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Almutairi M, Hefnawy A, Almotairy A, Alobaida A, Alyahya M, Althobaiti A, Adel Ali Youssef A, Elkanayati RM, Ashour EA, Smyth HDC, Repka MA. Formulation and evaluation of inhaled Sildenafil-loaded PLGA microparticles for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): A novel high drug loaded formulation and scalable process via hot melt extrusion technology (Part Ⅰ). Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124044. [PMID: 38527563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, several techniques were employed to develop a local sustained pulmonary delivery of sildenafil citrate (SC) as an alternative for the intravenous and oral treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Most of these methods, however, need to be improved due to limitations of scalability, low yield production, low drug loading, and stability issues. In this study, we report the use of hot-melt extrusion (HME) as a scalable process for making Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles with high SC load. The prepared particles were tested in vitro for local drug delivery to the lungs by inhalation. Sodium bicarbonate was included as a porogen in the formulation to make the particles more brittle and to impart favorable aerodynamic properties. Six formulations were prepared with different formulation compositions. Laser diffraction analysis was used to estimate the geometric particle size distribution of the microparticles. In-vitro aerodynamic performance was evaluated by the next-generation cascade impactor (NGI). It was reported in terms of an emitted dose (ED), an emitted fraction (EF%), a respirable fraction (RF%), a fine particle fraction (FPF%), a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), and geometric standard deviation (GSD). The formulations have also been characterized for surface morphology, entrapment efficiency, drug load, and in-vitro drug release. The results demonstrated that PLGA microparticles have a mean geometric particle size between 6 and 14 µm, entrapment efficiency of 77 to 89 %, and SC load between 17 and 33 % w/w. Fifteen percent of entrapped sildenafil was released over 24 h from the PLGA microparticles, and seventy percent over 7 days. The aerodynamic properties included fine particle fraction ranging between 19 and 33 % and an average mass median aerodynamic diameter of 6-13 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashan Almutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amr Hefnawy
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Ahmed Almotairy
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Industry Department, College of Pharmacy Taibah University, Al Madinah AlMunawarah 30001, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Alobaida
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Alyahya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulmajeed Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh 11681, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt.
| | - Rasha M Elkanayati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Eman A Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Somnarin T, Pobsuk N, Chantakul R, Panklai T, Temkitthawon P, Hannongbua S, Chootip K, Ingkaninan K, Boonyarattanakalin K, Gleeson D, Paul Gleeson M. Computational design, synthesis and biological evaluation of PDE5 inhibitors based on N 2,N 4-diaminoquinazoline and N 2,N 6-diaminopurine scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 76:117092. [PMID: 36450167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, and characterization of twenty-nine new inhibitors of PDE5. Structure-based design was employed to modify to our previously reported 2,4-diaminoquinazoline series. Modification include scaffold hopping to 2,6-diaminopurine core as well as incorporation of ionizable groups to improve both activity and solubility. The prospective binding mode of the compounds was determined using 3D ligand-based similarity methods to inhibitors of known binding mode, combined with a PDE5 docking and molecular dynamics based-protocol, each of which pointed to the same binding mode. Chemical modifications were then designed to both increase potency and solubility as well as validate the binding mode prediction. Compounds containing a quinazoline core displayed IC50s ranging from 0.10 to 9.39 µM while those consisting of a purine scaffold ranging from 0.29 to 43.16 µM. We identified 25 with a PDE5 IC50 of 0.15 µM, and much improved solubility (1.77 mg/mL) over the starting lead. Furthermore, it was found that the predicted binding mode was consistent with the observed SAR validating our computationally driven approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanachon Somnarin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Nattakarn Pobsuk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ruttanaporn Chantakul
- Center of Excellence in Cannabis Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center of Excellence in Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Teerapap Panklai
- Center of Excellence in Cannabis Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center of Excellence in Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Prapapan Temkitthawon
- Center of Excellence in Cannabis Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center of Excellence in Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Supa Hannongbua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Krongkarn Chootip
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- Center of Excellence in Cannabis Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Center of Excellence in Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
| | - Kanokthip Boonyarattanakalin
- College of Materials Innovation and Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Duangkamol Gleeson
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Computational Chemistry Research Unit, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - M Paul Gleeson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.
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Kemper DAG, Otsuki DA, Maia DRR, Mossoco CDO, Marcasso RA, Cunha LCC, Auler JOC, Fantoni DT. Sildenafil in endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension: an experimental study. Braz J Anesthesiol 2021:S0104-0014(21)00239-6. [PMID: 34118261 PMCID: PMC10362450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis and septic shock still represent great challenges in critical care medicine. Sildenafil has been largely used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, but its effects in sepsis are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that sildenafil can attenuate endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension in a porcine model of endotoxemia. METHODS Twenty pigs were randomly assigned to Control group (n = 10), which received saline solution; or to Sildenafil group (n = 10), which received sildenafil orally (100 mg). After 30 minutes, both groups were submitted to endotoxemia with intravenous bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) infusion (4 µg.kg-1.h-1) for 180 minutes. We evaluated hemodynamic and oxygenation functions, and also lung histology and plasma cytokine (TNFα, IL-1β, IL6, and IL10) and troponin I response. RESULTS Significant hemodynamic alterations were observed after 30 minutes of LPS continuous infusion, mainly in pulmonary arterial pressure (from Baseline 19 ± 2 mmHg to LPS30 52 ± 4 mmHg, p < 0.05). There was also a significant decrease in PaO2/FiO2 (from Baseline 411 ± 29 to LPS180 334 ± 49, p < 0.05). Pulmonary arterial pressure was significantly lower in the Sildenafil group (35 ± 4 mmHg at LPS30, p < 0.05). The Sildenafil group also presented lower values of systemic arterial pressure. Sildenafil maintained oxygenation with higher PaO2/FiO2 and lower oxygen extraction rate than Control group but had no effect on intrapulmonary shunt. All cytokines and troponin increased after LPS infusion in both groups similarly. CONCLUSION Sildenafil attenuated endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension preserving the correct heart function without improving lung lesions or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Aparecida Godoi Kemper
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, LIM08 - Laboratório de Anestesiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Aya Otsuki
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, LIM08 - Laboratório de Anestesiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Rothstein Ramos Maia
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, LIM08 - Laboratório de Anestesiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristina de Oliveira Mossoco
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ligia Cristina Câmara Cunha
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Anestesiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Otávio Costa Auler
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, LIM08 - Laboratório de Anestesiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Denise Tabacchi Fantoni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Cirurgia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ouranidis A, Tsiaxerli A, Vardaka E, Markopoulou CK, Zacharis CK, Nicolaou I, Hatzichristou D, Haidich AB, Kostomitsopoulos N, Kachrimanis K. Sildenafil 4.0-Integrated Synthetic Chemistry, Formulation and Analytical Strategies Effecting Immense Therapeutic and Societal Impact in the Fourth Industrial Era. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:365. [PMID: 33920975 PMCID: PMC8071249 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil is a potent selective, reversible inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) approved for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Whilst twenty years have passed since its original approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), sildenafil enters the fourth industrial era catalyzing the treatment advances against erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. The plethora of detailed clinical data accumulated and the two sildenafil analogues marketed, namely tadalafil and vardenafil, signify the relevant therapeutic and commercial achievements. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of the drug appears complex, interdependent and of critical importance whereas the treatment of special population cohorts is considered. The diversity of the available formulation strategies and their compatible administration routes, extend from tablets to bolus suspensions and from per os to intravenous, respectively, inheriting the associated strengths and weaknesses. In this comprehensive review, we attempt to elucidate the multi-disciplinary elements spanning the knowledge fields of chemical synthesis, physicochemical properties, pharmacology, clinical applications, biopharmaceutical profile, formulation approaches for different routes of administration and analytical strategies, currently employed to guide the development of sildenafil-based compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ouranidis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsiaxerli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
| | - Elisavet Vardaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
| | - Catherine K. Markopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.K.M.); (C.K.Z.)
| | - Constantinos K. Zacharis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (C.K.M.); (C.K.Z.)
| | - Ioannis Nicolaou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitris Hatzichristou
- Department of Urology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54635 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Anna-Bettina Haidich
- Department of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kyriakos Kachrimanis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.T.); (E.V.)
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Abrahim-Vieira BA, Souza AMTDE, Barros RC, Carmo FADO, Abreu LCLDE, Moreira RSS, HonÓrio TS, Rodrigues CR, Sousa VPDE, Cabral LM. In Silico studies of novel Sildenafil self-emulsifying drug delivery system absorption improvement for pulmonary arterial hypertension. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20191445. [PMID: 32785428 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil is a potent selective inhibitor of phosphosdiesterase-5 previously used in erectile dysfunction and subsequently approved in 2005 for pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment. Since oral administration of sildenafil shows pharmacokinetic problems with mean absolute bioavailability of 41%, the goal of this work was to develop a novel sildenafil self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) for oral absorption improvement and management of dosage. One pharmaceutical solution and four SEDDS containing sildenafil were successfully obtained and SEDDS formed O/W nanoemulsion with droplet size less than 300 nm. The stability studies evidenced that the SEDDS containing 3.3% w/w of sildenafil yielded the best results. The safety of 2-pyrrolidone/isobutanol in oral formulations was assessed in mice and no lethality was achieved in the placebo groups with LD50 of 490 mg/Kg for SEDDS II-3.3, suggesting it as a safe excipient for humans. Therewithal, in silico studies using PBPK models provided the pharmacokinetic profile of sildenafil SEDDS. Subsequently, in silico evaluation indicated that the sildenafil SEDDS droplet size influenced its bioavailability, enhancing absorption, assuring a good pharmacokinetic profile. These findings suggest that the formulations developed here presented the potential to enhance drug oral absorption with the possibility to control drug dosage as they are liquid pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- BarbÁra A Abrahim-Vieira
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M T DE Souza
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rita C Barros
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil
| | - FlÁvia A DO Carmo
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil
| | - LetÍcia C L DE Abreu
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ronyson S S Moreira
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago S HonÓrio
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Rodrigues
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valeria P DE Sousa
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucio M Cabral
- Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, RJ, Brazil
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Wu D, Huang Y, Chen Y, Huang YY, Geng H, Zhang T, Zhang C, Li Z, Guo L, Chen J, Luo HB. Optimization of Chromeno[2,3-c]pyrrol-9(2H)-ones as Highly Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable PDE5 Inhibitors: Structure–Activity Relationship, X-ray Crystal Structure, and Pharmacodynamic Effect on Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8468-8473. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yadan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yi-You Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Haiju Geng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Tianhua Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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7
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Dai XL, Chen JM, Lu TB. Pharmaceutical cocrystallization: an effective approach to modulate the physicochemical properties of solid-state drugs. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00707a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This highlight presents an update on applications of cocrystallization to modify properties relevant to efficacy, safety, and manufacturability of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Lin Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Jia-Mei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Tong-Bu Lu
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
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Sawatdee S, Pakawatchai C, Nitichai K, Srichana T, Phetmung H. Why sildenafil and sildenafil citrate monohydrate crystals are not stable? Saudi Pharm J 2015; 23:504-14. [PMID: 26594116 PMCID: PMC4605910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sildenafil citrate was crystallized by various techniques aiming to determine the behavior and factors affecting the crystal growth. There are only 2 types of sildenafil obtaining from crystallization: sildenafil (1) and sildenafil citrate monohydrate (2). The used techniques were (i) crystallization from saturated solutions, (ii) addition of an antisolvent, (iii) reflux and (iv) slow solvent evaporation method. By pursuing these various methods, our work pointed that the best formation of crystal (1) was obtained from technique no. (i). Surprisingly, the obtained crystals (1) were perfected if the process was an acidic pH at a cold temperature then perfect crystals occurred within a day. Crystals of compound (2) grew easily using technique no. (ii) which are various polar solvents over a wide range of pH and temperature preparation processes. The infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra fit well with these two X-ray crystal structures. The crystal structures of sildenafil free base and salt forms were different from their different growing conditions leading to stability difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somchai Sawatdee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand ; Drug and Cosmetic Research and Development Group, School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Thasala, Nakhonsithammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Chaveng Pakawatchai
- Faculty of Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Kwanjai Nitichai
- Inorganic and Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Songkhla 90000, Thailand
| | - Teerapol Srichana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand ; Nanotec-PSU Excellence Center on Drug Delivery System, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Hirihattaya Phetmung
- Inorganic and Materials Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Songkhla 90000, Thailand
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Jackson KW, Butts RJ, Svenson AJ, McQuinn TC, Atz AM. Response to a single dose of sildenafil in single-ventricle patients: an echocardiographic evaluation. Pediatr Cardiol 2013; 34:1739-42. [PMID: 22806713 PMCID: PMC3783569 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New evidence of increased phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) in hypertrophied human myocardium suggests that sildenafil, a selective PDE-5 inhibitor, may improve muscle contraction and therefore improve ventricular function. The purpose of this study was to compare ventricular function as assessed by echocardiography in 10 surgically palliated single-ventricle patients at baseline and again after a single dose of sildenafil. The velocity time integral of the ventricular outflow tract was increased 2 h after sildenafil administration (p = 0.01), thus suggesting an improvement in cardiac output.
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10
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Evaluation of sildenafil pressurized metered dose inhalers as a vasodilator in umbilical blood vessels of chicken egg embryos. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:90-7. [PMID: 24036276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil citrate is a selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor used for the treatment for erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. The delivery of sildenafil directly to the lung could have several advantages over conventional treatments for pulmonary hypertension because of the local delivery, a more rapid onset of response, and reduced side effects. The major problem of sildenafil citrate is its limited solubility in water. Sildenafil citrate was complexed with cyclodextrins (CDs) to enhance its water solubility prior to development as an inhaled preparation. Four sildenafil citrate inhaled formulations were prepared with the aid of HP-β-CD (#1), α-CD (#2) and γ-CD (#3) and their effects were compared with the formulations without CDs (#4). The sildenafil citrate pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDI) used ethanol as a solvent, PEG400 as a stabilizing agent, sorbitan monooleate as a surfactant and HFA-134a as a propellant. All formulations consisted of sildenafil citrate equivalent to a sildenafil content of 20μg/puff. These products were evaluated according to a standard guideline of inhalation products. Vasodilation testing was performed to investigate the efficacy of sildenafil pMDIs in relieving a vasoconstricted umbilical blood vessel of the chicken egg embryo. The sildenafil contents of the pMDI formulations #1-#3 were within the acceptance criteria (80-120%). The emitted doses (ED) were 102.3±11.5%, the fine particle fractions (FPF) were 60.5±5.6% and the mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) were 2.3±0.3μm. The vasodilatory activity of those formulations reduced umbilical blood pressure by 67.1-73.7% after treatment by intravenous injection whereas only a 50.1-58.0% reduced blood pressure was obtained after direct spraying of the sildenafil pMDI containing CDs. With sildenafil formulations of a pMDI without CD the blood pressure was reduced by only 39.0% (P-value<0.05). The available sildenafil in the blood vessels of chicken egg embryos after spraying sildenafil-CDs pMDIs was within the range of 751-825ng/mL which was much higher than that of a sildenafil only pMDI.
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11
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Sildenafil citrate monohydrate-cyclodextrin nanosuspension complexes for use in metered-dose inhalers. Int J Pharm 2013; 455:248-58. [PMID: 23876498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sildenafil is a selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. Sildenafil citrate monohydrate was complexed with α-, hydroxypropyl-β- and γ-cyclodextrin (α-CD, HP-β-CD and γ-CD, respectively) to enhance its water solubility. The complexes of sildenafil citrate monohydrate with all types of CDs were characterized by phase solubility diagrams, (1)H and (13)C NMR, and dielectric constants. Sildenafil citrate monohydrate complexed with CDs was developed as nanosuspensions for use in a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI). Sildenafil citrate monohydrate pMDI formulations were prepared by a bottom-up process using dried ethanol as a solvent and HFA-134a as an antisolvent and propellant in order to form nanosuspensions. A 3×3 factorial design was applied for the contents of the dried ethanol and HFA-134a propellant. The phase solubility profiles of the sildenafil and cyclodextrins were described as AL type with a mole ratio 1:1. The piperazine moiety of sildenafil formed an inclusion in the cavity of the CDs. The particle diameters of the sildenafil citrate monohydrate suspensions in pMDIs were all within a nanosuspension size range. An assay of the sildenafil content showed that the formation of complexes with CDs was close to 100%. In the case of the formulations with CDs, the emitted doses varied within 97.4±10.8%, the fine particle fractions (FPFs) were in a range of 45-81%, the fine particle dose (FPD) was 12.6±2.0 μg and the mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) were 1.86±0.41 μm. In contrast, the formulations without CDs produced a low emitted dose of sildenafil (<60%). Therefore, only sildenafil citrate monohydrate pMDI formulations containing CDs were suitable for use as aerosols.
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Raja SG. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate for pulmonary arterial hypertension: emerging therapeutic option. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5:114-5. [PMID: 23585934 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.02.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad G Raja
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Harefield Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Raja SG, Raja SM. Treating pulmonary arterial hypertension: current treatments and future prospects. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2012; 2:359-70. [PMID: 23251761 DOI: 10.1177/2040622311420773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) consists of a group of heterogeneous but distinct disorders characterized by complex proliferation of the pulmonary vascular endothelium and progressive pulmonary vascular remodeling that leads to right ventricular failure and death. Over the past two decades, significant advances in our understanding of the pathobiology of PAH have led to the development of several therapeutic targets in this disease. Besides conservative therapeutic strategies such as anticoagulation and diuretics, the current treatment paradigm for PAH targets the mediators of the three main biologic pathways that are critical for its pathogenesis and progression: endothelin receptor antagonists inhibit the upregulated endothelin pathway by blocking the biologic activity of endothelin-1; phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors prevent breakdown and increase the endogenous availability of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which signals the vasorelaxing effects of the downregulated mediator nitric oxide; and prostacyclin derivatives provide an exogenous supply of the deficient mediator prostacyclin. In addition to these established current therapeutic options, a large number of potential therapeutic targets are being investigated. These novel therapeutic targets include soluble guanylyl cyclase, phosphodiesterases, tetrahydrobiopterin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2B, vasoactive intestinal peptide, receptor tyrosine kinases, adrenomedullin, rho kinase, elastases, endogenous steroids, endothelial progenitor cells, immune cells, bone morphogenetic protein and its receptors, potassium channels, metabolic pathways, and nuclear factor of activated T cells. This review provides an overview of the current therapeutic options and potential therapeutic targets for PAH.
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Effects of Sildenafil Citrate, Isoniazid, and Streptomycin on Testicular Tissue and Epididymal Semen Quality in Rats. Urology 2012; 80:953.e9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gutiérrez Nicolás F, Viña Romero M, González Carretero P, Merino Alonso J. Sildenafilo oral para la hipertensión pulmonar en neonatos. FARMACIA HOSPITALARIA 2011; 35:157-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.farma.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Should we administer sildenafil to patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome? No. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36:1102-3; author reply 1104-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-010-1865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a serious complication of a number of lung and heart diseases that is characterized by peripheral vascular structural remodeling and loss of vascular tone. Nitric oxide can modulate vascular injury and interrupt elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance selectively; however, it can also produce cytotoxic oxygen radicals and exert cytotoxic and antiplatelet effects. The balance between the protective and adverse effects of nitric oxide is determined by the relative amount of nitric oxide and reactive radicals. Nitric oxide has been shown to be clinically effective in the treatment of congenital heart disease, mitrial valvular disease combined with pulmonary hypertension and in orthotropic cardiac transplantation patients. Additionally, new therapeutic modalities for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, natriuretic peptides and aqueous nitric oxide are also effective for treatment of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Sim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea
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Chhina MK, Nargues W, Grant GM, Nathan SD. Evaluation of imatinib mesylate in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Future Cardiol 2010; 6:19-35. [DOI: 10.2217/fca.09.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Imatinib mesylate is a small molecule inhibitor that selectively inhibits the PDGF receptor kinase as well the cKIT and Abl kinases, among other targets. Various studies have implicated the PDGF pathway in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Inhibition with imatinib mesylate has shown efficacy in human case reports and experimental models of PAH. Results from a Phase II trial of imatinib mesylate in PAH did not meet the primary end point but showed improvement in several secondary end points and in a subgroup analysis. As suggested by this study as well as a few case reports, imatinib may be effective in a subset of patients with more severe disease. However, this remains to be further validated through a Phase III study, which is already underway. In conclusion, it appears that imatinib mesylate may hold promise as an adjunct drug in PAH therapy, especially since it is directed at a pathway not previously targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantej K Chhina
- Molecular & Microbiology Department, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, 109 Manassas, VA 20110 USA
| | - Weir Nargues
- NIH-Inova Advanced Lung Disease Program, Inova Fairfax Hospital, 3300 Gallows Rd, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA
| | - Geraldine M Grant
- Molecular & Microbiology Department, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd 109 Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Steven D Nathan
- Advanced Lung Disease & Transplant Program, Inova Fairfax Hospital, 3300 Gallows Rd, Falls Church, VA 22042, USA
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Effect of phospodiesterase 5 inhibitors on apoptosis and nitric oxide synthases in testis torsion: an experimental study. Pediatr Surg Int 2008; 24:205-11. [PMID: 17985135 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-007-2058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5 inhibitors, sildenafil citrate and vardenafil HCl, on testicular germ cell apoptosis and also on the expressions of eNOS and iNOS within the bilateral testis after a unilateral torsion in a rat model. Forty-eight Wistar Albino rats, weighing between 210 and 262 g, were housed in individual cages. The rats were randomly assigned into four main groups and each group received drugs. Saline, sildenafil citrate and vardenafil HCl were given to each for 1 month and the last received no drug. After 1 month, testicular torsion was created for 1 h of ischemia and the left testis was untwisted and replaced to the scrotum for 2 h of reperfusion. At the end of 3 h, contralateral and ipsilateral testes were removed for histopathologic and biochemical examinations. Under light microscopy; the histopathological patterns of the contralateral testes in all groups were not affected. Mean apoptotic cell, eNOS and iNOS levels were increased in saline study group. The rats treated with vardenafil and sildenafil (groups 2s and 3s) showed significantly increased apoptotic cell, eNOS and iNOS values in ipsilateral testis (P < 0.05). Sildenafil citrate and vardenafil HCl caused an exaggerated testicular apoptosis after IR injury in rats. Additionally these drugs increased the NOSs levels in the testicular tissue.
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Abstract
Effective respiratory therapy depends on obtaining a definitive diagnosis and following established recommendations for treatment. Unfortunately, many respiratory conditions are idiopathic in origin or are attributable to nonspecific inflammation. In some situations, disorders are controlled rather than cured. Recent advances in pulmonary therapeutics include the use of new agents to treat common diseases and application of local delivery of drugs to enhance drug effect and minimize side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rozanski
- Section of Critical Care, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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