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Wu YY, Shan TT, Pan XT. Pulmonary Embolism After in vitro Fertilization and Cesarean Section: Two Case Reports and Brief Review of the Literature. Int J Womens Health 2022; 14:1489-1497. [PMID: 36317008 PMCID: PMC9617515 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s366355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports two cases of postpartum pulmonary embolism in Taicang First People's Hospital affiliated to Soochow University. They share many similarities in age, fertilization way, birthing method, incidence of pulmonary embolism, treatment and prognosis. The main purpose is to inspire the current maternal PTE risk assessment, diagnosis and treatment, as well as to explore the existing limitations and problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Wu
- Hematology Department, Taicang Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Taicang City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Tian Shan
- Hematology Department, Taicang Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Taicang City, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Tao Pan
- Hematology Department, Taicang Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Taicang City, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Xiang-Tao Pan, Hematology Department, Taicang hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Taicang City, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Bitsadze V, Khizroeva J, Alexander M, Elalamy I. Venous thrombosis risk factors in pregnant women. J Perinat Med 2022; 50:505-518. [PMID: 35044114 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the third most common cause of death on Earth after myocardial infarctions and strokes, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Pregnancy is a unique condition of woman, when enormous changes occur in functioning of the most important systems of homeostasis in a relatively short time. These are physiological hypercoagulation, slowing of blood flow, increase in circulating blood volume, etc. However, while being physiological, these changes increase the risks of venous thromboembolism by almost 6 times. In some cases, there appears an imbalance or dissociation between the functioning of natural antithrombotic systems and the activation of coagulation as a consequence of genetically or acquired determined causes (genetic thrombophilia, antiphospholipid syndrome, comorbidities, obstetric complications and other exogenous and endogenous factors). Accordingly, identification of risk factors, their systematization, and determination of VTE risks in pregnancy and puerperium is one of the most important tasks of clinical medicine. Various recommendations have appeared for practitioners during the last 10-15 years on the basis of the risk factors analysis in order to prevent VTE in pregnant women more effectively. Nevertheless, none of these recommendations can yet take into account all risk factors, although convenient scoring systems have emerged for risk assessment and clear recommendations on anti-thrombotic prophylaxis regimens in risk groups in recent years. This article will review historical understanding of thrombosis in pregnant women, progress in understanding VTE risk factors in pregnant women, and available reserves in identifying new risk factors during pregnancy and puerperium in order to stratify risks more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bitsadze
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Jamilya Khizroeva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Makatsariya Alexander
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ismail Elalamy
- Department Hematology and Thrombosis Center, Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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Bitsadze V, Khizroeva J, Elalamy I, Alexander M. Venous thrombosis risk factors in pregnant women. J Perinat Med 2020; 0:jpm-2020-0011. [PMID: 33098632 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2020-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess all risk factors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pregnancy and puerperium. METHODS Different guidelines for VTE prevention have been analyzed. RESULTS Various recommendations have appeared for practitioners during the last 10-15 years on the basis of the risk factors analysis in order to prevent VTE in pregnant women more effectively. Nevertheless, none of these recommendations can yet take into account all risk factors, although convenient scoring systems have emerged for risk assessment and clear recommendations on anti-thrombotic prophylaxis regimens in risk groups in recent years. CONCLUSIONS VTE is the third most common cause of death on Earth after myocardial infarctions and strokes, according to the World Health Organization. Pregnancy is a unique condition of woman, when enormous changes occur in functioning of the most important systems of homeostasis in a relatively short time. These are physiological hypercoagulation, slowing of blood flow, increase in circulating blood volume, etc. However, while being physiological, these changes increase the risks of venous thromboembolism by almost six times. In some cases, there appears an imbalance or dissociation between the functioning of natural antithrombotic systems and the activation of coagulation as a consequence of genetically or acquired determined causes (genetic thrombophilia, antiphospholipid syndrome, comorbidities, obstetric complications and other exogenous and endogenous factors). Accordingly, identification of risk factors, their systematization, and determination of VTE risks in pregnancy and puerperium is one of the most important tasks of clinical medicine. This article will review historical understanding of thrombosis in pregnant women, progress in understanding VTE risk factors in pregnant women, and available reserves in identifying new risk factors during pregnancy and puerperium in order to stratify risks more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bitsadze
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Jamilya Khizroeva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ismail Elalamy
- Department Hematology and Thrombosis Center, Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Makatsariya Alexander
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Sciences, I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Sucker C. Prophylaxis and Therapy of Venous Thrombotic Events (VTE) in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2020; 80:48-59. [PMID: 31949319 PMCID: PMC6957355 DOI: 10.1055/a-1030-4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolisms and pulmonary embolisms are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. The increased risk of thrombotic events caused by the physiological changes during pregnancy alone does not justify any medical antithrombotic prophylaxis. However, if there are also other risk factors such as a history of thromboses, hormonal stimulation as part of fertility treatment, thrombophilia, increased age of the pregnant woman, severe obesity or predisposing concomitant illnesses, the risk of thrombosis should be re-evaluated - if possible by a coagulation specialist - and drug prophylaxis should be initiated, where applicable. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) are the standard medication for the prophylaxis and treatment of thrombotic events in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Medical thrombosis prophylaxis started during pregnancy is generally continued for about six weeks following delivery due to the risk of thrombosis which peaks during the postpartum period. The same applies to therapeutic anticoagulation after the occurrence of a thrombotic event in pregnancy; here, a minimum duration of the therapy of three months should also be adhered to. During breastfeeding, LMWH or the oral anticoagulant warfarin can be considered; neither active substance passes into breast milk.
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Farge D, Le Maignan C, Doucet L, Frere C. Women, thrombosis, and cancer. Thromb Res 2019; 181 Suppl 1:S47-S53. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(19)30367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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[What are the special features of the treatment of venous thombo-embolic disease in the course of pregnancy and post-partum?]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 38 Suppl 1:e145-e152. [PMID: 31208886 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), referring to both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a leading cause of death in the developed world during pregnancy. This increased risk is attributed to the Virchow triad, inherited thrombophilias, along with other standard risk factors, and continues for up to 6 to 12 weeks postpartum. During the peripartum period, women should be risk stratified and preventive measures should be initiated based on their risk. Diagnostic tests and treatment strategies commonly used in VTE differ in pregnancy. An understanding of these differences is imperative to diagnose with confidence and to treat appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Deeb Dado
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Fellowship, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Andrew Tobias Levinson
- Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 164 Summit Avenue, Providence, RI 02904, USA
| | - Ghada Bourjeily
- Department of Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 146 West River Street, Suite 11C, Providence, RI 02904, USA.
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Risk of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism After an Initial Episode: Risk Stratification and Implications for Long-term Treatment. Curr Cardiol Rep 2019; 21:24. [PMID: 30828779 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-019-1111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common condition with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Recurrent VTE after an initial episode is a preventable medical condition. The following review discusses data supporting recurrence risk estimates after an initial VTE episode as well as treatment strategies to mitigate risk of recurrent VTE. RECENT FINDINGS This review particularly highlights methods for stratifying the risk of recurrent VTE and recent studies that have evaluated direct oral anticoagulants for the prevention of recurrent VTE. Risk assessment for VTE recurrence should guide anticoagulation duration. In patients who present with unprovoked VTE events, there remains a high risk of recurrence that is significantly mitigated with extended duration anticoagulation with either a vitamin K antagonist or direct oral anticoagulant.
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Farge D, Le Maignan C, Doucet L, Frere C. WITHDRAWN: Women, thrombosis, and cancer. Thromb Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Selmeczi A, Roach REJ, Móré C, Batta Z, Hársfalvi J, Bom van der JG, Boda Z, Oláh Z. Thrombin generation and low-molecular-weight heparin prophylaxis in pregnant women with thrombophilia. Thromb Haemost 2017; 113:283-9. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-05-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPregnancy is associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism, especially in the presence of thrombophilia. However, there is no consensus on the optimal approach for thromboprophylaxis in this population. Recent evidence suggests that thrombin generation correlates with the overall procoagulant state of the plasma. Our aim was to evaluate thrombin generation in a prospective cohort of thrombophilic pregnant women, and investigate the effectiveness of low-molecular- weight heparin (LMWH) prophylaxis in pregnancy. Women with severe (n=8), mild (n=47) and no (n=15) thrombophilia were followed throughout their pregnancies. Thrombin generation was evaluated in each trimester as well as five days and eight weeks postpartum (as a reference category). In women undergoing LMWH prophylaxis, thrombin generation and anti-Factor-Xa activity were measured just before and 4 hours after administration (peak effect). Thrombin generation was determined using Technothrombin TGA assay system. For the analysis, median peak thrombin and endogenous thrombin potential were used. Peak thrombin and endogenous thrombin potential were increased during pregnancy compared to the non-pregnant state with the highest results in the severe thrombophilia group. In women receiving LMWH prophylaxis a decrease was observed in thrombin generation at peak effect but over the progression of pregnancy the extent of this decrease reduced in a stepwise fashion. Our results show that thrombin generation demonstrates the hypercoagulable state in thrombophilic pregnancies. In addition, we found the effect of LMWH prophylaxis to progressively decrease with advancing stages of pregnancy.
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Farge D, Bounameaux H, Bauersachs RM, Brenner B. Women, thrombosis, and cancer: A gender-specific analysis. Thromb Res 2017; 151 Suppl 1:S21-S29. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(17)30062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Pathogenesis of Thromboembolism and Endovascular Management. THROMBOSIS 2017; 2017:3039713. [PMID: 28154761 PMCID: PMC5244017 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3039713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE), a disease that includes deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is associated with high mortality, morbidity, and costs. It can result in long-term complications that include postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) adding to its morbidity. VTE affects 1/1000 patients, costs $13.5 billion annually to treat, and claims 100,000 lives annually in the US. The current standard of care for VTE is anticoagulation, though thrombolysis may be performed in patients with PE and threatened limb. This review discusses pathogenesis and medical treatment of VTE and then focuses on endovascular treatment modalities. Mechanical- and catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) is discussed, as well as patient selection criteria, and complications. The first prospective study (CaVenT) comparing CDT with anticoagulation alone in acute DVT, despite study shortcomings, corroborates the existing literature indicating improved outcomes with CDT. The potential of the ongoing prospective, multicenter, randomized ATTRACT trial is also highlighted.
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Streiff MB, Agnelli G, Connors JM, Crowther M, Eichinger S, Lopes R, McBane RD, Moll S, Ansell J. Guidance for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2016; 41:32-67. [PMID: 26780738 PMCID: PMC4715858 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-015-1317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This guidance document focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Efficient, cost effective diagnosis of VTE is facilitated by combining medical history and physical examination with pre-test probability models, D dimer testing and selective use of confirmatory imaging. Clinical prediction rules, biomarkers and imaging can be used to tailor therapy to disease severity. Anticoagulation options for acute VTE include unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin, fondaparinux and the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). DOACs are as effective as conventional therapy with LMWH and vitamin K antagonists. Thrombolytic therapy is reserved for massive pulmonary embolism (PE) or extensive deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Inferior vena cava filters are reserved for patients with acute VTE and contraindications to anticoagulation. Retrievable filters are strongly preferred. The possibility of thoracic outlet syndrome and May-Thurner syndrome should be considered in patients with subclavian/axillary and left common iliac vein DVT, respectively in absence of identifiable triggers. The optimal duration of therapy is dictated by the presence of modifiable thrombotic risk factors. Long term anticoagulation should be considered in patients with unprovoked VTE as well as persistent prothrombotic risk factors such as cancer. Short-term therapy is sufficient for most patients with VTE associated with transient situational triggers such as major surgery. Biomarkers such as D dimer and risk assessment models such the Vienna risk prediction model offer the potential to customize VTE therapy for the individual patient. Insufficient data exist to support the integration of bleeding risk models into duration of therapy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Streiff
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Giancarlo Agnelli
- Stroke Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jean M Connors
- Hematology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Crowther
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Sabine Eichinger
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renato Lopes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert D McBane
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephan Moll
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jack Ansell
- Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore/LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
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Chen L, Deng W, Palacios I, Inglessis-Azuaje I, McMullin D, Zhou D, Lo EH, Buonanno F, Ning M. Patent foramen ovale (PFO), stroke and pregnancy. J Investig Med 2016; 64:992-1000. [PMID: 26988903 PMCID: PMC6083869 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Patent foramen ovale (PFO)-related stroke is increasingly recognized as an important etiology of ischemic embolic stroke-accounting for up to 50% of strokes previously considered 'cryptogenic' or with an unknown mechanism. As a 'back door to the brain,' PFO can allow venous clots to enter arterial circulation via interatrial right-to-left shunting, potentially resulting in ischemic stroke. We observe that clinically, PFO-related stroke affects women of childbearing age, and that pregnancy-owing to major changes in hemocoagulative, hormonal, and cardiovascular parameters-can enhance stroke risks. However, no systematic study has been performed and little is known regarding complications, pregnancy outcomes and treatment for PFO-related stroke during pregnancy. To identify and characterize the complications and clinical outcomes related to PFOs during pregnancy, we performed a literature review and analysis from all reported cases of pregnancy with PFO-related complications in the medical literature from 1970 to 2015. We find that during pregnancy and post-partum, PFO is associated with complications affecting multiple organs, including the brain, heart and lung. The three principal complications reported are stroke, pulmonary emboli and myocardial infarction. In contrast to other pregnancy-related stroke etiologies, which peak during later pregnancy and postpartum, PFO-related stroke peaks during early pregnancy (first and second trimester-60%), and most patients had good neurological outcome (77%). In patients with PFO with recurrent stroke during pregnancy, additional key factors include high-risk PFO morphology (atrial septal aneurysm), larger right-to-left shunt, multiple gestation and concurrent hypercoagulability. Compared to strokes of other etiologies during pregnancy, most PFO stroke patients experienced uneventful delivery (93%) of healthy babies with a good clinical outcome. We conclude with recommended clinical treatment strategies for pregnant patients with PFO suggested by the data from these cases, and the clinical experience of our Cardio-Neurology Clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Cardio-Neurology Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital in Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Cardio-Neurology Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Igor Palacios
- Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ignacio Inglessis-Azuaje
- Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David McMullin
- Department of Neurology, Cardio-Neurology Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital in Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Eng H Lo
- Department of Neurology, Cardio-Neurology Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ferdinando Buonanno
- Department of Neurology, Cardio-Neurology Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - MingMing Ning
- Department of Neurology, Cardio-Neurology Clinic, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides a concise and complete overview of diagnostic work-up and treatment of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy, with attention to recent research developments and recent applicable guidelines. This may be useful for all the players of the multidisciplinary interaction needed in this disease management, namely cardiologists and gynecological/obstetric teams. RECENT FINDINGS Venous thromboembolism is, in the developed world, a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy or early after delivery, with a reported incidence ranging from 0.49 to 2.0 events per 1000 deliveries. It is a particularly challenging issue and there is no common consensus on the major themes of this condition. Diagnostic options, prophylaxis and management, in the antenatal, childbirth and postnatal periods, are carefully analyzed in the light of the most recent published data. Besides, old and recent knowledge must be seen through the clinician's skilled and watchful eyes, deciding on a case-to-case and actively contributing in reducing pregnancy-related morbidity. SUMMARY Although there is an ongoing debate on various aspects of this condition and there is a paucity of high-quality studies, this review attempts to simplify the complex aspects of joining safety and efficacy in diagnosing and treating a possible two-people life-threatening disease.
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Hillis CM, Crowther MA. Acute phase treatment of VTE: Anticoagulation, including non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113:1193-202. [PMID: 25948149 DOI: 10.1160/th14-12-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase of venous thromboembolism (VTE) treatment focuses on the prompt and safe initiation of full-dose anticoagulation to decrease morbidity and mortality. Immediate management consists of resuscitation, supportive care, and thrombolysis for patients with haemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism (PE) or limb-threatening deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). Patients with contraindications to anticoagulants are considered for vena cava filters. Disposition for the acute treatment of VTE is then considered based on published risk scores and the patient's social status, as the first seven days carries the highest risk for VTE recurrence, extension and bleeding due to anticoagulation. Next, a review of: immediate and long-term bleeding risk, comorbidities (i. e. active cancer, renal failure, obesity, thrombophilia), medications, patient preference, VTE location and potential for pregnancy should be undertaken. This will help determine the most suitable anticoagulant for immediate treatment. The non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), including the factor Xa inhibitors apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban as well as the direct-thrombin inhibitor dabigatran, are increasing the convenience of and options available for VTE treatment. Current options for immediate treatment include low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), unfractionated heparin (UFH), fondaparinux, apixaban, or rivaroxaban. LMWH or UFH may be continued as monotherapy or transitioned to treatment with a VKA, dabigatran or edoxaban. This review describes the upfront treatment of VTE and the evolving role of NOACs in the contemporary management of VTE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A Crowther
- Mark Crowther, MD, MSc, FRCPC, Rm L208, 50 Charlton Ave East, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 4A6, E-mail:
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Thromboembolische Komplikationen und die Bedeutung der Thrombophilie in der Schwangerschaft. PHLEBOLOGIE 2013. [DOI: 10.12687/phleb2166-6-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungZiel: Überblick über Pathogenese, Prophylaxe und Therapie thromboembolischer Komplikationen.Methode: Literaturrecherche in Pubmed.Ergebnisse und Diskussion: In der Schwangerschaft verändert sich die plasmatische Gerinnung zugunsten der prokoagulatorischen Eigenschaften des Blutes, um dem Blutverlust bei der Geburt entgegenzuwirken. Venöse Thromboembolien (VTE) gehören in der westlichen Welt weiterhin zu den führenden Ursachen für schwerwiegende mütterliche Morbidität und Sterblichkeit. Das Risiko, eine venöse Thromboembolie zu erleiden, steigt in der Schwangerschaft um das 4-5-fache und in der Postpartum-Periode sogar um das 20-fache. Insbesondere bei Patientinnen mit einer erworbenen oder hereditären Thrombophilie kann es zu vaskulär bedingten Schwangerschaftskomplikationen kommen. Hierzu zählen die tiefe Beinvenenthrombose, die Lungenembolie, aber auch rezidivierende Aborte bei AntiphospholipidSyndrom. Empfehlungen im Hinblick auf die Notwendigkeit einer prophylaktischen Gabe von niedermolekularem Heparin werden bei den verschiedenen Thrombophilien individuell getroffen. Sie sind abhängig von der Art der Thrombophilie, der Eigen- und Familienanamnese hinsichtlich tiefer Beinvenenthrombosen, Lungenembolien oder rezidivierender Aborte sowie dem Verlauf der Schwangerschaft. Eine generelle Empfehlung für eine prophylaktische Heparinisierung bei laborchemisch nachgewiesener Thrombophilie gibt es nicht.Als antikoagulatorische Therapie der Wahl bei thromboembolischen Komplikationen in der Schwangerschaft gelten die niedermolekularen Heparine, da sie nebenwirkungsarm und nicht teratogen sind. Die Therapie der akuten VTE sollte in der Regel bis 6 Wochen post part-um bei einer Gesamtdauer von mindestens 3 Monaten durchgeführt werden. Liegt ein Anti-phospholipid-Syndrom vor, wird zusätzlich Acetylsalicylsäure (75–100 mg/Tag) empfohlen. Da ein Großteil der tiefen Beinvenenthrombosen in der Schwangerschaft proximal auftreten, ist das Risiko eines postthrombotischen Syndroms hoch. Zur Minimierung von Früh- und Spätkomplikationen bei Thromboembolien in der Schwangerschaft ist eine frühzeitige Diagnostik sowie eine risikoadaptierte Prophylaxe entscheidend.
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18
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Naik RP, Streiff MB, Lanzkron S. Sickle cell disease and venous thromboembolism: what the anticoagulation expert needs to know. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013; 35:352-8. [PMID: 23435703 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-013-0895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is common in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). The etiology of increased risk of VTE in SCD patients is multifactorial and is related to both traditional factors and SCD-specific factors. Traditional risk factors such as central venous catheters, frequent hospitalization, orthopedic surgeries for avascular necrosis, and pregnancy may lead to increased incidence of VTE in the SCD population. In addition, SCD itself appears to be a hypercoagulable state, and many SCD-specific factors such as thrombophilic defects, genotype and splenectomy may modify the risk of VTE. SCD complications such as acute chest syndrome and pulmonary hypertension may also be related to VTE. Anticoagulation experts should be aware of these factors to help inform prophylaxis and treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi P Naik
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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19
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Simone B, De Stefano V, Leoncini E, Zacho J, Martinelli I, Emmerich J, Rossi E, Folsom AR, Almawi WY, Scarabin PY, den Heijer M, Cushman M, Penco S, Vaya A, Angchaisuksiri P, Okumus G, Gemmati D, Cima S, Akar N, Oguzulgen KI, Ducros V, Lichy C, Fernandez-Miranda C, Szczeklik A, Nieto JA, Torres JD, Le Cam-Duchez V, Ivanov P, Cantu C, Shmeleva VM, Stegnar M, Ogunyemi D, Eid SS, Nicolotti N, De Feo E, Ricciardi W, Boccia S. Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with single and combined effects of Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin 20210A and Methylenetethraydrofolate reductase C677T: a meta-analysis involving over 11,000 cases and 21,000 controls. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 28:621-47. [PMID: 23900608 PMCID: PMC3935237 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-013-9825-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors interact in determining the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The risk associated with the polymorphic variants G1691A of factor V (Factor V Leiden, FVL), G20210A of prothrombin (PT20210A) and C677T of methylentetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T MTHFR) genes has been investigated in many studies. We performed a pooled analysis of case-control and cohort studies investigating in adults the association between each variant and VTE, published on Pubmed, Embase or Google through January 2010. Authors of eligible papers, were invited to provide all available individual data for the pooling. The Odds Ratio (OR) for first VTE associated with each variant, individually and combined with the others, were calculated with a random effect model, in heterozygotes and homozygotes (dominant model for FVL and PT20210A; recessive for C677T MTHFR). We analysed 31 databases, including 11,239 cases and 21,521 controls. No significant association with VTE was found for homozygous C677T MTHFR (OR: 1.38; 95 % confidence intervals [CI]: 0.98-1.93), whereas the risk was increased in carriers of either heterozygous FVL or PT20210 (OR = 4.22; 95 % CI: 3.35-5.32; and OR = 2.79;95 % CI: 2.25-3.46, respectively), in double heterozygotes (OR = 3.42; 95 %CI 1.64-7.13), and in homozygous FVL or PT20210A (OR = 11.45; 95 %CI: 6.79-19.29; and OR: 6.74 (CI 95 % 2.19-20.72), respectively). The stratified analyses showed a stronger effect of FVL on individuals ≤ 45 years (p value for interaction = 0.036) and of PT20210A in women using oral contraceptives (p-value for interaction = 0.045). In this large pooled analysis, inclusive of large studies like MEGA, no effect was found for C677T MTHFR on VTE; FVL and PT20210A were confirmed to be moderate risk factors. Notably, double carriers of the two genetic variants produced an impact on VTE risk significantly increased but weaker than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Simone
- Institute of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - V De Stefano
- Institute of Haematology, Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - E Leoncini
- Institute of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - J Zacho
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital,
Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - I Martinelli
- A. Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center,
Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda
- Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - J Emmerich
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service
de Médecine Vasculaire, Centre Claude Bernard et Laboratoire
d'Hémostase, Paris, France
| | - E Rossi
- Institute of Haematology, Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - AR Folsom
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - WY Almawi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Arabian Gulf
University, Manama, Bahrain
| | | | - M den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, VU Medical Center, PO-box
7057 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Cushman
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont,
Burlington 05446, USA
| | - S Penco
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Chemistry and Clinical
Pathology Laboratory, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3,
20100 Milan, Italy
| | - A Vaya
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Clinical
Pathology, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Angchaisuksiri
- Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol
University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - G Okumus
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Istanbul Medical
Faculty, Istanbul University, Capa-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D Gemmati
- Centre for the Study of Haemostasis and Thrombosis
Institute of Human Anatomy, the University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - S Cima
- Centre for the Study of Haemostasis and Thrombosis
Institute of Human Anatomy, the University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - N Akar
- Ankara University Department of Pediatric Molecular
Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - KI Oguzulgen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Gazi University School
of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - V Ducros
- Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et
Pharmacologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble,
France
| | - C Lichy
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Memmingen,
Bismarckstrasse 23, 87700 Memmingen, Germany
| | - C Fernandez-Miranda
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario 12
de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Szczeklik
- Dept of Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of
Medicine, Cracow, Poland
| | - JA Nieto
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Virgen de la Luz
Hospital, Cuenca, Spain
| | - JD Torres
- Grupo de Investigación en Trombosis, Universidad
de Antioquia–Hospital Universitario San Vicente de Paúl,
Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - P Ivanov
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine,
Pleven, Bulgaria
| | - C Cantu
- Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y
Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico
| | - VM Shmeleva
- Russian Institute of Haematology and Transfusion, St.
Petersburg, 2-nd Sovietskaya 16, Russia
| | - M Stegnar
- Department of Vascular Diseases, University Medical
Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D Ogunyemi
- Perinatology Unit, Morristown Memorial Hospital, New
Jersey, USA
| | - SS Eid
- King Hussein Medical Center, Princess Iman Research
Center for Laboratory Sciences, Amman, Jordan
| | - N Nicolotti
- Institute of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - E De Feo
- Institute of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - W Ricciardi
- Institute of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - S Boccia
- Institute of Hygiene, Università Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS S. Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
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20
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Conti E, Zezza L, Ralli E, Comito C, Sada L, Passerini J, Caserta D, Rubattu S, Autore C, Moscarini M, Volpe M. Pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2013; 37:251-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-013-0941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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