12
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Visual Responses to Moving and Flashed Stimuli of Neurons in Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) Optic Tectum. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141798. [PMID: 35883345 PMCID: PMC9312236 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Avian can quickly and accurately detect surrounding objects (especially, moving ones). However, it was unknown how different neurons in the optic tectum (OT) in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) processed moving objects compared to static ones. The electrophysiological results showed that the latency of response to moving stimuli was shorter than that to flashed ones, while the firing rates of response to moving stimulus were higher than that to flashed ones. Furthermore, the modeling study demonstrated that the faster and stronger response to a moving stimulus compared to a flashed stimulus may result from the accumulation process across space and time by tectal neurons. This study also sheds new light on the understanding of motion processing by birds. Abstract Birds can rapidly and accurately detect moving objects for better survival in complex environments. This visual ability may be attributed to the response properties of neurons in the optic tectum. However, it is unknown how neurons in the optic tectum respond differently to moving objects compared to static ones. To address this question, neuronal activities were recorded from domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) optic tectum, responsible for orienting to moving objects, and the responses to moving and flashed stimuli were compared. An encoding model based on the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) framework was established to explain the difference in neuronal responses. The experimental results showed that the first spike latency to moving stimuli was smaller than that to flashed ones and firing rate was higher. The model further implied the faster and stronger response to a moving target result from spatiotemporal integration process, corresponding to the spatially sequential activation of tectal neurons and the accumulation of information in time. This study provides direct electrophysiological evidence about the different tectal neuron responses to moving objects and flashed ones. The findings of this investigation increase our understanding of the motion detection mechanism of tectal neurons.
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Abstract
Eagle, a representative species in the raptor world, has the sharpest visual acuity among all animals. The reputation of the “clairvoyance” is employed to describe an eagle. The excellent visual skills of eagles depend on their unique eye structures and special visual principles. The powerful vision perception mechanisms of the eagle bring abundant inspiration for traditional visual applications. Biological eagle eye vision technology provides a creative way to solve visual perception issues of “Knowing What is Where by Seeing.” The theoretical research and practical works of eagle vision would contribute to the development of machine vision, or even artificial intelligence (AI) in the real world. Furthermore, eagle eye vision also provides feasible ideas for the popularization of new concepts in the virtual world in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100083, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100083, China
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Kumar S, Sohil A, Kichloo MA, Sharma N. Landscape heterogeneity affects diurnal raptor communities in a sub-tropical region of northwestern Himalayas, India. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0246555. [PMID: 35482717 PMCID: PMC9049523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Raptors are highly sensitive to environmental and human-induced changes. In addition, several species of raptors exist in considerably small numbers. It is thus critical to conserve raptors and their habitats across relatively larger landscapes. We examined the diurnal raptor assemblages and seasonality in a subtropical habitat in India’s northwestern Himalayas. Quantitative data on diurnal birds of prey and their habitat features across six distinct habitat types were collected from 33 sample sites. We observed 3,434 individuals of 28 diurnal raptors belonging to two orders and three families during a two-year survey from December 2016 to November 2018. A significant variation in bird species richness and abundance was found across habitats and seasons, with farmlands and winters being the most diverse and speciose. The generalized linear model, used to determine raptor community responses, indicated that elevation and proximity to dumping sites significantly affected the raptor abundance. The non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed significant differences in raptor assemblages across the habitat types. The study concluded that raptors’ persistence is largely determined by their preference for favourable feeding, roosting, and nesting opportunities. The presence of protected and habitat-exclusive species validates the high conservation importance of these ecosystems, particularly the forest patches and farmlands, necessitating robust conservation and management measures in this part of northwestern Himalaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Govt. MAM College, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Asha Sohil
- P.G. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Muzaffar A. Kichloo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Govt. Degree College, Banihal, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Institute of Mountain Environment, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- * E-mail:
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15
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Abumandour MMA, Massoud E, El-Kott A, Morsy K, El-Bakary N, Abumandour R, El-Mansi A, Kandyel R. Morphological adaptations on the eye of the golden gray mullet (Chelon aurata): Using light and scanning electron microscopical study. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2105-2112. [PMID: 35128757 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present investigations were designed to describe the ultrastructural properties of the eye of the golden gray mullet (Chelon aurata). For this purpose, the eyes were examined grossly, and by light and electron microscope. The external layer consists of the cornea and the sclera. Three layers compose the cornea; the anterior stratified cuboidal epithelial; the anterior limiting (Bowman) membrane; and the thick dermal layer of the stroma. The mucoidal layer has small collagen fiber bundles embedded in the CT layer and located between the anterior portion of the scleral cornea and the dermal stroma, (or "substancia propria"). The iridescent layer is thin at the center and thick at the periphery. It contains a pigmented layer with many ossicles. SEM analysis reveals that the cornea consists of undetermined shaped cells joined together by numerous thread-like micro-ridges, with several micro-tubercles on the external surface. The photoreceptor layer had two types of cells: the rod-shaped and the cone-shaped cells. The cone cells differentiate into two types of cells: single and double cells. SEM analysis of the retina showed that rod cells appear as thin long uniform rod-like, while the cone cells appear as rod cells with ovoid bases. SEM analysis demonstrates that the inner side of the retinal epithelium appears to be wrapped around itself. The morphological appearance of the eye adapts to life in superficial aquatic conditions. In conclusion, the current findings provide morphologic evidence to better understand the mechanism of fish vision adaptation to environmental conditions. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The transparent cornea composed of three layers; anterior stratified cuboidal epithelial, Bowman's membrane, and a thick dermal stromal layer. The mucoidal layer is formed from small collagen fibers bundles embedded in the CT layer and located between the anterior portion of the scleral cornea and the dermal stroma. There are two types of photoreceptor cells: rod and cone cells. Cone cells can be single and double cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M A Abumandour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ehab Massoud
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts in Dahran Aljnoub, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Agriculture Research Centre, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Attalla El-Kott
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Kareem Morsy
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neveen El-Bakary
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Ramzy Abumandour
- Department of Basic Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Mansi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ramadan Kandyel
- Zoology department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Bocz R, Batáry P, Purger JJ. Scent, rather than fur pattern, determines predation of mice: an in‐the‐wild experiment with plasticine mouse models. J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Bocz
- Department of Ecology Institute of Biology University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - P. Batáry
- ‘Lendület’ Landscape and Conservation Ecology Institute of Ecology and Botany Centre for Ecological Research Vácrátót Hungary
| | - J. J. Purger
- Department of Ecology Institute of Biology University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
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17
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Singh NS, Dixit AS, Khanikar D. Morphological and Ultrastructural Studies of Pecten in the Eurasian Tree Sparrow. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-9. [PMID: 34657649 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We studied the fine histological structures of pecten oculi of the Eurasian tree sparrow using various microscopy techniques. The pecten of the tree sparrow was found to be of a pleated type comprising of pleats, bridges, and base. The light microscopic study revealed further that the pleats consist of capillaries of varying sizes, blood vessels, and numerous pigmented cells that give them a black color. Histochemical studies of pecten showed a large deposition of lipid droplets, which were more abundant in the basal area. The transmission electron microscopy displayed capillaries and blood vessels that remain surrounded by a thick fibrous basal membrane. They are formed of endothelial cells having a large lumen and abluminal area with microfolds. Interstitial spaces were found filled with rounded melanocytes, electron-dense pigment granules, and mitochondria. Observations under the scanning electron microscope revealed the presence of a dense vascular network of capillaries and vessels. In addition, large hyalocytes were also observed on the surface of the pleats. The above observations suggest that the histological structure of the pecten of the tree sparrow resembles those present in the pecten of other diurnal birds. However, further investigation is required to ascertain its functional role in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namram S Singh
- Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Anand S Dixit
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Debashish Khanikar
- Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
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18
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Postema EG. The effectiveness of eyespots and masquerade in protecting artificial prey across ontogenetic and seasonal shifts. Curr Zool 2021; 68:451-458. [PMID: 36090146 PMCID: PMC9450170 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When constraints on antipredator coloration shift over the course of development, it can be advantageous for animals to adopt different color strategies for each life stage. Many caterpillars in the genus Papilio exhibit unique ontogenetic color sequences: for example, early instars that masquerade as bird feces, with later instars possessing eyespots. I hypothesize that larvae abandon feces masquerade in favor of eyespots due to ontogenetic changes in signaler size. This ontogenetic pattern also occurs within broader seasonal shifts in background color and predator activity. I conducted predation experiments with artificial prey to determine how potential signaling constraints (specifically size and season) shape predation risk, and consequently the expression of ontogenetic color change in Papilio larvae. Seasonally, both predation and background greenness declined significantly from July to September, though there was little evidence that these patterns impacted the effectiveness of either color strategy. Caterpillar size and color strongly affected the attack rate of avian predators: attacks increased with prey size regardless of color, and eyespotted prey were attacked more than masquerading prey overall. These results may reflect a key size-mediated tradeoff between conspicuousness and intimidation in eyespotted prey, and raise questions about how interwoven aspects of behavior and signal environment might maintain the prevalence of large, eyespotted larvae in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Postema
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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19
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Keenan AV, Oster S, McMullen RJ, Shaw GC, Dubielzig RR, Teixeira LBC, Bellah JR, Moore PA, Boveland SD. Clinical and pathologic evaluation of chorioretinal lesions in wild owl species. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25:128-139. [PMID: 34590771 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate histopathology and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of wild owls with chorioretinitis and identify any potential correlation with an infectious etiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ophthalmic examination and retinal OCT imaging were performed on fifteen great horned (Strix varia) and barred (Bubo virginianus) owls (30 eyes) with chorioretinitis and five owls with normal eyes (10 eyes). Testing to investigate the presence of potential infectious diseases included a complete blood count, biochemistry, protein electrophoresis, West Nile virus (WNV) plaque reduction neutralization test, Toxoplasma gondii modified direct agglutination test, WNV RT-PCR, and Avian Influenza RT-PCR. A necropsy was performed on all owls, including ocular histopathology. RESULTS Fundus lesions included retinal detachment (7/15 owls), depigmented lesions (12/15), pigment clumping (8/15), and retinal tear (4/15). All birds were negative for WNV and Avian Influenza on RT-PCR. Of the owls with chorioretinitis, 3/15 were seropositive for WNV and 7/15 for T. gondii. Optical coherence tomography of 25/30 affected eyes revealed outer retinal lesions (19/25 eyes), retinal detachment (16/25), and retinal tears (3/25). Histopathological examination revealed outer nuclear layer atrophy (19/30 eyes), retinal detachment (18/30), retinal tears (7/30), suprachoroidal hemorrhage (12/30), scleral rupture (3/30), and ossicle fracture (3/30). CONCLUSIONS Although 20% of birds were seropositive for WNV and 46.6% for T. gondii, histopathologic findings supported that the posterior segment lesions in the study group were likely due to blunt ocular trauma rather than an infectious etiology. The results of OCT imaging and histopathology documented retinal changes most consistent with blunt ocular trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra V Keenan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Seth Oster
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Richard J McMullen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Gillian C Shaw
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard R Dubielzig
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Leandro B C Teixeira
- Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jamie R Bellah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Phillip A Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Shannon D Boveland
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Bassuoni NF, Abumandour MMA, El-Mansi A, Hanafy BG. Visual adaptation and retinal characterization of the Garganey (Anas querquedula): Histological and scanning electron microscope observations. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:607-616. [PMID: 34523760 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to provide a complete morphological description of the eye of the migratory Garganey duck (Anas querquedula) and its visual adaptation with the different surrounding environmental conditions during its migration journeys using a stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and light microscope. The current work depends on six adult Garganey ducks that were captured from the area near and on the shores of Edku city. The obtained results revealed that the eye of the migratory Garganey duck has the features of both diurnal and nocturnal birds. The histological examination reveals that the pigmented epithelium of the retina has long prolongations filled with melanin. The cone is the dominant photoreceptor, but simple rods are present. The inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers are thick. SEM examination shows that the arrangement of the collagen fibrils on the external surface was reticular in shape. The radial folds present as pledged structures on the pigmented epithelium covered with circular structures. The main lens body has flat with hexagonal outlines fibers. The edges and surfaces of these hexagonal fibers were studded with protrusions or elevations (balls) and depressions (sockets). The sockets and balls were either rounded or ellipsoid in shape. The balls were more on the edges and the sockets on the surface. In conclusion, our findings indicated a higher degree of functional adaptation between the morphological structure of the eye and the surrounding environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa F Bassuoni
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M A Abumandour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Mansi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Basma G Hanafy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Cervino NG, Elias-Costa AJ, Pereyra MO, Faivovich J. A closer look at pupil diversity and evolution in frogs and toads. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211402. [PMID: 34403634 PMCID: PMC8370803 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The eyes of frogs and toads (Anura) are among their most fascinating features. Although several pupil shapes have been described, the diversity, evolution, and functional role of the pupil in anurans have received little attention. Studying photographs of more than 3200 species, we surveyed pupil diversity, described their morphological variation, tested correlation with adult habits and diel activity, and discuss major evolutionary patterns considering iris anatomy and visual ecology. Our results indicate that the pupil in anurans is a highly plastic structure, with seven main pupil shapes that evolved at least 116 times during the history of the group. We found no significant correlation between pupil shape, adult habits, and diel activity, with the exception of the circular pupil and aquatic habits. The vertical pupil arose at least in the most-recent common ancestor of Anura + Caudata, and this morphology is present in most early-diverging anuran clades. Subsequently, a horizontal pupil, a very uncommon shape in vertebrates, evolved in most neobatrachian frogs. This shape evolved into most other known pupil shapes, but it persisted in a large number of species with diverse life histories, habits, and diel activity patterns, demonstrating a remarkable functional and ecological versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia G. Cervino
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ – CONICET, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina
| | - Agustín J. Elias-Costa
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ – CONICET, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina
| | - Martín O. Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva ‘Claudio J. Bidau’, Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS, CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM), Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ – CONICET, Av. Ángel Gallardo 470, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina
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Kim S, Kang S, Susanti L, Seo K. Assessment of the pigeon ( Columba livia) retina with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e65. [PMID: 34423602 PMCID: PMC8460456 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the normal retina of the pigeon eye using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and establish a normative reference. METHODS Twelve eyes of six ophthalmologically normal pigeons (Columba livia) were included. SD-OCT images were taken with dilated pupils under sedation. Four meridians, including the fovea, optic disc, red field, and yellow field, were obtained in each eye. The layers, including full thickness (FT), ganglion cell complex (GCC), thickness from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the outer nuclear layer (RPE-ONL), and from the retinal pigmented epithelium to the inner nuclear layer (RPE-INL), were manually measured. RESULTS The average FT values were significantly different among the four meridians (p < 0.05), with the optic disc meridian being the thickest (294.0 ± 13.9 µm). The average GCC was thickest in the optic disc (105.3 ± 27.1 µm) and thinnest in the fovea meridian (42.8 ± 15.3 µm). The average RPE-INL of the fovea meridian (165.5 ± 18.3 µm) was significantly thicker than that of the other meridians (p < 0.05). The average RPE-ONL of the fovea, optic disc, yellow field, and red field were 91.2 ± 5.2 µm, 87.7 ± 5.3 µm, 87.6 ± 6.5 µm, and 91.4 ± 3.9 µm, respectively. RPE-INL and RPE-ONL thickness of the red field meridian did not change significantly with measurement location (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Measured data could be used as normative references for diagnosing pigeon retinopathies and further research on avian fundus structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhyo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seonmi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Lina Susanti
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kangmoon Seo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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Rogers CM, Blue-McLendon A, Scott EM, Vallone LV. Self-limiting Orbital Emphysema Following Ocular Evisceration and Demonstration of Nasolacrimal-Oropharyngeal Communication in a South African Ostrich ( Struthio camelus australis). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:396-401. [PMID: 33355418 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.4.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 25-year-old, male, sanctuary-owned, South African ostrich (Struthio camelus australis) was evaluated for orbital emphysema after evisceration of a nonvisual and chronically irritated eye. On initial ophthalmic examination, the ostrich's left eye displayed severe corneal fibrosis, broad anterior synechia, and a shallow anterior chamber, all suggestive of a previous corneal perforation. Conjunctival hyperemia and eyelid crusts were also present, reportedly associated with chronic rubbing. Evisceration of the left eye was performed by excising the eyelid margins, conjunctiva, nictitans, cornea, and intraocular contents. Four weeks postoperatively, a nonpainful, fluctuant swelling of the surgical site was noted. Trocarization of the surgical site verified orbital emphysema and served to temporarily decompress the orbit. Orbital emphysema reoccurred within 48 hours but gradually regressed without intervention over the subsequent 9 months. A Jones test was performed in the healthy, right eye and demonstrated clear communication to the oropharynx. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of an evisceration performed on an ostrich and the first reported case of orbital emphysema in any avian species. It is probable that the emphysema noted in this case was secondary to nasolacrimal duct-oropharynx communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie M Rogers
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Alice Blue-McLendon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Erin M Scott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - Lucien V Vallone
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA,
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24
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González Ariza A, Arando Arbulu A, León Jurado JM, Navas González FJ, Delgado Bermejo JV, Camacho Vallejo ME. Discriminant Canonical Tool for Differential Biometric Characterization of Multivariety Endangered Hen Breeds. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082211. [PMID: 34438669 PMCID: PMC8388411 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breed undefinition boosts the risk of irreversible breed loss due to its substitution by dominant breeds. Breed loss results detrimental for the fraction of the genetic pool which is linked to the value of livestock as perfectly adapted elements of domestic ecosystems among other desirable features. In turn, this ensures and maximizes population sustainability. The present study aimed to design a biometric characterization tool in autochthonous avian breeds and their varieties in Andalusia (south of Spain): Utrerana and Sureña breeds. For this, different quantitative and qualitative measurements were collected in 473 females and 135 roosters belonging to these breeds. Even though both genotypes belong to a common original trunk, discriminant canonical analysis (DCA) revealed clear differences between both breeds and within the varieties that they comprise. In particular, certain variables such as ocular ratio and phaneroptic characteristics, which may be intrinsically related to the capacity of the breeds to adapt to the environmental conditions in which they thrive, could allow breeders to develop breeding programs focused on the enhancement productive potential of individuals. Abstract This study aimed to develop a tool to perform the morphological characterization of Sureña and Utrerana breeds, two endangered autochthonous breeds ascribed to the Mediterranean trunk of Spanish autochthonous hens and their varieties (n = 608; 473 females and 135 males). Kruskal–Wallis H test reported sex dimorphism pieces of evidence (p < 0.05 at least). Multicollinearity analysis reported (variance inflation factor (VIF) >5 variables were discarded) white nails, ocular ratio, and back length (Wilks’ lambda values of 0.191, 0.357, and 0.429, respectively) to have the highest discriminant power in female morphological characterization. For males, ocular ratio and black/corneous and white beak colors (Wilks’ lambda values of 0.180, 0.210, and 0.349, respectively) displayed the greatest discriminant potential. The first two functions explained around 90% intergroup variability. A stepwise discriminant canonical analysis (DCA) was used to determine genotype clustering patterns. Interbreed and varieties proximity was evaluated through Mahalanobis distances. Despite the adaptability capacity to alternative production systems ascribed to both avian breeds, Sureña and Utrerana morphologically differ. Breed dimorphism may evidence differential adaptability mechanisms linked to their aptitude (dual purpose/egg production). The present tool may serve as a model for the first stages of breed protection to be applicable in other endangered avian breeds worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González Ariza
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (A.G.A.); (A.A.A.); (J.V.D.B.)
| | - Ander Arando Arbulu
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (A.G.A.); (A.A.A.); (J.V.D.B.)
- Animal Breeding Consulting S.L., 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Navas González
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (A.G.A.); (A.A.A.); (J.V.D.B.)
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-651-679-262
| | - Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (A.G.A.); (A.A.A.); (J.V.D.B.)
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Davidson JD, Sosna MMG, Twomey CR, Sridhar VH, Leblanc SP, Couzin ID. Collective detection based on visual information in animal groups. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210142. [PMID: 34229461 PMCID: PMC8261228 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate key principles underlying individual, and collective, visual detection of stimuli, and how this relates to the internal structure of groups. While the individual and collective detection principles are generally applicable, we employ a model experimental system of schooling golden shiner fish (Notemigonus crysoleucas) to relate theory directly to empirical data, using computational reconstruction of the visual fields of all individuals. This reveals how the external visual information available to each group member depends on the number of individuals in the group, the position within the group, and the location of the external visually detectable stimulus. We find that in small groups, individuals have detection capability in nearly all directions, while in large groups, occlusion by neighbours causes detection capability to vary with position within the group. To understand the principles that drive detection in groups, we formulate a simple, and generally applicable, model that captures how visual detection properties emerge due to geometric scaling of the space occupied by the group and occlusion caused by neighbours. We employ these insights to discuss principles that extend beyond our specific system, such as how collective detection depends on individual body shape, and the size and structure of the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Davidson
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Matthew M. G. Sosna
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Colin R. Twomey
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Mind Center for Outreach, Research, and Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivek H. Sridhar
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon P. Leblanc
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Iain D. Couzin
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Vrettos M, Reynolds C, Amar A. Malar stripe size and prominence in peregrine falcons vary positively with solar radiation: support for the solar glare hypothesis. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210116. [PMID: 34062086 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many falcons (Falco spp.) exhibit a distinct dark plumage patch below the eye, termed the malar stripe. This stripe is hypothesized to reduce the amount of solar glare reflected into the eyes while foraging, thereby increasing hunting efficiency in bright conditions. Here, we use a novel, global-scale correlative approach to test this 'solar glare hypothesis' in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), the most widespread falcon species, using web-sourced photographs from across the species' global range. We found that the size and prominence of the malar stripe were positively associated with average annual solar radiation, but not with other environmental variables, such as temperature and rainfall. Our results provide the first published evidence for the hypothesis that this plumage feature functions to reduce the amount of solar glare reflected into the falcon's eyes, thereby improving the ability to pinpoint and target agile prey in bright conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Vrettos
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chevonne Reynolds
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Arjun Amar
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Chinn SM, Kilgo JC, Vukovich MA, Beasley JC. Influence of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes on neonate survival in an invasive large mammal. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11033. [PMID: 34040083 PMCID: PMC8155080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors influencing survival of neonates for wild species is important for successful management, particularly for determining drivers of population dynamics. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are invasive and populations are rapidly increasing in part due to high reproductive capacity. Survival of adults is generally high, however, survival of piglets, and particularly neonates, is largely unknown. We located neonates at the natal nest and quantified survival in relation to individual and maternal biological attributes, and environmental variables. During 2017-2020, we captured 50 neonates from 13 litters and documented 28 mortalities (56%) over six weeks. Survival was positively influenced by pelage coloration, likely as a form of camouflage from predators. Male neonates had higher survival. They were born larger than females, which could be beneficial for thermoregulation and competition for milk. Neonates born to larger sows had lower survival. Sow size was positively correlated with litter size, and this finding may reflect the increased nutritional demands of sustaining large litters, or difficulties in defending more neonates against predators. Neonates born in warmer months had higher survival than those born in cooler months. Neonates are inefficient thermoregulators, thus being born in warmer months could be beneficial for maintaining homeostasis as well as access to more food resources. These are the largest and most complete data for neonate wild pig survival and will inform population models for the development of management strategies to reduce negative impacts of this destructive invasive species on native ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Chinn
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XUniversity of Georgia Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29803 USA ,Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - John C. Kilgo
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA
| | - Mark A. Vukovich
- USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA ,grid.472551.00000 0004 0404 3120USDA Forest Service-Shawnee National Forest, Vienna, IL 62995 USA
| | - James C. Beasley
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XUniversity of Georgia Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29803 USA ,Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA
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Foveal shape, ultrastructure and photoreceptor composition in yellow-legged gull, Larus michahellis (Naumann, 1840). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hu K, King JL, Romick CA, Dufeau DL, Witmer LM, Stubbs TL, Rayfield EJ, Benton MJ. Ontogenetic endocranial shape change in alligators and ostriches and implications for the development of the non-avian dinosaur endocranium. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1759-1775. [PMID: 33314780 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Birds and crocodiles show radically different patterns of brain development, and it is of interest to compare these to determine the pattern of brain growth expected in dinosaurs. Here we provide atlases of 3D brain (endocast) reconstructions for Alligator mississippiensis (alligator) and Struthio camelus (ostrich) through ontogeny, prepared as digital restorations from CT scans of stained head and dry skull specimens. Our morphometric analysis confirms that ostrich brains do not change significantly in shape during postnatal growth, whereas alligator brains unfold from a cramped bird-like shape in the hatchling to an elongate, straight structure in the adult. We confirm that birds exhibit paedomorphic dinosaur endocranial traits such as retaining an enlarged and compact brain shape in the adult, whereas crocodiles show peramorphic traits where the brain elongates with growth as the skull elongates. These atlases of ontogenetic stages of modern bird and crocodilian endocrania provide a basis for comparison of non-avian dinosaur endocasts and consideration of the divergence of the "avian" and "crocodilian" modes of brain development and heterochronic change on phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Hu
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J Logan King
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Cheyenne A Romick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - David L Dufeau
- Department of Biomedical Science, Marian University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lawrence M Witmer
- Department of Biomedical Science, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas L Stubbs
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Sultan AE, Ghoneim AM, El-Gammal HL, El-Bakary NER. Vision adaptation in the laughing dove (Streptopelia senegalensis, Linnaeus, 1766) inferred from structural, ultrastructural, and genetic characterization. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:1830-1848. [PMID: 33094834 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neuroanatomy of the retina reflects adaptation and acclimation for dark and light conditions. Retinal cells and genes must be functionally adjusted to various environmental luminosities. Opsins are brilliant molecules to assess the adaptations at the genetic and phenotypic levels. Photic adaptations may reveal new mechanisms that enhance vision abilities. Through the investigation of histological, ultrastructural constituents of the whole retinal layers, and the sequencing of shortwave length sensitive opsin 1 (SWS1) of the laughing dove (Streptopelia senegalensis), the current study confirms the plasticity of the retina in response to the natural photic conditions. Retinal pigmented epithelium has plentiful melanosomes, signifying a highly adapted eye for maximum light perception and protection. Variously colored oil droplets signify high color vision ability. Stratified outer nuclear layer with many Müller cells suggests high sensitivity to dim conditions and high retinal regeneration. The penetration of outer limiting membrane by photoreceptor nuclei and Müller cell microvilli could minimize the light reflection. Oligodendrocytes establish thick myelination demanded for a keen visual acuity. A functional violet sensitive SWS1 with crucial Ser90 is presumed. Molecular phylogeny showed a secondary loss as color vision was shifted back from ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity to the ancestral avian violet sensitivity, thus improving visual resolution. However, SWS1 has some UV sensitive residues. These findings implicate not only spectral adaptations with high color vision ability and acuity but also photoinduced structural reorganizations. Further studies are needed to assess the secrets between photons and the structural genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya E Sultan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Ghoneim
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Hekmat L El-Gammal
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
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Seifert M, Baden T, Osorio D. The retinal basis of vision in chicken. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 106:106-115. [PMID: 32295724 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Avian retina is far less known than that of mammals such as mouse and macaque, and detailed study is overdue. The chicken (Gallus gallus) has potential as a model, in part because research can build on developmental studies of the eye and nervous system. One can expect differences between bird and mammal retinas simply because whereas most mammals have three types of visual photoreceptor birds normally have six. Spectral pathways and colour vision are of particular interest, because filtering by oil droplets narrows cone spectral sensitivities and birds are probably tetrachromatic. The number of receptor inputs is reflected in the retinal circuitry. The chicken probably has four types of horizontal cell, there are at least 11 types of bipolar cell, often with bi- or tri-stratified axon terminals, and there is a high density of ganglion cells, which make complex connections in the inner plexiform layer. In addition, there is likely to be retinal specialisation, for example chicken photoreceptors and ganglion cells have separate peaks of cell density in the central and dorsal retina, which probably serve different types of behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seifert
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, UK.
| | - T Baden
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, UK; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - D Osorio
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, UK
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Mäntylä E, Kipper S, Hilker M. Insectivorous birds can see and smell systemically herbivore-induced pines. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9358-9370. [PMID: 32953066 PMCID: PMC7487227 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that insectivorous birds are attracted to herbivore-damaged trees even when they cannot see or smell the actual herbivores or their feces. However, it often remained an open question whether birds are attracted by herbivore-induced changes in leaf odor or in leaf light reflectance or by both types of changes. Our study addressed this question by investigating the response of great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) damaged by pine sawfly larvae (Diprion pini). We released the birds individually to a study booth, where they were simultaneously offered a systemically herbivore-induced and a noninfested control pine branch. In the first experiment, the birds could see the branches, but could not smell them, because each branch was kept inside a transparent, airtight cylinder. In the second experiment, the birds could smell the branches, but could not see them, because each branch was placed inside a nontransparent cylinder with a mesh lid. The results show that the birds were more attracted to the herbivore-induced branch in both experiments. Hence, either type of the tested cues, the herbivore-induced visual plant cue alone as well as the olfactory cues per se, is attractive to the birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Mäntylä
- Applied Zoology/Animal EcologyInstitute of BiologyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Institute of EntomologyBiology Centre of the Czech Academy of SciencesČeské BudĕjoviceCzech Republic
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudĕjoviceCzech Republic
- Section of EcologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Silke Kipper
- Animal BehaviourInstitute of BiologyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Technische Universität MünchenFreisingGermany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Applied Zoology/Animal EcologyInstitute of BiologyFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
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Raposo AC, Lebrilla CB, Portela RW, Goonatilleke E, Neto FAD, Oriá AP. The proteomics of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) tears. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:276. [PMID: 32767984 PMCID: PMC7412644 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tears play an important role in ocular surface protection, and help wild animals maintain visual acuity in the face of air and water friction. The proteomics of tears has only been described for mammals. The knowledge of the proteomics of wild animal tears can aid not only in the setting of normal standards for ocular disease studies in these animals, but also to base the search for new molecules to be used in ophthalmology therapeutics. We therefore set out to describe the proteomic profile of roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris), broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) and loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) tears. Tears were collected from healthy animals, their spectral profiles were obtained with an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer, and the dataset was analyzed against reference taxa. Results For roadside hawk, 446 proteins were identified, the most abundant being albumin, transferrin, globulin and actin. For broad-snouted caiman and loggerhead sea turtle, 1358 and 163 proteins were identified, respectively. Uncharacterized proteins and transferrin were highly abundant in both species. The roadside hawk tear components and their properties were similar to those described for humans, but with a higher albumin concentration. Broad-snouted caiman tears presented a wide diversity of ontological functions, with an abundant presence of enzymatic compounds. In loggerhead sea turtle tears, the predominance of proteins with ion-transport functions was consistent with possible osmolality-maintenance mechanisms. Conclusion These data enhance our understanding of birds and reptiles’ tears microcomposition and may be used to base the discovery of new molecules with high biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Raposo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-060, Brazil
| | - C B Lebrilla
- Chemistry Department, Mass Spectrometry Facilities Campus, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616-8585, USA
| | - R W Portela
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-100, Brazil
| | - E Goonatilleke
- Chemistry Department, Mass Spectrometry Facilities Campus, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616-8585, USA
| | - F A Dórea Neto
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-060, Brazil
| | - A P Oriá
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, 40110-060, Brazil.
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May R, Nygård T, Falkdalen U, Åström J, Hamre Ø, Stokke BG. Paint it black: Efficacy of increased wind turbine rotor blade visibility to reduce avian fatalities. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:8927-8935. [PMID: 32884668 PMCID: PMC7452767 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As wind energy deployment increases and larger wind-power plants are considered, bird fatalities through collision with moving turbine rotor blades are expected to increase. However, few (cost-) effective deterrent or mitigation measures have so far been developed to reduce the risk of collision. Provision of "passive" visual cues may enhance the visibility of the rotor blades enabling birds to take evasive action in due time. Laboratory experiments have indicated that painting one of three rotor blades black minimizes motion smear (Hodos 2003, Minimization of motion smear: Reducing avian collisions with wind turbines). We tested the hypothesis that painting would increase the visibility of the blades, and that this would reduce fatality rates in situ, at the Smøla wind-power plant in Norway, using a Before-After-Control-Impact approach employing fatality searches. The annual fatality rate was significantly reduced at the turbines with a painted blade by over 70%, relative to the neighboring control (i.e., unpainted) turbines. The treatment had the largest effect on reduction of raptor fatalities; no white-tailed eagle carcasses were recorded after painting. Applying contrast painting to the rotor blades significantly reduced the collision risk for a range of birds. Painting the rotor blades at operational turbines was, however, resource demanding given that they had to be painted while in-place. However, if implemented before construction, this cost will be minimized. It is recommended to repeat this experiment at other sites to ensure that the outcomes are generic at various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel May
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchNorway
| | | | | | - Jens Åström
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchNorway
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Devetak D, Podlesnik J, Scharf I, Klenovšek T. Fine sand particles enable antlions to build pitfall traps with advanced three-dimensional geometry. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb224626. [PMID: 32561631 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.224626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pit-building antlion larvae are predators that construct pitfall traps in fine sand. We used three-dimensional laser scanning and geometric morphometrics to reveal the shape of antlion pits of two antlion species, analysed the particle size composition of sands from the different natural habitats, and measured the slope angles of the pits of the two species. In most antlions, the pits are structured as a simple inverted cone, as in Myrmeleon hyalinus, studied here. The other antlion studied, Cueta lineosa, constructs a unique pit composed of two inverted truncated cones inserted into one another, which feature substantially steeper walls than the pits of any other antlion studied to date. Pit stability depends on the slope inclination, which oscillates between the maximum angle of stability and the angle of repose. The angles in C. linosa substrates were larger than those in M. hyalinus substrates. One reason for the steeper walls is the greater proportion of fine sand in the natural sand inhabited by C. lineosa However, video-recording revealed that both the natural sand of C. lineosa and the finest sand tested had a higher maximum angle of stability than any of the other substrates studied here. Furthermore, experiments with pits built in different substrates revealed that the shape of the pit is variable and depends on the structure of the sand. Myrmeleonhyalinus displayed a more flexible pit construction behaviour than C. lineosa The present demonstration of such differences in pit characteristics contributes to understanding how these two species co-exist in the same habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Devetak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jan Podlesnik
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Inon Scharf
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tina Klenovšek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Heninger R, Watson CM, Cox CL. Relative fitness of decoy coloration is mediated by habitat type. ZOOLOGY 2020; 142:125820. [PMID: 32769003 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions can be important drivers of morphological evolution, and antipredator traits in particular. Further, ecological context can be an important factor shaping the evolution of these traits. However, the role of ecological factors such as habitat structure in altering predator-based selection is not well known for antipredator traits such as decoy coloration. We used a combination of a natural history collection survey and a clay model experiment in open- and closed-canopy habitats to study how ecological context alters the fitness benefit of either red or blue decoy coloration in skinks. We found that the development and ecology of red decoy coloration of mole skinks differed substantially from blue tail coloration of other sympatric skink species. Mole skinks do not reach the body size of sympatric species of skinks and retain decoy coloration throughout development. Both patterns of scarring in museum specimens and attacks on plasticine models suggest that red coloration serves as a decoy, attracting attacks to the autotomous tail. While predation rates were similar across habitats, models with red tails were attacked far less frequently in open habitats than models with blue tails, while attack rates were similar in closed habitats. Our results suggest that red decoy coloration in mole skinks could be an adaptation to relatively open-canopy habitats. Our study has important implications for understanding how habitat structure and predator-based selection can alter the evolutionary dynamics of decoy coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryann Heninger
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA.
| | - Charles M Watson
- Deparment of Biology, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, TX, USA.
| | - Christian L Cox
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Baden
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK; Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
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Canei J, Burtea C, Nonclercq D. Comparative study of the visual system of two psammophilic lizards (Scincus scincus &Eumeces schneideri). Vision Res 2020; 171:17-30. [PMID: 32360540 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sand deserts are common biotopes on the earth's surface. Some specialized vertebrate species have colonized these ecological habitats by living buried in the sand. Among these so called psammophilic species are the Scincidae sand dune living species Scincus scincus and Eumeces schneideri. These two skinks share a relatively similar behavioral ecology by living buried in sand, almost all the time for S. scincus and at least for some part of the day for E. schneideri. The visual system of these two lizards was investigated by histological, immunohistochemical, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and morphometric techniques. Both skink species exhibit a retina lacking fovea, composed predominantly of cones presenting two types of oil droplets (pale blue-green and colorless). Both species possess a subset of rod like-photoreceptors (about 1 rod for 30 cones) evidenced by anti-rhodopsin immunoreactivity. A ratio 1:1-1:2 between ganglion cells and photoreceptors points to a linear connection (photoreceptors/bipolar neurons/ganglion cells) in the retina and indicates that both skinks more likely possess good visual acuity, even in the peripheral retina. The MRI analysis revealed differences between the species concerning the eye structures, with a more spherical eye shape for S. scincus, as well as a more flattened lens. The relative lens diameter of both species seems to correspond to a rather photopic pattern. Beside the fact that S. scincus and E. schneideri have different lifestyles, their visual capacities seem similar, and, generally speaking, these two psammophilic species theoretically exhibit visual capacities not far away from non-fossorial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Canei
- Laboratory of Histology, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 23, Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Carmen Burtea
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Denis Nonclercq
- Laboratory of Histology, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Mons, 23, Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
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Potier S, Mitkus M, Lisney TJ, Isard PF, Dulaurent T, Mentek M, Cornette R, Schikorski D, Kelber A. Inter-individual differences in foveal shape in a scavenging raptor, the black kite Milvus migrans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6133. [PMID: 32273526 PMCID: PMC7145841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds, and especially raptors, are believed to forage mainly using visual cues. Indeed, raptors (scavengers and predators) have the highest visual acuity known to date. However, scavengers and predators differ in their visual systems such as in their foveal configuration. While the function of the foveal shape remains unknown, individual variation has never been quantified in birds. In this study, we examined whether foveal shape differs among individuals in relation to eye size, sex, age, eye (left or right) and genetic proximity in a scavenging raptor, the black kite Milvus migrans. We assessed foveal shape in 47 individuals using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and geometric morphometric analysis. We found that foveal depth was significantly related to eye size. While foveal width also increased with eye size, it was strongly related to age; younger individuals had a wider fovea with a more pronounced rim. We found no relationship between foveal shape and genetic proximity, suggesting that foveal shape is not a hereditary trait. Our study revealed that the shape of the fovea is directly linked to eye size and that the physical structure of the fovea may develop during the entire life of black kites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Potier
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, S-22362, Sweden.
| | - Mindaugas Mitkus
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, S-22362, Sweden
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Thomas J Lisney
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-François Isard
- Unité d'Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire, Saint-Martin-Bellevue, France
| | - Thomas Dulaurent
- Unité d'Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire, Saint-Martin-Bellevue, France
| | - Marielle Mentek
- Unité d'Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire, Saint-Martin-Bellevue, France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Almut Kelber
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund, S-22362, Sweden
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Espinheira Gomes F, Abou-Madi N, Ledbetter EC, McArt J. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography imaging of normal foveae: A pilot study in 17 diurnal birds of prey. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:347-357. [PMID: 31981286 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe and to establish normative data for the foveae of diurnal birds of prey using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS All animals (9 red-tailed hawks, 3 Cooper's hawks, 3 American kestrels, 1 sharp-shinned hawk, and 1 broad-winged hawk) had an ophthalmic examination performed with slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Following ophthalmic examination, SD-OCT was performed in each eye that had a visible fundus and normal fovea on SD-OCT. Temporal foveae depth, central foveae depth, pecten-temporal foveae distance, and pecten-central foveae distance (PCFD) were measured using SD-OCT. Differences in measured outcomes between species were determined using generalized linear mixed effects models. RESULTS The central foveae (mean ± SD) displayed a small but significant depth variation between species (P = .002) and was deepest in red-tailed hawks (293 ± 16 µm), followed by American kestrels (260 ± 12 µm), broad-winged hawks (256 ± 16 µm), Cooper's hawks (250 ± 9 µm), and sharp-shinned hawks (239 ± 16 µm). The temporal foveae were shallower than the central foveae in all species tested, and there was a significant variation between species (P < .001). The temporal foveae (mean ± SD) were deepest in American kestrels (137 ± 8 µm), followed by red-tailed hawks (129 ± 3 µm), broad-winged hawks (59.5 ± 3.5 µm), Cooper's hawks (20.3 ± 6.4 µm), and sharp-shinned hawks (17.5 ± 0.7 µm). Pecten-temporal foveae distance was approximately 30% shorter than PCFD in all species. There were no differences in the parameters tested between the eyes within each species (P ≥ .47). CONCLUSION Normative foveae SD-OCT data were obtained in four species of diurnal birds of prey. Further studies are warranted to provide structural and functional information regarding normal and pathologic changes that can affect the foveae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noha Abou-Madi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eric C Ledbetter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jessica McArt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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A novel cellular structure in the retina of insectivorous birds. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15230. [PMID: 31645645 PMCID: PMC6811557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The keen visual systems of birds have been relatively well-studied. The foundations of avian vision rest on their cone and rod photoreceptors. Most birds use four cone photoreceptor types for color vision, a fifth cone for achromatic tasks, and a rod for dim-light vision. The cones, along with their oil droplets, and rods are conserved across birds - with the exception of a few shifts in spectral sensitivity - despite taxonomic, behavioral and ecological differences. Here, however, we describe a novel photoreceptor organelle in a group of New World flycatchers (Empidonax spp.) in which the traditional oil droplet is replaced with a complex of electron-dense megamitochondria surrounded by hundreds of small, orange oil droplets. The photoreceptors with this organelle were unevenly distributed across the retina, being present in the central region (including in the fovea), but absent from the retinal periphery and the area temporalis of these insectivorous birds. Of the many bird species with their photoreceptors characterized, only the two flycatchers described here (E. virescens and E. minimus) possess this unusual retinal structure. We discuss the potential functional significance of this unique sub-cellular structure, which might provide an additional visual channel for these small predatory songbirds.
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Apruzzese A, Rodríguez A, González F, López I, Suárez L, González-Alonso-Alegre E. Ocular Ultrasonography and Biometry in the Cinereous Vulture ( Aegypius monachus). J Avian Med Surg 2019; 32:307-313. [PMID: 31112644 DOI: 10.1647/2016-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To establish reference standards for ocular ultrasound and biometry, 24 cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) (45 eyes) underwent B-mode and A-mode ultrasonographic examination using a 12.5-MHz probe. The vultures were manually restrained without sedation, and the eyes were topically anesthetized. Biometry was performed in the sagittal plane for axial length of the globe (AGL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and vitreous chamber depth (VCD). Biometry of the pecten oculi (LP) was measured on images of transversal scan at 9 hours. Biometric findings were as follows: AGL=27.74 ± 0.77 mm, ACD=3.73 ± 0.62 mm, LT=5.41 ± 0.18 mm, VCD=18.60 ± 0.58 mm, and LP=10.21 ± 1.19 mm. No correlation was found between body weight and AGL. Right and left globe sizes were not significantly different, but AGL and VCD were significantly longer (P < .05) in male than in female vultures. Including diagnostic protocols such as ocular ultrasound may improve the ophthalmologic care of endangered raptors injured by blunt trauma, when opacities of the ocular media prevent examination of the internal ocular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Apruzzese
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Rodríguez
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irene López
- Departamento Veterinario, GREFA, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Suárez
- Departamento Veterinario, GREFA, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa González-Alonso-Alegre
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Mellor DJ. Welfare-aligned Sentience: Enhanced Capacities to Experience, Interact, Anticipate, Choose and Survive. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E440. [PMID: 31337042 PMCID: PMC6680886 DOI: 10.3390/ani9070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this opinion is on the key features of sentience in animals which can experience different states of welfare, encapsulated by the new term 'welfare-aligned sentience'. This term is intended to exclude potential forms of sentience that do not enable animals in some taxa to have the subjective experiences which underlie different welfare states. As the scientific understanding of key features of sentience has increased markedly during the last 10 to 15 years, a major purpose here is to provide up-to-date information regarding those features. Eleven interconnected statements about sentience-associated body functions and behaviour are therefore presented and explained briefly. These statements are sequenced to provide progressively more information about key scientifically-supported attributes of welfare-aligned sentience, leading, in their entirety, to a more comprehensive understanding of those attributes. They are as follows: (1) Internal structure-function interactions and integration are the foundations of sentience; (2) animals posess a capacity to respond behaviourally to a range of sensory inputs; (3) the more sophisticated nervous systems can generate subjective experiences, that is, affects; (4) sentience means that animals perceive or experience different affects consciously; (5) within a species, the stage of neurobiological development is significant; (6) during development the onset of cortically-based consciousness is accompanied by cognitively-enhanced capacities to respond behaviourally to unpredictable postnatal environments; (7) sentience includes capacities to communicate with others and to interact with the environment; (8) sentience incorporates experiences of negative and positive affects; (9) negative and positive affective experiences 'matter' to animals for various reasons; (10) acknowledged obstacles inherent in anthropomorphism are largely circumvented by new scientific knowledge, but caution is still required; and (11) there is increasing evidence for sentience among a wider range of invertebrates. The science-based explanations of these statements provide the foundation for a brief definition of 'welfare-aligned sentience', which is offered for consideration. Finally, it is recommended that when assessing key features of sentience the same emphasis should be given to positive and negative affective experiences in the context of their roles in, or potential impacts on, animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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44
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Vutipongsatorn K, Yokoi T, Ohno-Matsui K. Current and emerging pharmaceutical interventions for myopia. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 103:1539-1548. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is a major cause of visual impairment. Its prevalence is growing steadily, especially in East Asia. Despite the immense disease and economic burden, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for myopia. This review aims to summarise pharmaceutical interventions of myopia at clinical and preclinical stages in the last decade and discuss challenges for preclinical myopia drugs to progress to clinical trials. Atropine and oral 7-methylxanthine are shown to reduce myopia progression in human studies. The former has been extensively studied and is arguably the most successful medication. However, it has side effects and trials on low-dose atropine are ongoing. Other pharmaceutical agents being investigated at a clinical trial level include ketorolac tromethamine, oral riboflavin and BHVI2 (an experimental drug). Since the pathophysiology of myopia is not fully elucidated, numerous drugs have been tested at the preclinical stage and can be broadly categorised based on the proposed mechanisms of myopisation, namely antimuscarinic, dopaminergic, anti-inflammatory and more. However, several agents were injected intravitreally or subconjunctivally, hindering their progress to human trials. Furthermore, with atropine being the most successful medication available, future preclinical interventions should be studied in combination with atropine to optimise the treatment of myopia.
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Zhou C, Jin J, Peng C, Wen Q, Wang G, Wei W, Jiang X, Price M, Cui K, Meng Y, Song Z, Li J, Zhang X, Fan Z, Yue B. Comparative genomics sheds light on the predatory lifestyle of accipitrids and owls. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2249. [PMID: 30783131 PMCID: PMC6381159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Raptors are carnivorous birds including accipitrids (Accipitridae, Accipitriformes) and owls (Strigiformes), which are diurnal and nocturnal, respectively. To examine the evolutionary basis of adaptations to different light cycles and hunting behavior between accipitrids and owls, we de novo assembled besra (Accipiter virgatus, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes) and oriental scops owl (Otus sunia, Strigidae, Strigiformes) draft genomes. Comparative genomics demonstrated four PSGs (positively selected genes) (XRCC5, PRIMPOL, MDM2, and SIRT1) related to the response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in accipitrids, and one PSG (ALCAM) associated with retina development in owls, which was consistent with their respective diurnal/nocturnal predatory lifestyles. We identified five accipitrid-specific and two owl-specific missense mutations and most of which were predicted to affect the protein function by PolyPhen-2. Genome comparison showed the diversification of raptor olfactory receptor repertoires, which may reflect an important role of olfaction in their predatory lifestyle. Comparison of TAS2R gene (i.e. linked to tasting bitterness) number in birds with different dietary lifestyles suggested that dietary toxins were a major selective force shaping the diversity of TAS2R repertoires. Fewer TAS2R genes in raptors reflected their carnivorous diet, since animal tissues are less likely to contain toxins than plant material. Our data and findings provide valuable genomic resources for studying the genetic mechanisms of raptors' environmental adaptation, particularly olfaction, nocturnality and response to UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jiazheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Changjun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Qinchao Wen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Guannan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Weideng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Megan Price
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Kai Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhaobin Song
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
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Rubi TL, Clark DL, Keller JS, Uetz GW. Courtship behavior and coloration influence conspicuousness of wolf spiders (Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz)) to avian predators. Behav Processes 2019; 162:215-220. [PMID: 30650339 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Signalers must balance the benefits of detection by intended receivers with the costs of detection by eavesdroppers. This trade-off is exemplified by sexual signaling systems, in which signalers experience sexual selection for conspicuousness to mates as well as natural selection for crypsis to predators. In this study, we examined how courtship behavior and body coloration influenced the conspicuousness of males to avian predators in the well-studied brush-legged wolf spider system (Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz)). We focused on three behaviors (courtship, walking, and freezing) and two coloration schemes (natural coloration and idealized background-matching coloration). We presented captive blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) with video playbacks of male spiders in a presence-absence detection task and characterized conspicuousness by measuring response latency and detectability. We found that any type of motion significantly increased detectability, and that body coloration and behavior interacted to determine detectability while the spiders were in motion. Among spiders in motion, courting spiders were detected faster than walking spiders. Stationary (frozen) spiders, in contrast, were rarely detected. These results illustrate that male S. ocreata can be both highly conspicuous and highly cryptic to avian predators. Thus, while we find that courtship is conspicuous to avian predators in this system, we suggest that behavioral plasticity may mitigate some of the predation costs of the sexual signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia L Rubi
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - David L Clark
- Department of Biology, Alma College, 614 Superior St, Alma, MI 48801, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Keller
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - George W Uetz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210006, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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47
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López I, Apruzzese A, Rodríguez A, González F, Suárez L, González-Alonso-Alegre E. Ocular Ultrasonography and Biometry in the Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus). J Avian Med Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1647/2018-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene López
- From the Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facult
| | - Ariadna Apruzzese
- From the Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facult
| | - Alfonso Rodríguez
- From the Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facult
| | - Fernando González
- From the Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facult
| | - Laura Suárez
- From the Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facult
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48
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Potier S, Duriez O, Célérier A, Liegeois JL, Bonadonna F. Sight or smell: which senses do scavenging raptors use to find food? Anim Cogn 2018; 22:49-59. [PMID: 30367315 PMCID: PMC6326982 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-018-1220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Raptors are usually considered to be mainly visually dependent, and the use of other sensory modalities has rarely been studied in these birds. Here, we investigated experimentally which senses (vision and/or olfaction) Turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) and Southern caracaras (Caracara plancus) use to find hidden food. First, two identical stainless-steel perforated balls, one containing a putrefied piece of meat and the other an odorless control, were presented to birds in binary choice experiments. Both species interacted more with the smelling ball than with the control, suggesting that they were attracted by the odor of the hidden meat. In a second experiment, individuals were accustomed to eat in one specifically colored ball (blue or green). In the test phase, the meat was hidden in the opposite color with respect to the one each bird had become accustomed to. Vultures still interacted more with the smelly ball disregarding the color, while caracaras interacted equally with the two balls. The prevalence of olfaction in Turkey vultures may partly explain why they are the first raptors to find carcasses in tropical forests. In contrast, caracaras forage on the ground opportunistically, a strategy where both olfaction and sight may be involved. Our experiments suggest that both species are able to use olfactory cues for foraging. However, olfaction could be the predominant sense in Turkey vultures while olfaction and sight could play an equivalent role in Southern caracaras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Potier
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE-1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. .,Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Olivier Duriez
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE-1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Aurélie Célérier
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE-1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Louis Liegeois
- Académie de Fauconnerie du Grand Parc du Puy du Fou, CS 70 025, 85590, Les Epesses, France
| | - Francesco Bonadonna
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier-EPHE-1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Lang SDJ, Mann RP, Farine DR. Temporal activity patterns of predators and prey across broad geographic scales. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D J Lang
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Konstanz, Germany
- Chair of Biodiversity and Collective Behaviour, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Richard P Mann
- Department of Statistics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Damien R Farine
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Konstanz, Germany
- Chair of Biodiversity and Collective Behaviour, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Potier S, Mitkus M, Kelber A. High resolution of colour vision, but low contrast sensitivity in a diurnal raptor. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181036. [PMID: 30158305 PMCID: PMC6125913 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals are thought to use achromatic signals to detect small (or distant) objects and chromatic signals for large (or nearby) objects. While the spatial resolution of the achromatic channel has been widely studied, the spatial resolution of the chromatic channel has rarely been estimated. Using an operant conditioning method, we determined (i) the achromatic contrast sensitivity function and (ii) the spatial resolution of the chromatic channel of a diurnal raptor, the Harris's hawk Parabuteo unicinctus The maximal spatial resolution for achromatic gratings was 62.3 c deg-1, but the contrast sensitivity was relatively low (10.8-12.7). The spatial resolution for isoluminant red-green gratings was 21.6 c deg-1-lower than that of the achromatic channel, but the highest found in the animal kingdom to date. Our study reveals that Harris's hawks have high spatial resolving power for both achromatic and chromatic vision, suggesting the importance of colour vision for foraging. By contrast, similar to other bird species, Harris's hawks have low contrast sensitivity possibly suggesting a trade-off with chromatic sensitivity. The result is interesting in the light of the recent finding that double cones-thought to mediate high-resolution vision in birds-are absent in the central fovea of raptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Potier
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund 22362, Sweden
| | - Mindaugas Mitkus
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund 22362, Sweden
| | - Almut Kelber
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund 22362, Sweden
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