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Miguel‐Lillo B, Sánchez‐Vidaurre S, Pérez Díaz L, Paravisini A. Pooled analysis of three pharmacokinetic studies comparing biosimilar MB02 and reference bevacizumab. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2023; 11:e01139. [PMID: 37920875 PMCID: PMC10622740 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to add robustness and provide further evidence on the bioequivalence, safety and immunogenicity between MB02 and reference bevacizumab. No similar study has been performed before with a biosimilar monoclonal antibody. METHODS Population analysis by pooling data from three independent pharmacokinetic (PK) studies was performed. The studies had a single-dose, double-blind, three-arm, parallel-group design and two studies, MB02-A-02-17 and MB02-A-05-18, compared MB02 to EU- and US-bevacizumab in Caucasian subjects, while study MB02-A-04-18 compared MB02 and EU-bevacizumab in Japanese participants. Primary endpoints included maximum observed serum concentration (Cmax ), area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero and extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-∞ ) and AUC from time zero to the time of last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t ). Secondary endpoints included other PK parameters, safety and immunogenicity. A sensitivity analysis using actual protein concentration as a correction factor was applied to primary PK parameters. RESULTS Point estimates and 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratios of primary PK parameters for MB02, EU- and US-bevacizumab were all contained within the predefined bioequivalence margins (80%-125%) for all pairwise comparisons. The same results for all pairwise comparisons were observed when protein-corrected primary PK parameters were analyzed. Safety and immunogenicity were similar between MB02 and the EU- and US-reference bevacizumab in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS This pooled analysis of three comparable PK studies further supports the bioequivalence of biosimilar MB02 to EU- and US-reference bevacizumab. No clinically meaningful differences in safety or immunogenicity were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Pérez Díaz
- Medical DepartmentmAbxience Research S.L.MadridSpain
| | - A. Paravisini
- Medical DepartmentmAbxience Research S.L.MadridSpain
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2
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Kumar N, Rai A, Dutta P, Gupta P, Singh P, Mukherjee KK, Dhandapani S. Noncontiguous Radiation-Induced Brain Necrosis (RIBN) in a Patient with Aggressive Pituitary Adenoma and the Utility of Bevacizumab. Neurol India 2021; 69:1055-1057. [PMID: 34507446 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.325385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar
- Department of Radiotherapy, Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashutosh Rai
- Department of Endocrinology, Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pinaki Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prakamya Gupta
- Department of Indian Council of Medical Research, Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Paramjeet Singh
- Department of Radiology, Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanchan K Mukherjee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sivashanmugam Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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3
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Isolation of anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing effects from an Astragalus-induced immune antibody library. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:107007. [PMID: 33182041 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Astragalus membranaceus polysaccharides (APS) can improve immunity and enhance treatment reactions. This study analyzed the effects of effective antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) antibody production in mice treated with APS. After APS treatment, the serum of mice produced the antibody reactions that can cross-validate VEGF. The isolated single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies could neutralize VEGF and inhibit in vivo tumor growth. Of the scFvs, scFv 4E can significantly compete the interaction of bevacizumab with VEGF. In cell experiments, scFv 4E effectively inhibited human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by VEGF in vitro. In a matrix gel-assisted angiogenesis model, scFv 4E significantly inhibited angiogenesis reactions. In addition, in a xenograft model established in the colorectal cancer cell strain HCT116, scFv 4E treatment inhibited tumor growth by up to 52.7%. Finally, molecule docking was performed to simulate the complex interactions of scFv 4E and VEGF, the main driving forces of which involve the hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds of Tyr108 and Tyr 109 of the complementarity-determining region H3 loop with VEGF. The results help in establishing antibody library with high diversity for selecting antibodies with specificity. In addition, this study indirectly expounded the correlations of APS enhancing immunity regulation in vivo.
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4
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Spagnuolo A, Palazzolo G, Sementa C, Gridelli C. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:491-506. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1713092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Spagnuolo
- Division of Medical Oncology, ‘S. G. Moscati’ Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - G Palazzolo
- Division of Medical Oncology, “ULSS 15 Cittadella”, Cittadella, Padova, Italy
| | - C Sementa
- Division of Legal Medicine, ‘S. G. Moscati’ Hospital, Avellino, Italy
| | - C Gridelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, ‘S. G. Moscati’ Hospital, Avellino, Italy
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5
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Targets for improving tumor response to radiotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 76:105847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Malapelle U, Rossi A. Emerging angiogenesis inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2019; 24:71-81. [DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2019.1619696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Malapelle
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (Foggia), Italy
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Therapeutic efficacy of a synthetic epsin mimetic peptide in glioma tumor model: uncovering multiple mechanisms beyond the VEGF-associated tumor angiogenesis. J Neurooncol 2018; 138:17-27. [PMID: 29357089 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Binding of epsin ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM) with ubiquitylated VEGFR2 is a critical mechanism for epsin-dependent VEGFR2 endocytosis and physiological angiogenesis. Deletion of epsins in vessel endothelium produces uncontrolled tumor angiogenesis and retards tumor growth in animal models. The aim of this study is to test the therapeutic efficacy and targeting specificity of a chemically-synthesized peptide, UPI, which compete for epsin binding sites in VEGFR2 and potentially inhibits Epsin-VEGFR2 interaction in vivo, in an attempt to reproduce an epsin-deficient phenotype in tumor angiogenesis. Our data show that UPI treatment significantly inhibits and shrinks tumor growth in GL261 glioma tumor model. UPI peptide specifically targets VEGFR2 signaling pathway revealed by genetic and biochemical approaches. Furthermore, we demonstrated that UPI peptide treatment caused serious thrombosis in tumor vessels and damages tumor cells after a long-term UPI peptide administration. Besides, we revealed that UPI peptides were unexpectedly targeted cancer cells and induced apoptosis. We conclude that UPI peptide is a potent inhibitor to glioma tumor growth through specific targeting of VEGFR2 signaling in the tumor vasculature and cancer cells, which may offer a potentially novel treatment for cancer patients who are resistant to current anti-VEGF therapies.
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Bevacizumab for Radiation Induced Optic Neuritis Among Aggressive Residual/Recurrent Suprasellar Tumors: More Than a Mere Antineoplastic Effect. World Neurosurg 2017; 107:1044.e5-1044.e10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.07.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jamil MO, Jerome MS, Miley D, Selander KS, Robert F. A pilot study of zoledronic acid in the treatment of patients with advanced malignant pleural mesothelioma. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2017; 8:39-44. [PMID: 28652837 PMCID: PMC5476579 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s135802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignancy with a dismal median survival of <12 months with current therapy. Single and combination chemotherapy regimens have shown only modest clinical benefit. In preclinical studies, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (zoledronic acid) inhibit growth of mesothelioma cells by different mechanisms: inhibition of mevalonate pathway, inhibition of angiogenesis, activation of apoptosis through caspase activation, and alteration in activity of matrix metalloproteinases, thereby affecting invasiveness of cancer cells. Patients and methods We investigated the role of zoledronic acid in a pilot, single-arm trial of MPM patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 0–2 who had progressed on prior treatments or had not received systemic therapy due to poor PS. Primary end point was composite response rate by modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors and/or metabolic response by 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-d-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography criteria. Secondary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Exploratory end points include the effect of zoledronic acid therapy on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor, interleukin 8, transforming growth factor beta, mesothelin, and osteopontin levels. Results Eight male patients (median age of 62 years) with the following clinical characteristics were treated; ECOG PS was 0–2, 75% with epithelioid type, and 62% had prior chemotherapy Overall composite response rate was 12.5% and the clinical benefit rate (response + stable disease) was 37.5%. Median PFS was 2 months (0.5–21 months) and median OS was 7 months (0.8–28 months). No treatment-related toxicities were observed. Lower VEGF levels were predictive of favorable response and mesothelin levels correlated with disease course. Conclusion Zoledronic acid shows modest clinical activity without significant toxicity in patients with advanced MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Omer Jamil
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mary S Jerome
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Deborah Miley
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Katri S Selander
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Francisco Robert
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Dong Y, Wu H, Dong J, Song K, Rahman HA, Towner R, Chen H. Mimetic peptide of ubiquitin-interacting motif of epsin as a cancer therapeutic-perspective in brain tumor therapy through regulating VEGFR2 signaling. VESSEL PLUS 2017; 1:3-11. [PMID: 29905336 PMCID: PMC5997290 DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2016.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epsins, endocytic adaptor proteins required for internalization of ubiquitylated receptors, are generally upregulated in human cancers. It has been characterized that mice deficient of epsins in the endothelium inhibit tumor growth by dysregulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) signaling and non-productive tumor angiogenesis. Binding of the epsin ubiquitin (Ub)-interacting motif (UIM) with ubiquitylated VEGFR2 is a critical mechanism for epsin-dependent VEGFR2 endocytosis and degradation, indicative of epsin UIM as a potential therapeutic target. A Computer Assisted Drug Design approach was utilized to create the UIM mimetic peptides for the functional competition of epsin binding sites in ubiquitylated VEGFR2 in vivo. Specifically targeting VEGFR2 in the tumor vasculature, the chemically synthesized chimeric UIM peptide, UPI, causes non-functional tumor angiogenesis, retards tumor growth, and increases survival rates in several tumor models. The authors showed that UPI binds ubiquitylated VEGFR2 to form a supercomplex in an Ub-dependent fashion. Collectively, the UPI targeting strategy offers a potentially novel treatment for cancer patients who are resistant to current anti-angiogenic therapies. In this review, the authors outline the main points of this research specifically as a potential application for glioma tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhou Dong
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jerry Dong
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Kai Song
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Habibunnabi Ashiqur Rahman
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rheal Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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HIF-1α and HIF-2α induced angiogenesis in gastrointestinal vascular malformation and reversed by thalidomide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27280. [PMID: 27249651 PMCID: PMC4888746 DOI: 10.1038/srep27280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide is used in clinical practice to treat gastrointestinal vascular malformation (GIVM), but the pathogenesis of GIVM is not clear. Hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and 2 alpha (HIF-2α/EPAS1) are in the same family and act as master regulators of the adaptive response to hypoxia. HIF-1α and HIF-2α are up-regulated in vascular malformations in intestinal tissues from GIVM patients, but not in adjacent normal vessels. Therefore, we investigated the role of HIF-1α and HIF-2α during angiogenesis and the mechanism of thalidomide action. In vitro experiments confirmed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was a direct target of HIF-2α and that HIF-1α and HIF-2α regulated NOTCH1, Ang2, and DLL4, which enhanced vessel-forming of endothelial cells. Thalidomide down-regulated the expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α and inhibited angiogenesis. In vivo zebrafish experiments suggested that HIF-2α overexpression was associated with abnormal subintestinal vascular (SIV) sprouting, which was reversed by thalidomide. This result indicated that thalidomide regulated angiogenesis via the inhibition of HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression, which further regulated downstream factors, including VEGF, NOTCH1, DLL4, and Ang2. The abnormally high expression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α may contribute to GIVM.
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12
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Dong Y, Wu H, Rahman HNA, Liu Y, Pasula S, Tessneer KL, Cai X, Liu X, Chang B, McManus J, Hahn S, Dong J, Brophy ML, Yu L, Song K, Silasi-Mansat R, Saunders D, Njoku C, Song H, Mehta-D'Souza P, Towner R, Lupu F, McEver RP, Xia L, Boerboom D, Srinivasan RS, Chen H. Motif mimetic of epsin perturbs tumor growth and metastasis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4349-64. [PMID: 26571402 DOI: 10.1172/jci80349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is critical for cancer progression. In multiple murine models, endothelium-specific epsin deficiency abrogates tumor progression by shifting the balance of VEGFR2 signaling toward uncontrolled tumor angiogenesis, resulting in dysfunctional tumor vasculature. Here, we designed a tumor endothelium-targeting chimeric peptide (UPI) for the purpose of inhibiting endogenous tumor endothelial epsins by competitively binding activated VEGFR2. We determined that the UPI peptide specifically targets tumor endothelial VEGFR2 through an unconventional binding mechanism that is driven by unique residues present only in the epsin ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM) and the VEGFR2 kinase domain. In murine models of neoangiogenesis, UPI peptide increased VEGF-driven angiogenesis and neovascularization but spared quiescent vascular beds. Further, in tumor-bearing mice, UPI peptide markedly impaired functional tumor angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis, resulting in a notable increase in survival. Coadministration of UPI peptide with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics further sustained tumor inhibition. Equipped with localized tumor endothelium-specific targeting, our UPI peptide provides potential for an effective and alternative cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
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Stengel C, Newman SP, Day JM, Chander SK, Jourdan FL, Leese MP, Ferrandis E, Regis-Lydi S, Potter BVL, Reed MJ, Purohit A, Foster PA. In vivo and in vitro properties of STX2484: a novel non-steroidal anti-cancer compound active in taxane-resistant breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:300-8. [PMID: 24960406 PMCID: PMC4102933 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND STX2484 is a novel non-steroidal compound with potent anti-proliferative activity. These studies aimed to identify STX2484's mechanism of action, in vivo efficacy and activity in taxane-resistant breast cancer models. METHODS Effects of STX2484 and paclitaxel on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed in vitro in drug-resistant (MCF-7(DOX)) and non-resistant cells (MCF-7(WT)). STX2484 efficacy in βIII tubulin overexpression in MCF-7 cells was also determined. Anti-angiogenic activity was quantified in vitro by a co-culture model and in vivo using a Matrigel plug assay. An MDA-MB-231 xenograft model was used to determine STX2484 efficacy in vivo. RESULTS STX2484 is a tubulin disruptor, which induces p53 expression, Bcl2 phosphorylation, caspase-3 cleavage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In addition, STX2484 is a potent anti-angiogenic agent in vitro and in vivo. In breast cancer xenografts, STX2484 (20 mg kg(-1) p.o.) suppressed tumour growth by 84% after 35 days of daily dosing, with limited toxicity. In contrast to paclitaxel, STX2484 efficacy was unchanged in two clinically relevant drug-resistant models. CONCLUSIONS STX2484 is an orally bioavailable microtubule-disrupting agent with in vivo anti-angiogenic activity and excellent in vivo efficacy with no apparent toxicity. Crucially, STX2484 has superior efficacy to paclitaxel in models of clinical drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stengel
- 1] Oncology Drug Discovery Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK [2] Cancer Institute, UCL, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - S P Newman
- Oncology Drug Discovery Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - J M Day
- Oncology Drug Discovery Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - S K Chander
- Oncology Drug Discovery Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - F L Jourdan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - M P Leese
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - E Ferrandis
- Systems Biology, IPSEN, 5 Avenue du Canada, Les Ulis 91966, France
| | - S Regis-Lydi
- Systems Biology, IPSEN, 5 Avenue du Canada, Les Ulis 91966, France
| | - B V L Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - M J Reed
- Oncology Drug Discovery Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - A Purohit
- Oncology Drug Discovery Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - P A Foster
- 1] Oncology Drug Discovery Group, Section of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK [2] Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Sie M, den Dunnen WF, Hoving EW, de Bont ES. Anti-angiogenic therapy in pediatric brain tumors: An effective strategy? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 89:418-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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15
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Feng Q, Tan HH, Ge ZZ, Gao YJ, Chen HM, Xiao SD. Thalidomide-induced angiopoietin 2, Notch1 and Dll4 downregulation under hypoxic condition in tissues with gastrointestinal vascular malformation and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Dig Dis 2014; 15:85-95. [PMID: 24219762 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal vascular malformation (GIVM) and the mechanism of thalidomide in treating GIVM by evaluating the expression of angiopoietin 2 (Ang2), Notch1, delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (Hif-1α). METHODS Data of 10 patients with histology-confirmed GIVM were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry of surgically resected GIVM tissues and the adjacent mucosa of the patients and normal tissues from those who had undergone colonoscopy for health examination was performed to examine the expressions of Ang2, Notch1, Dll4 and Hif-1α. In addition, in vitro effect of thalidomide on Ang2, Notch1 and Dll4 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and on HUVEC proliferation was also investigated during normoxic and hypoxic conditions. RESULTS GIVM lesions presented as tortuous, dilated arterioles, venules and capillaries. Ang2, Notch1 and Dll4 showed strong immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm and nuclei of GIVM lesions but negative or weak positivity in the intestinal mucosa of the adjacent tissues and normal mucosa. Under hypoxic condition the expressions of Hif-1α, Ang2, Notch1 and Dll4 were upregulated and the tube formation was more abundant with a greater diameter of tubes. Moreover, thalidomide downregulated their expression in HUVEC and HUVEC proliferation decreased in a concentration-dependent manner under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions. CONCLUSION Ang2, Notch1, Dll4 and Hif-1α may play an important role in the pathogenesis of GIVM and may be potential targets of thalidomide in the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Feng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Ministry of Health (Shanghai Jiao Tong University), Shanghai, China
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16
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Aprile G, Ferrari L, Fontanella C, Puglisi F. Bevacizumab in older patients with advanced colorectal or breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 87:41-54. [PMID: 23265855 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal and breast cancer is growing among the 550 million living people aged 65 or older. Bevacizumab was the first anti-angiogenic agent approved for the treatment of the advanced phase of these cancers. Although older chronological age still hampers the use of modern treatments, there is a widespread awareness that chronological and physiological (i.e. functional) ages may largely differ, and that seniority itself should not be a stringent limit for the introduction of anti-angiogenics. However, the use of bevacizumab in the general older population is questionable. There is limited evidence of a favorable risk-to-benefit ratio, with efficacy data deriving from clinical trials that selected only elderly patients in rather good health. While summarizing the recent advances, this review highlights specific clinical features characterizing those older patients who may benefit the most from receiving bevacizumab.
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17
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Ortiz LD, Syro LV, Scheithauer BW, Ersen A, Uribe H, Fadul CE, Rotondo F, Horvath E, Kovacs K. Anti-VEGF therapy in pituitary carcinoma. Pituitary 2012; 15:445-9. [PMID: 21918831 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-011-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 44-year-old male patient with an aggressive silent corticotroph cell pituitary adenoma, subtype 2. In that it progressed to carcinoma despite temozolomide administration, anti-VEGF therapy was begun. MRI, PET scan and pathologic analysis were undertaken. After 10 months of anti-VEGF (bevacizumab) treatment no progression of the lesion was noted. The tumor was biopsied and morphological analysis showed severe cell injury, vascular abnormalities and fibrosis. Bevacizumab treatment has continued for additional 16 months to present with stabilization of disease as documented on serial MRI and PET scans. This is the first case of a bevacizumab-treated pituitary carcinoma with long-term, now 26 months, control of disease. The present findings are promising in that anti-angiogenic therapy appears to represent a new option in the treatment of aggressive pituitary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon D Ortiz
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Instituto de Cancerologia, Clinica Las Americas, Medellin, Colombia
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18
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Masoumi Moghaddam S, Amini A, Morris DL, Pourgholami MH. Significance of vascular endothelial growth factor in growth and peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 31:143-62. [PMID: 22101807 PMCID: PMC3350632 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis which drives endothelial cell survival, proliferation, and migration while increasing vascular permeability. Playing an important role in the physiology of normal ovaries, VEGF has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Essentially by promoting tumor angiogenesis and enhancing vascular permeability, VEGF contributes to the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis associated with malignant ascites formation, the characteristic feature of advanced ovarian cancer at diagnosis. In both experimental and clinical studies, VEGF levels have been inversely correlated with survival. Moreover, VEGF inhibition has been shown to inhibit tumor growth and ascites production and to suppress tumor invasion and metastasis. These findings have laid the basis for the clinical evaluation of agents targeting VEGF signaling pathway in patients with ovarian cancer. In this review, we will focus on VEGF involvement in the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer and its contribution to the disease progression and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Masoumi Moghaddam
- Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217 Australia
| | - Afshin Amini
- Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217 Australia
| | - David L. Morris
- Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217 Australia
| | - Mohammad H. Pourgholami
- Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217 Australia
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19
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Fisher JC, Gander JW, Haley MJ, Hernandez SL, Huang J, Chang YJ, Johung TB, Guarnieri P, O'Toole K, Yamashiro DJ, Kandel JJ. Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase 2 reduces tumor metastasis and inflammatory signaling during blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor. Vasc Cell 2011; 3:22. [PMID: 21978392 PMCID: PMC3198683 DOI: 10.1186/2045-824x-3-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) blockade is an effective therapy for human cancer, yet virtually all neoplasms resume primary tumor growth or metastasize during therapy. Mechanisms of progression have been proposed to include genes that control vascular remodeling and are elicited by hypoperfusion, such as the inducible enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). We have previously shown that COX-2 inhibition by the celecoxib analog SC236 attenuates perivascular stromal cell recruitment and tumor growth. We therefore examined the effect of combined SC236 and VEGF blockade, using the metastasizing orthotopic SKNEP1 model of pediatric cancer. Combined treatment perturbed tumor vessel remodeling and macrophage recruitment, but did not further limit primary tumor growth as compared to VEGF blockade alone. However, combining SC236 and VEGF inhibition significantly reduced the incidence of lung metastasis, suggesting a distinct effect on prometastatic mechanisms. We found that SC236 limited tumor cell viability and migration in vitro, with effects enhanced by hypoxia, but did not change tumor proliferation or matrix metalloproteinase expression in vivo. Gene set expression analysis (GSEA) indicated that the addition of SC236 to VEGF inhibition significantly reduced expression of gene sets linked to macrophage mobilization. Perivascular recruitment of macrophages induced by VEGF blockade was disrupted in tumors treated with combined VEGF- and COX-2-inhibition. Collectively, these findings suggest that during VEGF blockade COX-2 may restrict metastasis by limiting both prometastatic behaviors in individual tumor cells and mobilization of macrophages to the tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Fisher
- Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, 45229-3039, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Gander
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Mary Jo Haley
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Sonia L Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Yan-Jung Chang
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Tessa B Johung
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Paolo Guarnieri
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Kathleen O'Toole
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Darrell J Yamashiro
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, New York 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, New York 10032, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Jessica J Kandel
- Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, New York 10032, USA
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21
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Zhou LP, Luan H, Dong XH, Jin GJ, Man DL, Shang H. Vascular endothelial growth factor +936C/T polymorphism and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:931-936. [PMID: 22977600 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) +936C/T polymorphism confers susceptibility to gastric cancer (GC) by conducting a meta-analysis. Publications addressing the association between the VEGF +936C/T polymorphism and GC risk were selected from the Pubmed, Embase and CBM databases. Data were extracted from the studies by two independent reviewers. The meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.0.25 and STATA 9.2 software. From these data, the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Finally, 8 case-control studies were retrieved reporting a total of 2,131 gastrointestinal cancer patients and 2,670 controls. Meta-analysis results showed that there was no significant association between the VEGF +936C/T polymorphism and GC risk in all comparisons of the T allele vs. C allele (OR=1.08, 95% CI 0.90-1.30, P=0.42), CT+TT vs. CC (OR=1.08, 95% CI 0.87-1.34, P=0.49), TT vs. CC+CT (OR=1.14, 95% CI 0.85-1.53, P=0.37), TT vs. CC (OR=1.18, 95% CI 0.87-1.59, P=0.28) and TT vs. CT (OR=1.11, 95% CI 0.79-1.56, P=0.56). This meta-analysis confirms that there is a lack of association between the VEGF +936C/T polymorphism and GC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, P.R. China
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22
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Stefanini MO, Qutub AA, Mac Gabhann F, Popel AS. Computational models of VEGF-associated angiogenic processes in cancer. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY-A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2011; 29:85-94. [PMID: 21266494 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqq025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour angiogenesis allows a growing mass of cancer cells to overcome oxygen diffusion limitation and to increase cell survival. The growth of capillaries from pre-existing blood vessels is the result of numerous signalling cascades involving different molecules and of cellular events involving multiple cell and tissue types. Computational models offer insight into the mechanisms governing angiogenesis and provide quantitative information on parameters difficult to assess by experiments alone. In this article, we summarize results from computational models of tumour angiogenic processes with a focus on the molecular-detailed vascular endothelial growth factor-associated models that have been developed in our laboratory, spanning multiple scales from the molecular to whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne O Stefanini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Stefanini MO, Wu FTH, Mac Gabhann F, Popel AS. Increase of plasma VEGF after intravenous administration of bevacizumab is predicted by a pharmacokinetic model. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9886-94. [PMID: 21118974 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most potent cytokines targeted in antiangiogenic therapies. Bevacizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to VEGF, is being used clinically in combination with chemotherapy for colorectal, non-small cell lung and breast cancers, and as a single agent for glioblastoma and is being tested for other types of cancer in numerous clinical trials. It has been reported that the intravenous injection of bevacizumab leads to an increase of plasma VEGF concentration in cancer patients. The mechanism responsible for this counterintuitive increase has not been elucidated, although several hypotheses have been proposed. We use a multiscale systems biology approach to address this problem. We have constructed a whole-body pharmacokinetic model comprising three compartments: blood, normal tissue, and tumor tissue. Molecular interactions among VEGF-A family members, their major receptors, the extracellular matrix, and an anti-VEGF ligand are considered for each compartment. Diffusible molecules extravasate, intravasate, are removed from the healthy tissue through the lymphatics, and are cleared from the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne O Stefanini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Intravital microscopy in window chambers: a unique tool to study tumor angiogenesis and delivery of nanoparticles. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:113-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-010-9176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Romon R, Adriaenssens E, Lagadec C, Germain E, Hondermarck H, Le Bourhis X. Nerve growth factor promotes breast cancer angiogenesis by activating multiple pathways. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:157. [PMID: 20569463 PMCID: PMC2901260 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although several anti-angiogenic therapies have been approved in the treatment of cancer, the survival benefits of such therapies are relatively modest. Discovering new molecules and/or better understating signaling pathways of angiogenesis is therefore essential for therapeutic improvements. The objective of the present study was to determine the involvement of nerve growth factor (NGF) in breast cancer angiogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results We showed that both recombinant NGF and NGF produced by breast cancer cells stimulated angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs in immunodeficient mice. NGF strongly increased invasion, cord formation and the monolayer permeability of endothelial cells. Moreover, NGF-stimulated invasion was under the control of its tyrosine kinase receptor (TrkA) and downstream signaling pathways such as PI3K and ERK, leading to the activation of matrix metalloprotease 2 and nitric oxide synthase. Interestingly, NGF increased the secretion of VEGF in both endothelial and breast cancer cells. Inhibition of VEGF, with a neutralizing antibody, reduced about half of NGF-induced endothelial cell invasion and angiogenesis in vivo. Conclusions Our findings provided direct evidence that NGF could be an important stimulator for breast cancer angiogenesis. Thus, NGF, as well as the activated signaling pathways, should be regarded as potential new targets for anti-angiogenic therapy against breast cancer.
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Bose D, Meric-Bernstam F, Hofstetter W, Reardon DA, Flaherty KT, Ellis LM. Vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy in the perioperative setting: implications for patient care. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11:373-82. [PMID: 20171141 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeted therapy, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, has become the standard of care in several solid tumours, including colorectal cancer, renal-cell carcinoma, breast cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, and glioblastoma. VEGF is crucial in the process of angiogenesis and wound healing and, thus, its inhibition has the potential to affect wound healing in patients undergoing surgery. In this review, we summarise the data available on the use of VEGF-targeted therapies, and their effect on perioperative wound complications. Surgery in patients receiving VEGF-targeted therapies seems to be safe when an appropriate interval of time is allowed between surgical procedures and treatment. Recommendations regarding this interval are provided in a disease and agent site-specific manner. We also discuss complications arising from the use of VEGF-directed therapies that might require surgical intervention and the considerations important in their management. At this juncture, safety data on the use of VEGF-targeted therapies in the perioperative period are sparse, and investigators are urged to continue to study this issue prospectively in current and future clinical trials to establish firm guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashish Bose
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
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27
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Mabry R, Gilbertson DG, Frank A, Vu T, Ardourel D, Ostrander C, Stevens B, Julien S, Franke S, Meengs B, Brody J, Presnell S, Hamacher NB, Lantry M, Wolf A, Bukowski T, Rosler R, Yen C, Anderson-Haley M, Brasel K, Pan Q, Franklin H, Thompson P, Dodds M, Underwood S, Peterson S, Sivakumar PV, Snavely M. A dual-targeting PDGFRbeta/VEGF-A molecule assembled from stable antibody fragments demonstrates anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. MAbs 2010; 2:20-34. [PMID: 20065654 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.1.10498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting angiogenesis is a promising approach to the treatment of solid tumors and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Inhibition of vascularization has been validated by the successful marketing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target specific growth factors or their receptors, but there is considerable room for improvement in existing therapies. Combination of mAbs targeting both the VEGF and PDGF pathways has the potential to increase the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy without the accompanying toxicities of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the inability to combine efficiently with traditional chemotherapeutics. However, development costs and regulatory issues have limited the use of combinatorial approaches for the generation of more efficacious treatments. The concept of mediating disease pathology by targeting two antigens with one therapeutic was proposed over two decades ago. While mAbs are particularly suitable candidates for a dual-targeting approach, engineering bispecificity into one molecule can be difficult due to issues with expression and stability, which play a significant role in manufacturability. Here, we address these issues upstream in the process of developing a bispecific antibody (bsAb). Single-chain antibody fragments (scFvs) targeting PDGFRbeta and VEGF-A were selected for superior stability. The scFvs were fused to both termini of human Fc to generate a bispecific, tetravalent molecule. The resulting molecule displays potent activity, binds both targets simultaneously, and is stable in serum. The assembly of a bsAb using stable monomeric units allowed development of an anti-PDGFRB/VEGF-A antibody capable of attenuating angiogenesis through two distinct pathways and represents an efficient method for rapid engineering of dual-targeting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mabry
- Antibody Discovery and Assay Technology, ZymoGenetics, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA.
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