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Algaly G, Abdelrahman A, Ahmed SMI. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis in a pregnant woman. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2023; 4:e13089. [PMID: 38124991 PMCID: PMC10730468 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis (EDKA) carries serious risks for mortality and morbidity for both the mother and the baby, and it is essential to recognize it early and start immediate treatment. Case Presentation We present a case of EDKA in a 28-week pregnant woman known to have type 1 diabetes. She was found to have severe acidosis with a blood sugar level of 10.6 mmol/L (190.8 mg/dL) and normal anion gap. She was found to have EDKA, which was confirmed later with a depressed venous pH and bicarbonate level and an increased serum ketone level. The patient's acidosis was not improving significantly with 0.05 units/kg/h of insulin infusion, so a full dose of 0.1 unit/kg/h of insulin infusion was started following a full diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) protocol regardless of her blood sugar level. The patient showed gradual improvement and was discharged home after 4 days, with follow-up with endocrinology and obstetrics. Conclusion In conclusion, EDKA is a critical complication of diabetes, especially in pregnant women. Therefore, it is crucial to treat it early and potentially consider following a full DKA protocol using 0.1 unit/kg/h insulin infusion instead of 0.05 unit/kg/h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gufran Algaly
- Department of Emergency MedicineHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
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2
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Xu J, Liu C, Zhao W, Lou W. Case Series of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Late Pregnancy with Normal Glucose Tolerance. Int J Womens Health 2023; 15:1857-1864. [PMID: 38046266 PMCID: PMC10691430 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s429557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is rare in pregnancy, especially in pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance examined in early pregnancy. Once DKA occurs in pregnancy, the disease progresses rapidly and can be life-threatening for both mother and fetus. We concluded three cases of DKA in late pregnancy. The clinical manifestations, progression, and prognosis of the three cases are different, but all of the cases have normal glucose tolerance. We summarized the characteristics of pregnant women with DKA and analyzed and discussed them in conjunction with literature for reference by clinical doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weixiu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihua Lou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Lord M. A Matter of the Heart: Why It Is Time to Change How We Talk About Maternal Mortality. Mil Med 2023; 188:168-170. [PMID: 36217781 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the global burden of disease shifts from "diseases of poverty" such as diarrhea to "diseases of affluence" like diabetes and heart disease, a parallel shift is underway in maternal health. Maternal death from hemorrhage is decreasing, while deaths resulting from exacerbation of underlying chronic disease are on the rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lord
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Service University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 02814, USA
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4
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Brandstetter M, Neuner M, Dinges C, Hofstätter E, Wohlmuth C, Fazelnia C, Fischer T, Bogner G. Fetal Doppler monitoring during maternal open-heart surgery: Case report and key aspects of a multidisciplinary challenge. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2023; 287:63-66. [PMID: 37295346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CASE REPORT Herein we present the case of a 33-year nulliparous woman at 21 weeks of gestation with mitral valve vegetation resulting from infective endocarditis. Due to the mother's critical condition caused by consecutive thromboembolic events, surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass was indicated. During surgery the fetus was monitored by a specialized obstetrician who repetitively measured the Doppler indices of the umbilical artery, Ductus venosus and uterine artery. Right after CO2 was insufflated into the operating area, the Doppler monitoring showed an increased Pulsatility Index of the Umbilical artery right before fetal distress with bradycardia occurred. A subsequent maternal arterial blood gas analysis showed an acidosis with hypercapnia. Consequently, the CO2 insufflation was stopped and the gas flow on the Heart Lung Machine increased. After regaining homeostasis of acidosis, the Doppler Indices and fetal heart rate recovered. The remaining surgery and postoperative course were uneventful. At the 37 weeks of gestation a healthy boy was delivered by Cesarean section and at the age of two years, the neurodevelopment was assessed, which indicated normal development in mental cognition, language and motoric. This report presents a periodic Doppler examination of the maternal and fetal circulation during surgery on CPB while also discussing the possible impact of fetal monitoring in managing open cardiac surgery in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Neuner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Dinges
- Department of Heart Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Edda Hofstätter
- Department of Neonatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Wohlmuth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Claudius Fazelnia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thorsten Fischer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerhard Bogner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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5
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Ali HMAE, Syeda N. Diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e253198. [PMID: 36792143 PMCID: PMC9933666 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-253198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) includes nausea, vomiting, thirst, polyuria, polydipsia, abdominal pain, tachypnoea, and change in mental status in cases of severe DKA. DKA is similar in pregnant and non-pregnant women, but in pregnant women it can be seen at lower serum glucose levels and symptoms may develop more rapidly. Most, but not all, cases occur in the second or third trimester.DKA results in reduction in uteroplacental blood flow due to osmotic diuresis, and also in metabolic abnormalities (maternal acidosis, hyperglycaemia, electrolyte imbalance), resulting in fetal hypoxaemia and acidosis. In fetuses with mature cardiac activity, the fetal heart rate may show minimal or absent variability, repetitive deceleration and absence of acceleration. These abnormalities in heart rate usually resolve with resolution of the DKA, which may last for several hours before normalisation.For the patient reported on here, immediate delivery based on pathological fetal heart rate would have resulted in preterm delivery and jeopardised the maternal clinical condition. However, a holistic clinical approach by the multidisciplinary team to management of the patient led to normal term delivery 5 weeks after presentation with DKA; fetal and maternal outcome were good.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasreen Syeda
- Obstetric and Gynecology Department, Dudley Group of Hospitals NHS Trust, Dudley, UK
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6
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Diguisto C, Strachan MWJ, Churchill D, Ayman G, Knight M. A study of diabetic ketoacidosis in the pregnant population in the United Kingdom: Investigating the incidence, aetiology, management and outcomes. Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14743. [PMID: 34778994 PMCID: PMC7612514 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To estimate the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) among pregnant women, describe its clinical features, management and outcomes and identify the risk factors for the condition. METHODS A national population-based case-control study was conducted in the UK using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System between April 2019 and September 2020 including all pregnant women with DKA irrespective of the level of blood glucose. The incidence rate of DKA in pregnancy was estimated. A case-control analysis limited to women with type 1 diabetes was performed comparing characteristics of women with DKA (cases) to those of women whose pregnancies were not complicated by DKA (controls). RESULTS In all, 82 women were identified with DKA in pregnancy; 6.3 per 100,000 maternities (95% CI: 5.0-7.9). No maternal deaths occurred, but perinatal mortality was 12/73 (16%) with 11 stillbirths and one neonatal death. DKA episodes mostly occurred in women with type 1 diabetes (85%) and in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy (71%). Episodes were mainly precipitated by infection (21%), vomiting (21%), steroid therapy (13%) and medication errors (10%). Fifteen percent of women had more than one episode of DKA during their pregnancy. Risk factors associated with DKA among women with type 1 diabetes identified through the case-control analysis were the woman and/or partner not being in a paid employment and having at least one microvascular complication of diabetes before pregnancy. CONCLUSION DKA in pregnancy was associated with high perinatal mortality and was linked with factors related to socio-economic deprivation, mental health problems and long-term difficulties with glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Diguisto
- National Perinatal Epidemiology UnitNuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Pôle de gynécologie obstétrique, médecine fœtale, médecine et biologie de la reproductionCentre Olympe de GougesCHRU de ToursUniversité de ToursToursFrance
- Université de ParisCRESSINSERMINRAParisFrance
| | | | - David Churchill
- Research Institute in Healthcare ScienceUniversity of WolverhamptonThe Royal Wolverhampton Hospital NHS TrustWolverhamptonUK
| | - Goher Ayman
- National Perinatal Epidemiology UnitNuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Marian Knight
- National Perinatal Epidemiology UnitNuffield Department of Population HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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7
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Maseko NF, van Zyl D, Adam S. A 10-Year Audit of Pregnancies Affected by Diabetic Ketoacidosis at the Pretoria Academic Complex. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2022; 158:557-563. [PMID: 34997592 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) during pregnancy is associated with increased rates of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. DKA management guidelines are designed to ensure optimal management and minimise adverse outcomes. OBJECTIVES To determine the level of adherence to DKA management guidelines at a tertiary centre in Pretoria, South Africa and report on maternal and perinatal outcomes of the pregnancies complicated by DKA. METHODS This was a retrospective clinical record audit using the SEMDSA guidelines against documented management. Adherence to three cornerstones of therapy: intravenous fluids, insulin therapy and management of electrolytes was measured. RESULTS Fifty-six records of pregnancies that were complicated with DKA over a 10-year period were reviewed. Mean age was 29.6 years (range 20-43). Thirty-six (64.3%) women had Type 1 diabetes mellitus. DKA was categorised into mild (n=26, 46.4%), moderate (n=22, 39.3%) and severe (n=8, 14.3%). The study demonstrated lack of adherence to the three cornerstones of therapy. Of the 49 (85.7%) women with recorded perinatal outcomes, 30.6% had stillbirths. Severe maternal DKA (pH < 7.0) demonstrated adverse perinatal outcomes (p=0.005). CONCLUSION Despite the availability of guidelines, DKA is sub-optimally manged in pregnancy which may contribute to adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ncamsile F Maseko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Danie van Zyl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria, Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sumaiya Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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8
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Dargel S, Schleußner E, Kloos C, Groten T, Weschenfelder F. Awareness of euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis during pregnancy prevents recurrence of devastating outcomes: a case report of two pregnancies in one patient. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:552. [PMID: 34384389 PMCID: PMC8359092 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) during pregnancy is a life-threatening obstetric emergency. It requires early identification and prompt action. Obstetricians’ knowledge about symptoms, diagnostic pitfalls and management during pregnancy and delivery need to be improved. We report a case of a young diabetic woman developing severe euglycaemic DKA in two consecutive pregnancies; the first pregnancy resulted in the most deviating outcome (i.e., intrauterine death), while the second pregnancy resulted in the delivery of a healthy newborn. Thus, the novelty of the case presented here is the possibility to demonstrate how the management of DKA in pregnancy can dramatically change outcomes. Case presentation We report a case of a young diabetic woman in whom DKA was concealed by hyperemesis and oesophageal reflux. This woman presented to our delivery unit with severe euglycaemic DKA during her first pregnancy. While the mother’s condition could be successfully stabilized, the foetus died shortly after admission. Two years later, the same woman presented with similar problems. Repeated episodes of mild euglycaemic DKA could be successfully managed with consequent interdisciplinary treatment and close observation, leading to a good pregnancy outcome, i.e., the birth of a healthy child. Conclusion Awareness of euglycaemic DKA needs to be increased to reduce the risk of severe complications during pregnancies in diabetic women. This case report demonstrates that increased awareness of DKA with immediate recognition and a successful multidisciplinary approach are mandatory for an positive pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Dargel
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Schleußner
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Christof Kloos
- Department Internal Medicine III, FB Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Groten
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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9
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Microwave-assisted synthesis of hierarchically porous Co 3O 4/rGO nanocomposite for low-temperature acetone detection. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 594:690-701. [PMID: 33780772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acetone sensors with high response and excellent selectivity are of enormous demand for monitoring the diabetes. This paper has reported a novel porous 3D hierarchical Co3O4/rGO nanocomposite synthesized by a microwave-assisted method, by which Co3O4 nanoparticles are rapidly and uniformly anchored on rGO nanosheets. The phase composition, surface morphology of the Co3O4/rGO composites and the effect of rGO on their acetone-sensing performance were systematically investigated. The results show that the sample with an optimized content of rGO (Co3O4/rGO-1) achieves the highest stability and response to acetone (0.5 ~ 200 ppm) at a relatively low temperature (~160 °C). Also, the Co3O4/rGO-1 exhibits a high acetone-sensing selectivity against the gases (or vapors) of H2S, H2, CH4, HCHO, CH3OH, C3H8O and C2H5OH. The enhanced acetone-sensing performance of the Co3O4/rGO composite can be attributed to the Co3O4/rGO p-p heterojunction and the Co3+-C coupling effect between Co3O4 and rGO, improving transport of carriers. In addition, the unique 3D hierarchically porous structure and large surface areas are favorable to adsorption and desorption of gas molecules. This facile microwave-assisted method provides a charming strategy to develop smart rGO-based nanomaterials for real-time detection of harmful gases and rapid medical diagnosis.
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10
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Trochtenberg A, Spiel M. Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Preterm Gestation. Neoreviews 2021; 22:e129-e135. [PMID: 33526644 DOI: 10.1542/neo.22-2-e129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Thevathasan I, Said JM. Controversies in antenatal corticosteroid treatment. Prenat Diagn 2020; 40:1138-1149. [PMID: 32157719 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antenatal corticosteroids are now established as one of the cornerstones of therapy in the prevention of neonatal morbidity and mortality prior to preterm birth. Although this practice is widely accepted, a significant number of controversies exist. This review explores the knowledge gaps regarding the use of antenatal corticosteroids in the preterm, late preterm and term populations. Furthermore, the role of antenatal corticosteroids in special populations, such as diabetes, multiple pregnancies and periviable gestations, where high-quality data from randomized controlled trials are lacking, is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iniyaval Thevathasan
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Joan Kirner Women's & Children's Sunshine Hospital, Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne M Said
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Joan Kirner Women's & Children's Sunshine Hospital, Western Health, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Insulin Resistance in Pregnancy: Implications for Mother and Offspring. CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25057-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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de Alencar JCG, da Silva GW, Ribeiro SCDC, Marchini JFM, Neto RAB, de Souza HP. Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pregnancy. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2019; 4:26-28. [PMID: 32064418 PMCID: PMC7012570 DOI: 10.5811/cpcem.2019.9.43624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy (DKP) is similar to that observed in nonpregnant women, although reports suggest the presenting blood glucose level may not be as high. It is hypothesized that lower, maternal fasting glucose levels are a result of both the fetus and the placenta consuming glucose. We report the case of a 38-year-old woman gravida 2, para 0, abortion 1 with type 1 diabetes who had euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis and review the literature on DKP, with a focus on diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of the mother and fetus.
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14
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Srinivasan P, Kulandaisamy AJ, Mani GK, Babu KJ, Tsuchiya K, Rayappan JBB. Development of an acetone sensor using nanostructured Co3O4 thin films for exhaled breath analysis. RSC Adv 2019; 9:30226-30239. [PMID: 35530198 PMCID: PMC9072200 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04230j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, the development of breath sensors for the detection of Diabetic Keto-Acidosis (DKA) has been gaining prominent importance in the field of health care and advanced diagnostics. Acetone is one of the prominent biomarkers in the exhaled breath of persons affected by DKA. In this background, nanostructured cobalt oxide sensing elements were fabricated using a spray pyrolysis technique at different deposition temperatures (473 to 773 K in steps of 100 K) towards the fabrication of an acetone sensor. The influence of deposition temperature on the various properties of the nanostructured cobalt oxide thin films was investigated. Formation of cubic spinel phase cobalt oxide was confirmed from the structural analysis. The shifting of plane orientation from (3 1 1) to (2 2 0) at 773 K deposition temperature revealed the migration of cobalt atoms to the highly favorable energy positions. Further, the downshifted peak absorption wavelength and upshifted PL profile at higher deposition temperature confirmed the migration of cobalt ions. The sensor fabricated at higher deposition temperature (773 K) showed a sensing response of 235 at room temperature towards 50 ppm of acetone. Also, the fabricated sensor showed a lower detection limit (LOD) of 1 ppm with the response–recovery times of 6 and 4 s, respectively. The LOD reported here is lower than the minimum threshold level (1.71 ppm) signifying the presence of DKA. We report the fabrication of a breath sensor using nanostructured Co3O4 thin films for the detection of acetone in exhaled breath, which is one of the prominent bio-markers of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Srinivasan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB)
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE)
- SASTRA Deemed University
- Thanjavur 613 401
- India
| | - Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB)
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE)
- SASTRA Deemed University
- Thanjavur 613 401
- India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Mani
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB)
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE)
- SASTRA Deemed University
- Thanjavur 613 401
- India
| | - K. Jayanth Babu
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB)
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE)
- SASTRA Deemed University
- Thanjavur 613 401
- India
| | | | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB)
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering (SEEE)
- SASTRA Deemed University
- Thanjavur 613 401
- India
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Myrex P, Harper L, Gould S. Corticosteroid Injection for an Orthopedic Complaint in a Female with Gestational Diabetes. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2018; 4:3. [PMID: 29305780 PMCID: PMC5756231 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Lucero P, Chapela S. Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in the ICU: 3 Case Reports and Review of Literature. Case Rep Crit Care 2018; 2018:1747850. [PMID: 30364093 PMCID: PMC6188774 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1747850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus, both type I and type II, as well as other types with diabetes such gestacional diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by blood glucose levels greater than 250 mg/dL and metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.3 and serum bicarbonate < 15 mEq/dL) with an increased anion gap and the presence of ketone bodies in the blood or urine. Within this pathology, there is a subgroup of pathologies which are characterized by being present with no signs of hyperglycemia, posing a diagnostic challenge due to the absence of the main sign of the pathology and the diversity of their pathophysiology. In this article, we will present 3 clinical cases with 3 different forms of clinical presentation: a case of DKA in pregnancy, a case of DKA associated with the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, and a third case related to sepsis, together with a narrative review of the literature on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lucero
- Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Intensive Care Services, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Chapela
- Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Intensive Care Services, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquimica Humana, Argentina
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17
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Hans FP, Busch HJ. Der Diabetespatient in der Notfallversorgung. Notf Rett Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10049-018-0497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Liu L, Jia W, Liu R, Shen J. Clinical study of pregnancy-associated fulminant type 1 diabetes. Endocrine 2018; 60:301-307. [PMID: 29500601 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies reported that fulminant type 1 diabetes (fT1DM) can occurred during pregnancy or within 2 weeks after delivery, and was defined as pregnancy-associated fulminant type 1 diabetes (PF). In PF patients, plasma glucose (PG) levels have an abrupt rise while glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels are not markedly elevated, resulting in a sharply increased PG/HbA1C ratio. METHODS We studied 30 PF patients, 21 non-pregnant fulminant type 1 diabetes (NPF) patients, and 26 female patients of child-bearing age (13-49 years) with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), all from China. We analyzed the PG/HbA1C ratio among these groups, with the goal of finding a method for predicting PF. The clinical and biochemical characteristics of the PF and NPF patients were analyzed and compared with the characteristics of the DKA patients. In order to detect PF in DKA patients, receiver-operating characteristic curves analysis was used to identify the cut-off points of the PG/HbA1C ratio. RESULTS When we compared the clinical characteristics of these three groups, we found that the onset of hyperglycemic symptoms, arterial PH value, serum potassium, PG, HbA1C, fasting and postprandial serum C-peptide concentration, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies positivity were all significantly different (P < 0.001). The PG/HbA1C ratio was significantly higher in PF and NPF patients (5.29 ± 1.39 and 6.38 ± 2.62) than in DKA patients (1.93 ± 0.55; P < 0.001). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves analyses showed that PG/HbA1C ratio at a cut-off value of 3.3 resulted in the highest Youden index, with corresponding sensitivity of 93 and 100% specificity for identifying PF from DKA. CONCLUSIONS PF patients showed a more severe acidosis, with maternal and fetal mortality rates being high. PG/HbA1C ratio with a threshold of ≥3.3 can be used as a cut-off point in predicting PF from DKA in China. Elevated PG/HbA1C ratio at the time of diagnosis is predictive for more severe insulin secretion dysfunction and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Zhongshan Road West 183, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shennan Middle Road 3025#, 518033, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Zhongshan Road West 183, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ruike Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Zhongshan Road West 183, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Zhongshan Road West 183, 510630, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Rougerie M, Czuzoj-Shulman N, Abenhaim HA. Diabetic ketoacidosis among pregnant and non-pregnant women: a comparison of morbidity and mortality. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2649-2652. [PMID: 29486630 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1443071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a critical diagnosis that can cause severe morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. Although it is rare in pregnancy, the aim of this study is to compare DKA in pregnant women with age-matched non-pregnant women to determine if outcomes are influenced by pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A population-based age-matched retrospective cohort was carried out using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1999 to 2013. Pregnant patients with DKA were age-matched with non-pregnant controls also admitted with DKA at a ratio of 1:10. Severe morbidities and mortality were compared among the two groups. Logistic regression was used to adjust for baseline characteristics and comorbidities. RESULTS We identified 4661 cases of DKA in pregnancy during our study period, which were age-matched to 46,610 non-pregnant controls. Pregnant women with DKA were more likely to stay in hospital for >3 d (odds ratios (OR) 2.15, 95% CI 2.06-2.25) and had more associated renal failure (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.76-4.55); however, they were less likely to require ventilation (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.62-0.79), experience systemic inflammatory response syndrome (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.38-0.73), or seizures (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.42-0.57). Among pregnant women, rates of coma (0.04%) and death (0.17%, OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.14-0.39) were lower than previously reported and lower than non-pregnant women. CONCLUSION Pregnant women with DKA are admitted to hospital for longer periods than non-pregnant controls and are at higher risk for renal failure but otherwise have better outcomes and less mortality than non-pregnant controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Rougerie
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montreal , Canada
| | - Nicholas Czuzoj-Shulman
- b Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies , Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada
| | - Haim A Abenhaim
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Jewish General Hospital, McGill University , Montreal , Canada.,b Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies , Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital , Montreal , Canada
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Bryant SN, Herrera CL, Nelson DB, Cunningham FG. Diabetic ketoacidosis complicating pregnancy. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 2017; 10:17-23. [PMID: 28304323 DOI: 10.3233/npm-1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in pregnancy can result in significant adverse consequences for both mother and fetus, the response to treatment, time course of recovery, and perinatal outcomes have not been well studied in pregnancy. OBJECTIVE We examined the precipitating factors, laboratory abnormalities, treatment strategies, and clinical recovery in pregnancies complicated by DKA. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective cohort study of pregnancies complicated by DKA between October 1999 and June 2015. The diagnosis was verified by hyperglycemia; anion gap >12 mEq/L, pH <7.3, HCO3 <15 mEq/L; and the presence of ketones. Each episode of DKA was reviewed and subsequent perinatal outcomes analyzed. RESULTS During this period, we identified 33 women with 40 admissions (incidence: 0.2%). The majority of women had type 1 diabetes (67%), and almost all presented with nausea and vomiting (97%). Over half had poor compliance with prescribed insulin. The initial mean blood glucose was 380 mg/dL, within 6 hours, it was <200 mg/dL. By 12 hours, the acidosis had resolved in 90% of patients. CONCLUSION Nausea and vomiting is a prominent presenting feature of DKA in pregnancy. With aggressive insulin and resuscitation, hyperglycemia and acidosis improve rapidly. With current treatment, good perinatal outcomes can be expected.
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Mohan M, Baagar KAM, Lindow S. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/tog.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Mohan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Sidra Medical and Research Center; Weill Cornell Medical College; Doha Qatar PO Box 26999
| | | | - Stephen Lindow
- Sidra Medical and Research Center; Weill College Medical College in Qatar; Doha Qatar
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Cardonell BL, Marks BA, Entrup MH. Normoglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Pregnant Patient with Type II Diabetes Mellitus Presenting for Emergent Cesarean Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:228-9. [PMID: 26825994 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The development of acute abdominal pain in a laboring parturient after a previous cesarean delivery is of concern and may be the result of a potentially life-threatening condition such as uterine rupture. We present a case of a parturient with type II diabetes mellitus, who had undergone 2 previous cesarean deliveries and now presented in labor with increasing abdominal pain. An emergency cesarean delivery was performed for probable uterine rupture. Intraoperatively, the patient was noted to be severely hypocarbic with significant metabolic acidosis, and the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford L Cardonell
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
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Affiliation(s)
- Gómez-Ríos Má
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Gómez-Ríos D
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Paech Mj
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Diéguez-Fernández M
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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Ayed S, Bouguerba A, Ahmed P, Barchazs J, Boukari M, Goldgran-Toledano D, Bornstain C, Vincent F. Les pièges de l’acidocétose diabétique. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-015-1113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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