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Chemas-Velez MM, Bastidas D, Jimenez Fandiño LH. Novel Use of Feminization Laryngoplasty. J Voice 2023; 37:302.e13-302.e15. [PMID: 33500201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wendler glottoplasty is a voice feminization surgical procedure designed to increase the fundamental frequency (F0) in male-to-female transsexual patients with gender dysphoria. On average, Wendler glottoplasty has the most significant effect on F0 among voice feminization surgical procedures. CASE REPORT We present the case of a young female patient with a testosterone-producing adrenocortical adenoma who underwent irreversible vocal changes secondary to virilization, which impacted her self-esteem and quality of life (QOL). Voice feminization surgery using Wendler glottoplasty was performed with significant improvement in F0 and QOL. DISCUSSION Sex hormones have a profound impact on the voice. Increased testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are known to cause hypertrophy of the laryngeal muscles and ligaments, which leads to a drop in F0. However, women who present androphonia rarely require surgical management and improve with vocal therapy alone. Few cases of voice feminization procedures for the treatment of androphonia have been described in the literature. Our patient presented with severe masculinization of her voice with a F0 lower than the average adolescent male, which led to the requirement of surgical management. CONCLUSIONS Patients with severe androphonia that significantly affect their QOL and show no improvement after the management of the underlying pathology and intense vocal therapy are candidates for voice feminization surgeries. These procedures offer positive results both in terms of F0 and in improving patient's self-esteem and QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manuela Chemas-Velez
- Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia; Otolaryngology Program, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia.
| | - Danielle Bastidas
- Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia; Otolaryngology Program, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Luis Humberto Jimenez Fandiño
- Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia; Otolaryngology Program, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
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Hirschberg AL. Approach to Investigation of Hyperandrogenism in a Postmenopausal Woman. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 108:1243-1253. [PMID: 36409990 PMCID: PMC10099172 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism is a condition caused by relative or absolute androgen excess originating from the ovaries and/or the adrenal glands. Hirsutism, i.e., increased terminal hair growth in androgen-dependent areas of the body, is considered the most effective measure of hyperandrogenism in women. Other symptoms can be acne and androgenic alopecia or the development of virilization including clitoromegaly. Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism may also be associated with metabolic disorders like abdominal obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Mild hyperandrogenic symptoms can be due to relative androgen excess associated with menopausal transition or polycystic ovary syndrome, which is likely the most common cause of postmenopausal hyperandrogenism. Virilizing symptoms, on the other hand, can be caused by ovarian hyperthecosis or an androgen-producing ovarian or adrenal tumor that may be potentially malignant. Determination of serum testosterone, preferably by tandem mass spectrometry, is the first step in the endocrine evaluation providing important information on the degree of androgen excess. Testosterone > 5 nmol/L is associated with virilization and requires prompt investigation to rule out an androgen-producing tumor in first instance. To localize the source of androgen excess, imaging techniques are used like transvaginal ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the ovaries and computed tomography (CT) and MRI for the adrenals. Bilateral oophorectomy or surgical removal of an adrenal tumor is the main curative treatment and will ultimately lead to a histopathological diagnosis. Mild to moderate symptoms of androgen excess are treated with anti-androgen therapy or specific endocrine therapy depending on diagnosis. This review summarizes the most relevant causes of hyperandrogenism in postmenopausal women and suggests principles for clinical investigation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Puberty is the process through which reproductive competence is achieved and comprises gonadarche and adrenarche. Breast development is the initial physical finding of pubertal onset in girls and typically occurs between 8 and 13 years. Menarche normally occurs 2 to 3 years after the onset of breast development. Pubertal onset is controlled by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator in the hypothalamus; however, environmental factors such as alterations in energy balance and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals can alter the timing of pubertal onset. Improvement in nutritional and socioeconomic conditions over the past two centuries has been associated with a secular trend in earlier pubertal onset. Precocious puberty is defined as onset of breast development prior to 8 years and can be central or peripheral. Delayed puberty can be hypogonadotropic or hypergonadotropic and is defined as lack of breast development by 13 years or lack of menarche by 16 years. Both precocious and delayed puberty may have negative effects on self-esteem, potentially leading to psychosocial stress. Patients who present with pubertal differences require a comprehensive assessment to determine the underlying etiology and to devise an effective treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva B Sopher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sharon E Oberfield
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Selma F Witchel
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Hyperandrogenism, Elevated 17-Hydroxyprogesterone and Its Urinary Metabolites in a Young Woman with Ovarian Steroid Cell Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Endocrinol 2019; 2019:9237459. [PMID: 31772787 PMCID: PMC6854983 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9237459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of a 24-year-old overweight woman who presented with hirsutism, secondary amenorrhea, clitoromegaly, and symptoms of diabetes mellitus (DM). While a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with its associated metabolic disturbances was initially considered, serum total testosterone, androstenedione, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were significantly increased. As 17-OHP did not increase upon ACTH (Synacthen) stimulation and the urinary steroid profile (USP) was compatible with an ovarian source of 17-OHP excess rather than adrenal, non classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH) was unlikely and an androgen-secreting tumor was suspected. Transabdominal ultrasound revealed the presence of an enlarged right ovary with a polycystic ovary morphology and no discrete mass. Transvaginal ultrasound and [18F]− fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography–computed tomography (FDG PET–CT) enabled the localization of a right ovarian tumor. Laparoscopic right salpingo-oophorectomy was performed and a histological diagnosis of steroid cell tumor, not otherwise specified (SCT–NOS) was made. Hyperandrogenism and menstrual disturbances resolved postoperatively. A literature review revealed that 17-OHP-secreting SCT–NOS may uncommonly show positive responses to ACTH stimulation similar to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Alternatively, USP might be useful in localizing the source of 17-OHP to the ovaries. Its diagnostic performance should be evaluated in further studies.
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Steenaard RV, Michon LA, Haak HR. Health-Related Quality of Life in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1500. [PMID: 31597261 PMCID: PMC6826350 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) impact of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is important. The disease and its treatment options potentially have an impact on HRQoL. For patients with limited survival, HRQoL research is of utmost importance. We will therefore provide an overview of HRQoL studies in patients with ACC. We found six studies that measured HRQoL in 323 patients with ACC (3 cross-sectional, 1 cohort, 2 trials), all indicating a reduced HRQoL compared to the general population. The FIRMACT trial found that HRQoL of patients with ACC was reduced compared to the general population, and that chemotherapy-mitotane further reduced HRQoL even though survival improved. Clinical aspects of the disease, including cortisol and aldosterone production and adrenal insufficiency have shown great impact on HRQoL in benign disease, even after the recovery of hormonal status. However, the impact of malignant adrenal disease and treatment options on HRQoL including adrenalectomy, radiotherapy, mitotane therapy, and chemotherapy have not been sufficiently studied in patients with ACC. Although the number of HRQoL studies in patients with ACC is limited, the existing literature does indicate that ACC has a large impact on patients' HRQoL, with disease specific aspects. Further HRQoL research in patients with ACC is essential to improve patient-centered care, preferably by using an ACC-specific HRQoL questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca V Steenaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima MC, 5631 Eindhoven/Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Ageing and Long-Term Care, Maastricht University, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura A Michon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima MC, 5631 Eindhoven/Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Harm R Haak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Máxima MC, 5631 Eindhoven/Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Ageing and Long-Term Care, Maastricht University, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Diagnostic Dilemma in Two Cases of Hyperandrogenism. Case Rep Endocrinol 2018; 2018:9041018. [PMID: 30050702 PMCID: PMC6040299 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9041018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirsutism is a common endocrine complaint affecting about 10 percent of women. It may be caused by multiple etiologies including adrenal and ovarian disorders. Usually, it is a result of a benign entity such as PCOs and idiopathic hirsutism. However, sometimes especially when it is severe and rapid in progression an androgen-secreting tumor should be excluded. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors constitute fewer than 0.5 percent of ovarian tumors and it may be benign or malignant. In this article, we present two cases of hyperandrogenism caused by occult ovarian Leydig cell tumors. one of them was confounded by the presence of coincidental bilateral adrenal nodules that complicated the diagnostic process. Tumor dissection was curative in both cases and the diagnosis was confirmed by pathological and hormonal testing after surgery.
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Ratajczak MZ. Why are hematopoietic stem cells so 'sexy'? on a search for developmental explanation. Leukemia 2017; 31:1671-1677. [PMID: 28502982 PMCID: PMC5540746 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that normal human and murine hematopoietic stem cells express several functional pituitary and gonadal sex hormones, and that, in fact, some sex hormones, such as androgens, have been employed for many years to stimulate hematopoiesis in patients with bone marrow aplasia. Interestingly, sex hormone receptors are also expressed by leukemic cell lines and blasts. In this review, I will discuss the emerging question of why hematopoietic cells express these receptors. A tempting hypothetical explanation for this phenomenon is that hematopoietic stem cells are related to subpopulation of migrating primordial germ cells. To support of this notion, the anatomical sites of origin of primitive and definitive hematopoiesis during embryonic development are tightly connected with the migratory route of primordial germ cells: from the proximal epiblast to the extraembryonic endoderm at the bottom of the yolk sac and then back to the embryo proper via the primitive streak to the aorta-gonado-mesonephros (AGM) region on the way to the genital ridges. The migration of these cells overlaps with the emergence of primitive hematopoiesis in the blood islands at the bottom of the yolk sac, and definitive hematopoiesis that occurs in hemogenic endothelium in the embryonic dorsal aorta in AGM region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
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Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Borkowska S, Janowska-Wieczorek A, Tonn T, Rodriguez C, Moniuszko M, Bolkun L, Koloczko J, Eljaszewicz A, Ratajczak J, Ratajczak MZ, Kucia M. Novel evidence that pituitary gonadotropins directly stimulate human leukemic cells-studies of myeloid cell lines and primary patient AML and CML cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3033-46. [PMID: 26701888 PMCID: PMC4823088 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that normal hematopoietic stem cells express functional pituitary sex hormone (SexH) receptors. Here we report for the first time that pituitary-secreted gonadotrophins stimulate migration, adhesion, and proliferation of several human myeloid and lymphoid leukemia cell lines. Similar effects were observed after stimulation of human leukemic cell lines by gonadal SexHs. This effect seems to be direct, as the SexH receptors expressed by leukemic cells responded to stimulation by phosphorylation of MAPKp42/44 and AKTser473. Furthermore, in parallel studies we confirmed that human primary patient-derived AML and CML blasts also express several functional SexH receptors. These results shed more light on the potential role of SexHs in leukemogenesis and, in addition, provide further evidence suggesting a developmental link between hematopoiesis and the germline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Torsten Tonn
- Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus - Technische Universtität Dresden, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North East, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cesar Rodriguez
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bolkun
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Janusz Koloczko
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Nakamura Y, Yamazaki Y, Felizola SJ, Ise K, Morimoto R, Satoh F, Arai Y, Sasano H. Adrenocortical carcinoma: review of the pathologic features, production of adrenal steroids, and molecular pathogenesis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2015; 44:399-410. [PMID: 26038208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant neoplasm often associated with an aggressive biological behavior. The histologic differentiation between ACC and adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) is largely determined by employing the Weiss criteria, although this classification may not apply to all the cases. Additionally, various genomic features of ACC could be an auxiliary mode to establish the diagnosis of ACC. Most ACC cases are hormonally functional, and immunohistochemical analysis of steroidogenic enzymes has provided pivotal information as to the analysis of intratumoral production of corticosteroids. This article summarizes the current status of the histopathological diagnosis, molecular pathogenesis, and hormonal features of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Saulo J Felizola
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazue Ise
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoichi Arai
- Department of Urology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Chen AH, Li HY, Wu VC, Lin YH, Huang TS. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentration is lower in women with primary aldosteronism. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 16:137-44. [PMID: 23571826 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313483843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to measure serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) concentration in both genders with primary aldosteronism (PA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study enrolled 78 subjects with normal controls, 46 subjects with essential hypertension and 85 subjects with PA from October 2007 to June 2011. Subjects with PA were divided into three subtype groups: aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), bilateral idiopathic hyperplasia (IHA) and PA with negative imaging findings. RESULTS Women with PA (n = 49) had lower serum DHEA-S levels compared with normal controls and subjects with essential hypertension (p < 0.01). In subtype analysis, only female APAs had lower serum DHEA-S levels (p < 0.01 compared with normal controls, p < 0.01 compared with subjects with essential hypertension). In APA, a significant correlation between tumor size and serum DHEA-S was found in women (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our data suggested that serum DHEA-S levels are lower in women with PA. In subtype groups, only women with APA had lower serum DHEA-S. There was no significant difference between subjects with bilateral essential hyperplasia, PA with negative imaging findings, normal controls and subjects with essential hypertension in both genders. The serum DHEA-S level is negatively correlated with the size of APA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yuan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Vin-cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Shang Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
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Krachulec J, Vetter M, Schrade A, Löbs AK, Bielinska M, Cochran R, Kyrönlahti A, Pihlajoki M, Parviainen H, Jay PY, Heikinheimo M, Wilson DB. GATA4 is a critical regulator of gonadectomy-induced adrenocortical tumorigenesis in mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2599-611. [PMID: 22461617 PMCID: PMC3359595 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In response to gonadectomy certain inbred mouse strains develop sex steroidogenic adrenocortical neoplasms. One of the hallmarks of neoplastic transformation is expression of GATA4, a transcription factor normally present in gonadal but not adrenal steroidogenic cells of the adult mouse. To show that GATA4 directly modulates adrenocortical tumorigenesis and is not merely a marker of gonadal-like differentiation in the neoplasms, we studied mice with germline or conditional loss-of-function mutations in the Gata4 gene. Germline Gata4 haploinsufficiency was associated with attenuated tumor growth and reduced expression of sex steroidogenic genes in the adrenal glands of ovariectomized B6D2F1 and B6AF1 mice. At 12 months after ovariectomy, wild-type B6D2F1 mice had biochemical and histological evidence of adrenocortical estrogen production, whereas Gata4(+/-) B6D2F1 mice did not. Germline Gata4 haploinsufficiency exacerbated the secondary phenotype of postovariectomy obesity in B6D2F1 mice, presumably by limiting ectopic estrogen production in the adrenal glands. Amhr2-cre-mediated deletion of floxed Gata4 (Gata4(F)) in nascent adrenocortical neoplasms of ovariectomized B6.129 mice reduced tumor growth and the expression of gonadal-like markers in a Gata4(F) dose-dependent manner. We conclude that GATA4 is a key modifier of gonadectomy-induced adrenocortical neoplasia, postovariectomy obesity, and sex steroidogenic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Krachulec
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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