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Sanusi AA, Leach J, Boggess K, Dugoff L, Sibai B, Lawrence K, Hughes BL, Bell J, Aagaard K, Edwards RK, Gibson KS, Haas DM, Plante L, Metz TD, Casey B, Esplin S, Longo S, Hoffman MK, Saade GR, Hoppe KK, Foroutan J, Tuuli M, Owens MY, Simhan HN, Frey H, Rosen T, Palatnik A, Baker S, August P, Reddy UM, Su EJ, Krishna I, Nguyen NA, Norton ME, Skupski D, El-Sayed YY, Ogunyemi D, Galis ZS, Harper L, Ambalavanan N, Geller NL, Kuo HC, Sinkey RG, Librizzi R, Pereira L, Magann EF, Habli M, Williams S, Mari G, Pridjian G, McKenna DS, Parrish M, Chang E, Osmundson S, Quinones J, Szychowski JM, Tita ATN. Pregnancy Outcomes of Nifedipine Compared With Labetalol for Oral Treatment of Mild Chronic Hypertension. Obstet Gynecol 2024; 144:126-134. [PMID: 38949541 PMCID: PMC11219006 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000005613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes by type of antihypertensive used in participants of the CHAP (Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy) trial. METHODS We conducted a planned secondary analysis of CHAP, an open-label, multicenter, randomized trial of antihypertensive treatment compared with standard care (no treatment unless severe hypertension developed) in pregnant patients with mild chronic hypertension (blood pressure 140-159/90-104 mm Hg before 20 weeks of gestation) and singleton pregnancies. We performed three comparisons based on medications prescribed at enrollment: labetalol compared with standard care, nifedipine compared with standard care, and labetalol compared with nifedipine. Although active compared with standard care groups were randomized, medication assignment within the active treatment group was not random but based on clinician or patient preference. The primary outcome was the occurrence of superimposed preeclampsia with severe features, preterm birth before 35 weeks of gestation, placental abruption, or fetal or neonatal death. The key secondary outcome was small for gestational age (SGA) neonates. We also compared medication adverse effects between groups. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated with log binomial regression to adjust for confounding. RESULTS Of 2,292 participants analyzed, 720 (31.4%) received labetalol, 417 (18.2%) received nifedipine, and 1,155 (50.4%) received no treatment. The mean gestational age at enrollment was 10.5±3.7 weeks; nearly half of participants (47.5%) identified as non-Hispanic Black; and 44.5% used aspirin. The primary outcome occurred in 217 (30.1%), 130 (31.2%), and 427 (37.0%) in the labetalol, nifedipine, and standard care groups, respectively. Risk of the primary outcome was lower among those receiving treatment (labetalol use vs standard adjusted RR 0.82, 95% CI, 0.72-0.94; nifedipine use vs standard adjusted RR 0.84, 95% CI, 0.71-0.99), but there was no significant difference in risk when labetalol was compared with nifedipine (adjusted RR 0.98, 95% CI, 0.82-1.18). There were no significant differences in SGA or serious adverse events between participants receiving labetalol and those receiving nifedipine. CONCLUSION No significant differences in predetermined maternal or neonatal outcomes were detected on the basis of the use of labetalol or nifedipine for treatment of chronic hypertension in pregnancy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02299414.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji A Sanusi
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Justin Leach
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Kim Boggess
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Lorraine Dugoff
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Baha Sibai
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Kirsten Lawrence
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Brenna L Hughes
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Joseph Bell
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Kjersti Aagaard
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Rodney K Edwards
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Kelly S Gibson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - David M Haas
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Lauren Plante
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Torri D Metz
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Brian Casey
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sean Esplin
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sherri Longo
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Matthew K Hoffman
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - George R Saade
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Kara K Hoppe
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Janelle Foroutan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Methodius Tuuli
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Michelle Y Owens
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Hyagriv N Simhan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Heather Frey
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Todd Rosen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Anna Palatnik
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Susan Baker
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Phyllis August
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Uma M Reddy
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Emily J Su
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Iris Krishna
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Nguyet A Nguyen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Mary E Norton
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Daniel Skupski
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Yasser Y El-Sayed
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Dotun Ogunyemi
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Zorina S Galis
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Lorie Harper
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Nancy L Geller
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Hui-Chien Kuo
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Rachel G Sinkey
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Ronald Librizzi
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Leonardo Pereira
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Everett F Magann
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Mounira Habli
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Shauna Williams
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Giancarlo Mari
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Gabriella Pridjian
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - David S McKenna
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Marc Parrish
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Eugene Chang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sarah Osmundson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - JoAnne Quinones
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jeff M Szychowski
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Alan T N Tita
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, and University of South Alabama at Mobile, Mobile, Alabama, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, and Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, and Magee Women's Hospital and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, University of Texas at Houston and the Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, and University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, Columbia University and Weill Cornell University, New York, and New York Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, University of Utah and Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah, UnityPoint Health-Meriter Hospital/Marshfield Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, University of Colorado, Aurora, and Denver Health, Denver, Colorado, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, and Stanford University, Stanford, California, and Arrowhead Regional Medical Center/Beaumont Hospital, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan; the Center for Women's Reproductive Health, the Department of Biostatistics and the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; St. Luke's University Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; MetroHealth System, Cleveland, Ohio; Ochsner Baptist Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Christiana Care Health Services, Newark, Delaware; St. Peters University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland; and the Department of Women's Health, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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