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van Vuren AJ, Gaillard CAJM, Eisenga MF, van Wijk R, van Beers EJ. The EPO-FGF23 Signaling Pathway in Erythroid Progenitor Cells: Opening a New Area of Research. Front Physiol 2019; 10:304. [PMID: 30971944 PMCID: PMC6443968 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide an overview of the evidence for an erythropoietin-fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) signaling pathway directly influencing erythroid cells in the bone marrow. We outline its importance for red blood cell production, which might add, among others, to the understanding of bone marrow responses to endogenous erythropoietin in rare hereditary anemias. FGF23 is a hormone that is mainly known as the core regulator of phosphate and vitamin D metabolism and it has been recognized as an important regulator of bone mineralization. Osseous tissue has been regarded as the major source of FGF23. Interestingly, erythroid progenitor cells highly express FGF23 protein and carry the FGF receptor. This implies that erythroid progenitor cells could be a prime target in FGF23 biology. FGF23 is formed as an intact, biologically active protein (iFGF23) and proteolytic cleavage results in the formation of the presumed inactive C-terminal tail of FGF23 (cFGF23). FGF23-knockout or injection of an iFGF23 blocking peptide in mice results in increased erythropoiesis, reduced erythroid cell apoptosis and elevated renal and bone marrow erythropoietin mRNA expression with increased levels of circulating erythropoietin. By competitive inhibition, a relative increase in cFGF23 compared to iFGF23 results in reduced FGF23 receptor signaling and mimics the positive effects of FGF23-knockout or iFGF23 blocking peptide. Injection of recombinant erythropoietin increases FGF23 mRNA expression in the bone marrow with a concomitant increase in circulating FGF23 protein. However, erythropoietin also augments iFGF23 cleavage, thereby decreasing the iFGF23 to cFGF23 ratio. Therefore, the net result of erythropoietin is a reduction of iFGF23 to cFGF23 ratio, which inhibits the effects of iFGF23 on erythropoiesis and erythropoietin production. Elucidation of the EPO-FGF23 signaling pathway and its downstream signaling in hereditary anemias with chronic hemolysis or ineffective erythropoiesis adds to the understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases and its complications; in addition, it provides promising new targets for treatment downstream of erythropoietin in the signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies J van Vuren
- Van Creveldkliniek, Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carlo A J M Gaillard
- Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michele F Eisenga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard van Wijk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eduard J van Beers
- Van Creveldkliniek, Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Calado RT, Clé DV. Treatment of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes beyond transplantation. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2017; 2017:96-101. [PMID: 29222242 PMCID: PMC6142589 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in transplantation by the addition of alternative hematopoietic stem cell sources, many patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are still not eligible for a transplant. In addition, the availability of sequencing panels has significantly improved diagnosis by identifying cryptic inherited cases. Androgens are the main nontransplant therapy for bone marrow failure in dyskeratosis congenita and Fanconi anemia, reaching responses in up to 80% of cases. Danazol and oxymetholone are more commonly used, but virilization and liver toxicity are major adverse events. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is commonly treated with corticosteroids, but most patients eventually become refractory to this treatment and toxicity is limiting. Growth factors still have a role in inherited cases, especially granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in congenital neutropenias. Novel therapies are warranted and thrombopoietin receptor agonists, leucine, quercetin, and novel gene therapy approaches may benefit inherited cases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo T Calado
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego V Clé
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Chronic thrombocytopenias are pathological conditions defined as a persistent platelet count below the normal range for more than 6-12 months, clinically characterized by mucocutaneous bleeding. Recently, an International Working Group of expert clinicians has redefined standard terminology and definitions of primary and secondary chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). A document issued on acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (AIEOP) provides parents and physicians with guidelines for the management of chronic ITP and gives prominence to the periodic re-evaluation of differential diagnosis. The majority of chronic ITP children do not require pharmacological treatments, especially if symptoms are absent or minimal and the treatment decision depends on several factors, in particular clinical conditions rather than platelets count. The recommendations distinguish three therapeutic strategies: emergency or symptomatic treatment, maintenance therapy and treatment aiming at definitive remission. Experimental/off-label treatment of chronic ITP are reported in the literature, such as the use of rituximab. Currently, other drugs (thrombopoiesis stimulating factors, mycophenolate, dapsone, danazol, azathioprine, rFVIIa, cyclophosphamide, vinca alkaloids and cyclosporine) are recommended in special cases or trials.
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Zeidler C, Grote UAH, Nickel A, Brand B, Carlsson G, Cortesão E, Dufour C, Duhem C, Notheis G, Papadaki HA, Tamary H, Tjønnfjord GE, Tucci F, Van Droogenbroeck J, Vermylen C, Voglova J, Xicoy B, Welte K. Outcome and management of pregnancies in severe chronic neutropenia patients by the European Branch of the Severe Chronic Neutropenia International Registry. Haematologica 2014; 99:1395-402. [PMID: 24997149 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.099101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment has been shown to be safe and effective in severe chronic neutropenia patients. However, data on its use during pregnancy are limited. To address this issue, we analyzed all pregnancies reported to the European branch of the Severe Chronic Neutropenia International Registry since 1994. A total of 38 pregnancies in 21 women with chronic neutropenia (16 pregnancies in 10 women with congenital, 10 in 6 women with cyclic, 12 in 5 women with idiopathic neutropenia) were reported. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor was administered throughout pregnancy in 16 women and for at least one trimester in a further 5 women. No major differences were seen between treated and untreated women with respect to pregnancy outcome, newborn complications and infections. In addition, we evaluated the genetic transmission of known or suspected genetic defects in 16 mothers having 22 newborns as well as in 8 men fathering 15 children. As a proof of inheritance, neutropenia was passed on to the newborn in 58% from female and in 62% from male patients with ELANE mutations, but also to some newborns from parents with unknown gene mutation. Based on our results, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor therapy has been shown to be safe for mothers throughout pregnancies and for newborns without any signs of teratogenicity. With an increasing number of adult patients, genetic counseling prior to conception and supportive care of mothers during pregnancy are crucial. The acceptance of having affected children may reflect the high quality of life obtained due to this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Nickel
- Molecular Hematopoiesis, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Beate Brand
- Molecular Hematopoiesis, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Göran Carlsson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emília Cortesão
- Department of Hematology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlo Dufour
- Hematology Unit, G. Gaslini Children's Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Caroline Duhem
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Gundula Notheis
- Department for Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Infection/Immunity, Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Helen A Papadaki
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Greece
| | - Hannah Tamary
- Pediatric Hematology Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Department of Haematology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Fabio Tucci
- Department of Pediatric Onco-Hematology, AOU Meyer, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Christiane Vermylen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jaroslava Voglova
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Blanca Xicoy
- Department of Hematology, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Spain
| | - Karl Welte
- Molecular Hematopoiesis, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neutropenia is a feature of several primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDDs). Because of the diverse pathophysiologies of the PIDDs and the rarity of each disorder, data are often lacking, leading to the necessity of empiric treatment. Recent developments in the understanding of neutropenia in several of the PIDDs make a review of the data timely. RECENT FINDINGS The category of severe congenital neutropenia continues to expand. Mutations in G6PC3 have been identified as the cause of neutropenia in a minority of previously molecularly undefined cases. Recent advances have broadened our understanding of the pathophysiology and the clinical expression of this disorder. A possible function of the C16orf57 gene has been hypothesized that may explain the clinical overlap between Clerucuzio-type poikiloderma with neutropenia and other marrow diseases. Plerixafor has been shown to be a potentially useful treatment in the warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infection, and myelokathexis syndrome. Investigations of patients with adenosine deaminase deficient severe combined immunodeficiency have identified neutropenia, and particularly susceptibility to myelotoxins, as a feature of this disorder. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor is the treatment of choice for neutropenia in PIDD, whereas hematopoietic cell transplantation is the only curative option. SUMMARY The number of PIDDs associated with neutropenia has increased, as has our understanding of the range of phenotypes. Additional data and hypotheses have been generated helping to explain the diversity of presentations of neutropenia in PIDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sokolic
- Disorders of Immunity Section, Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1611, USA.
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Yesilipek MA, Tezcan G, Germeshausen M, Kupesiz A, Uygun V, Hazar V. Unrelated cord blood transplantation in children with severe congenital neutropenia. Pediatr Transplant 2009; 13:777-81. [PMID: 18992063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2008.01048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
SCN is an inherited hematological disorder with severe neutropenia and recurrent infections. Although there are some reports that recombinant rhG-CSF improves clinical outcome, allogeneic HSCT appears to be the only curative treatment for these patients. We report here two children with SCN successfully treated by CBT from unrelated donors. They were refractory to rhG-CSF treatment and have no identical family donor. Bu + CY were given as conditioning. Case 1 and Case 2 received 6/6 and 5/6 HLA-matched unrelated umbilical cord blood, respectively. The number of infused nucleated cells was 6, 18 x 10(7)/kg and CD34(+) cell number was 3, 74 x 10(5)/kg in Case 1. Those cell numbers were 8, 8 x 10(7)/kg and 5, 34 x 10(5)/kg for Case 2, respectively. Neutrophil/platelet engraftments were 45/49 days in Case 1 and 24/36 days in Case 2. Grade II cutaneous acute GVHD was seen in Case 2 that was treated successfully with prednisolone. Both patients are well with normal hematological findings and full donor chimerism for post-transplant 20 and 24 months, respectively. We conclude that UCB can be considered as a safe source of stem cell in patients with SCN who need urgent HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akif Yesilipek
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Akdeniz University, School of Medicine, Antalya, Turkey.
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