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Bolasco P. Hemodialysis-Nutritional Flaws in Diagnosis and Prescriptions. Could Amino Acid Losses be the Sharpest "Sword of Damocles"? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061773. [PMID: 32545868 PMCID: PMC7353226 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the strengths and weaknesses emerging from diagnostic evaluations and prescriptions in an intent to prevent progression over time of malnutrition and/or protein-energy wasting (PEW) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. In particular, indications of the most effective pathway to follow in diagnosing a state of malnutrition are provided based on a range of appropriate chemical-clinical, anthropometric and instrumental analyses and monitoring of the nutritional status of HD patients. Finally, based on the findings of recent studies, therapeutic options to be adopted for the purpose of preventing or slowing down malnutrition have been reviewed, with particular focus on protein-calorie intake, the role of oral and/or intravenous supplements and efficacy of some classes of amino acids. A new determining factor that may lead inexorably to PEW in hemodialysis patients is represented by severe amino acid loss during hemodialysis sessions, for which mandatory compensation should be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Bolasco
- Nephrology Consultant, Sardinian Regional Public Health Institution, 09047 Selargius, Italy; ; Tel.: +39-333-2914-844; Fax: +39-070-609-3240
- Chronic Kidney Disease Treatment Group of the Italian Society of Nephrology, University Street, 11, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Holvoet E, Vanden Wyngaert K, Van Craenenbroeck AH, Van Biesen W, Eloot S. The screening score of Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is a useful routine screening tool for malnutrition risk in patients on maintenance dialysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229722. [PMID: 32130271 PMCID: PMC7055863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Malnutrition is prevalent in patients on dialysis and is associated with morbidity and mortality. Nutritional status can be assessed by a variety of biochemical and physical parameters or nutritional assessment scores. Most of these methods are expensive or cumbersome to use and are not suitable for routine repetitive follow-up in dialysis patients. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) has a short form screening set (MNA-SF), which would be suitable as a screening tool, but has not been validated yet in dialysis patients. We aimed to assess whether the MNA is an appropriate tool for identifying nutritional problems in dialysis patients. METHOD MNA, routine biochemistry, physical parameters, comorbidities were assessed in cross-sectional multicentric cohorts of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients with a longitudinal follow up of 2 years for mortality. RESULTS In this cohort of 216 patients, mortality was 27.3% at a follow up of 750±350 days. The mean MNA-SF score was 9.9±1.8, with 30.1%, 59.3% and 10.6% of patients categorized as having normal nutritional status, at risk for malnutrition and malnourished, respectively. The screening score was associated with mortality (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.98 per point). With normal nutrition as reference, adjusted mortality was 2.50 (95% CI 1.16-5.37) and 3.89 (95% CI 1.48-10.13) for patients at risk for malnutrition and with malnutrition, respectively. After recalibrating the MNA full score for the specificity of some of its domains for dialysis patients, the MNA-SF had a good sensitivity and specificity for not being well nourished (0.95 and 0.63 respectively) in the full score, and a high negative predictive value (0.91). CONCLUSION The MNA-SF is independently associated with 2 year mortality in dialysis patients. It has a high negative predictive value for excluding being at risk or having malnutrition in the full score. Therefore, it can be advocated as a screening tool for nutritional status in dialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Holvoet
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Karsten Vanden Wyngaert
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amaryllis H. Van Craenenbroeck
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Biesen
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sunny Eloot
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Carrero JJ, Thomas F, Nagy K, Arogundade F, Avesani CM, Chan M, Chmielewski M, Cordeiro AC, Espinosa-Cuevas A, Fiaccadori E, Guebre-Egziabher F, Hand RK, Hung AM, Ikizler TA, Johansson LR, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Karupaiah T, Lindholm B, Marckmann P, Mafra D, Parekh RS, Park J, Russo S, Saxena A, Sezer S, Teta D, Ter Wee PM, Verseput C, Wang AY, Xu H, Lu Y, Molnar MZ, Kovesdy CP. Global Prevalence of Protein-Energy Wasting in Kidney Disease: A Meta-analysis of Contemporary Observational Studies From the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. J Ren Nutr 2018; 28:380-392. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Ongun N. Does nutritional status affect Parkinson's Disease features and quality of life? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205100. [PMID: 30278074 PMCID: PMC6168151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and Parkinson's Disease (PD) features in association with depression, anxiety and quality of life in people with PD. Materials and methods This study was conducted on 96 patients with idiopathic PD to whom the following scales were applied: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), 39-item PD questionnaire (PDQ-39), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). The scales and measurements were applied to patients at their first assessment. Patients with malnutrition or at risk of malnutrition were assessed by the dietitian and nutrition nurse. These patients received nutritional support through personalized diet recommendations and appropriate enteral nutritional products, considering factors such as age, comorbidity, socioeconomic and cultural conditions. At the end of 6 weeks, the scales and measurements applied during the first visit were again applied to the patients. Results A significant and inverse correlation was determined between mental (Spearman r:-0.510, p<0.001), activities of daily living (Spearman r:-0.520, p<0.001), motor (Spearman r:-0.480, p<0.001), complications (Spearman r:-0.346, p<0.001) UPDRS subdivisions and total scores (Spearman r:-0.644, p<0.001) and total MNA score. A significant and inverse correlation was found between all PDQ-39 subdomains and total MNA score (p<0.05). The highest inverse correlations were found in mobility (Spearman r:-0.690, p<0.001) and stigma (Spearman r:-0.570, p<0.001). Both depression (Spearman r:-0.631, p<0.001) and anxiety (Spearman r:-0.333, p<0.001) scores were determined to be inversely correlated with total MNA score. At the 6-week control visit, significantly lower scores were found in all subdivisions and in the total UPDRS score, PDQ-39 score and in the patients' anxiety and depression scores (p<0.05). MNA scores were found to be significantly higher in the assessment performed after 6 weeks of support for patients who had abnormal nutritional status at inception (p<0.001). Conclusion PD motor and nonmotor functions, disease duration and severity are related to nutritional status. Quality of life was also shown to be affected by changes in the nutritional status. These results show that nutritional status assessment should be a standard approach in the PD treatment and follow-up processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedim Ongun
- Department of Neurology, Burdur State Hospital, Burdur, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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MacLaughlin HL, Twomey J, Saunt R, Blain S, Campbell KC, Emery P. The nutrition impact symptoms (NIS) score detects malnutrition risk in patients admitted to nephrology wards. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:683-688. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. L. MacLaughlin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; King's College London; London UK
- Nutrition and Dietetics; King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - J. Twomey
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; King's College London; London UK
- Nutrition and Dietetics; King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - R. Saunt
- Nutrition and Dietetics; King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - S. Blain
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - K. C. Campbell
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine; Bond University; Gold Coast, QLD Australia
| | - P. Emery
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; King's College London; London UK
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Santin FGDO, Bigogno FG, Dias Rodrigues JC, Cuppari L, Avesani CM. Concurrent and Predictive Validity of Composite Methods to Assess Nutritional Status in Older Adults on Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 2016; 26:18-25. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Ghazi L, Fereshtehnejad SM, Abbasi Fard S, Sadeghi M, Shahidi GA, Lökk J. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is Rather a Reliable and Valid Instrument to Assess Nutritional Status in Iranian Healthy Adults and Elderly with a Chronic Disease. Ecol Food Nutr 2015; 54:342-57. [DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2014.994743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Espahbodi F, Khoddad T, Esmaeili L. Evaluation of malnutrition and its association with biochemical parameters in patients with end stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis using subjective global assessment. Nephrourol Mon 2014; 6:e16385. [PMID: 25032136 PMCID: PMC4090668 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.16385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Malnutrition is a common problem in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis that increases morbidity and mortality rate in them. Subjective global assessment (SGA) is a tool used by health care providers to assess nutritional status in these patients. In addition, biochemical parameters are used to assess the nutritional status in all people. Objectives: In this study, we evaluated the nutritional status of patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis using SGA and assessed probable association between biochemical parameters and malnutrition in this population. Patients and Methods: Using SGA, the nutritional status of 105 patients (60 males and 45 females) of two dialysis centers in Sari, Iran, was evaluated during years 2007-2008. It is a semiquantitative scoring system that has seven variables derived from medical history and physical examination. The biochemical parameters including hemoglobin, albumin, cholesterol, BUN, and creatinine were also measured. Results: Among 105 patients, 98 (93.33%) patients consisted of 56 males and 42 females had mild to moderate malnutrition and 3 (2.86%) women had severe malnutrition. In addition, all of the patients without malnutrition were men. We found significant association between patient’s sex and the SGA score (P = 0.03) but no significant association was seen between age and duration of hemodialysis with SGA score. In addition, we did not find significant association between the measured biochemical parameters and malnutrition. Conclusions: According to high prevalence of malnutrition in our patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis, periodic assessment of nutritional status is necessary in them. Meanwhile we found SGA as the best tool to assess nutritional status in patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis, because it can recognize various degrees of malnutrition that may remain undetected by a single laboratory assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Espahbodi
- Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
| | - Talayeh Khoddad
- Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Talayeh Khoddad, Clinical Research Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9113553370, Fax: +98-1512264044, E-mail:
| | - Leila Esmaeili
- Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran
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Fereshtehnejad SM, Ghazi L, Shafieesabet M, Shahidi GA, Delbari A, Lökk J. Motor, psychiatric and fatigue features associated with nutritional status and its effects on quality of life in Parkinson's disease patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91153. [PMID: 24608130 PMCID: PMC3946796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients are more likely to develop impaired nutritional status because of the symptoms, medications and complications of the disease. However, little is known about the determinants and consequences of malnutrition in PD. This study aimed to investigate the association of motor, psychiatric and fatigue features with nutritional status as well as the effects of malnutrition on different aspects of quality of life (QoL) in PD patients. Methods One hundred and fifty patients with idiopathic PD (IPD) were recruited in this study. A demographic checklist, the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) were completed through face-to-face interviews and clinical examinations. The health-related QoL (HRQoL) was also evaluated by means of the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39). For evaluation of nutritional status, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire was applied together with anthropometric measurements. Results Thirty seven (25.3%) patients were at risk of malnutrition and another 3 (2.1%) were malnourished. The total score of the UPDRS scale (r = −0.613, P<0.001) and PD duration (r = −0.284, P = 0.002) had a significant inverse correlation with the total MNA score. The median score of the Hoehn and Yahr stage was significantly higher in PD patients with abnormal nutritional status [2.5 vs. 2.0; P<0.001]. More severe anxiety [8.8 vs. 5.9; P = 0.002], depression [9.0 vs. 3.6; P<0.001] and fatigue [5.4 vs. 4.2; P<0.001] were observed in PD patients with abnormal nutritional status. Except for stigma, all other domains of the PDQ-39 were significantly correlated with the total score of the MNA. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that disease duration, severity of motor and psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety) and fatigue are associated with nutritional status in PD. Different aspects of the HRQoL were affected by patients’ nutritional status especially the emotional well-being and mobility domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Firoozgar Clinical Research Development Center (FCRDC), Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Ladan Ghazi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mahdiyeh Shafieesabet
- Medical Students Research Committee (MSRC), Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Ali Shahidi
- Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Delbari
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Aging Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Khorasan, Iran
| | - Johan Lökk
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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A comparison of the full Mini Nutritional Assessment, short-form Mini Nutritional Assessment, and Subjective Global Assessment to predict the risk of protein-energy malnutrition in patients on peritoneal dialysis: A cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud 2013; 50:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Elia M, Stratton RJ. An analytic appraisal of nutrition screening tools supported by original data with particular reference to age. Nutrition 2012; 28:477-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Afsar B, Elsurer R, Kanbay M. The relationship between breakfast, lunch and dinner eating pattern and hemodialysis sessions, quality of life, depression and appetite in hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2011; 44:1507-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-011-0061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Tsai AC, Chang MZ. Long-form but not short-form Mini-Nutritional Assessment is appropriate for grading nutritional risk of patients on hemodialysis--a cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud 2011; 48:1429-35. [PMID: 21640347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine screening/assessment of protein-energy status is essential for preventing uremic malnutrition in patients on hemodialysis (HD). A simple, low cost, reliable and non-invasive tool is greatly desired. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of using the long-form (LF) and the short-form (SF) Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) for grading the risk of protein-energy malnutrition in patients on HD. DESIGN AND SAMPLING: A cross-sectional study with purposive sampling. SETTING A hospital-managed hemodialysis center. PARTICIPANTS 152 adult ambulatory patients on hemodialysis. METHODS The nutritional status of each patient was graded with MNA-LF and MNA-SF, each in two versions--a normalized-original (content-equivalent) version (by adopting population-specific anthropometric cut-off points) and an alternative version that replaced calf circumference for BMI in the scale. The SGA, serum albumin and serum creatinine served as references. Cross-tabulation test was used to evaluate the consistency of the versions. RESULTS MNA-SF versions rated fewer HD subjects malnourished or at risk of malnutrition (32.2% and 24.3% for T1 and T2, respectively) compared to MNA-LF versions (40.8% and 36.2%) or the SGA (47.4%). MNA-SF versions (kappa=0.450 and 0.446) also did not perform as well as MNA-LF versions (kappa=0.734 and 0.666) in predicting the risk of malnutrition in HD patients using the SGA as the reference. MNA-SF also did not perform as well as the MNA-LF using serum albumin or serum creatinine as the reference. CONCLUSIONS The MNA-LF is appropriate for predicting protein-energy malnutrition in HD patients but MNA-SF may under-rate these patients. Effort should be made to improve the MNA-SF for HD patients since the short-form is more time-efficient and thus, greatly desired in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Tsai
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
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Tsai HJ, Tsai AC, Hung SY, Chang MY. Comparing the predictive ability of population-specific Mini-Nutritional Assessment with Subjective Global Assessment for Taiwanese patients with hemodialysis: A cross-sectional study. Int J Nurs Stud 2011; 48:326-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tsai AC, Lu SJ, Chang TL. Modified Mininutritional Assessment Can Effectively Assess the Nutritional Status of Patients on Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr 2009; 19:380-8. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Keith JN. Bedside nutrition assessment past, present, and future: a review of the Subjective Global Assessment. Nutr Clin Pract 2009; 23:410-6. [PMID: 18682593 DOI: 10.1177/0884533608321215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedside nutrition assessment remains an essential skill for the practicing clinician to master as the nutrition status of our patients directly influences clinical outcomes and mortality rates. Dr Charles E. Butterworth Jr's initial report of malnutrition in hospitalized patients, the so-called "skeleton in the closet," riveted the medical community. Two other studies in the 1970s published prevalence rates of hospital malnutrition of 48% in adult medical patients and 50% in adult surgical patients. Even more disturbing, 75% of patients at risk for malnutrition on admission had worsening nutrition parameters during their hospitalization. These findings led to a search to find an integrated bedside nutrition assessment tool to identify malnutrition in hospitalized patients. Initially reported in 1982, The Subjective Global Assessment is an integrated tool that utilizes the clinical judgment of a practitioner to identify patients at risk of or with malnutrition. It is a clinically useful tool that can be applied at the bedside by the average practitioner. It is a simple, safe, and inexpensive tool allowing for widespread use by trained clinicians and remains the gold standard for new bedside assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette N Keith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Bauer JM, Kaiser MJ, Anthony P, Guigoz Y, Sieber CC. The Mini Nutritional Assessment--its history, today's practice, and future perspectives. Nutr Clin Pract 2009; 23:388-96. [PMID: 18682590 DOI: 10.1177/0884533608321132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 1990s, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA; Nestle Nutrition, Vevey, Switzerland) was developed for nutrition screening in the elderly. Since then, it became the most established and widespread screening tool for older persons and has been translated into many different languages. The MNA shows prognostic relevance with regard to functionality, morbidity, and mortality of the elderly in different settings. This article recalls the development of the MNA with its short form (MNA-SF) and reviews the literature, focusing on the most recent publications. Specific features of the application of the MNA in different settings (community, nursing home, hospital) are considered. Minor shortcomings of the tool, such as the resources and the cooperation necessary for completion of the MNA, are discussed. Future options for the adaptation of this valuable tool are briefly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen M Bauer
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Prof.-Ernst-Nathan-Strasse 1, Nuremberg, Germany 90419.
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