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Valdez-Salazar F, Jiménez-Del Rio LA, Padilla-Gutiérrez JR, Valle Y, Muñoz-Valle JF, Valdés-Alvarado E. Advances in Melanoma: From Genetic Insights to Therapeutic Innovations. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1851. [PMID: 39200315 PMCID: PMC11351162 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Advances in melanoma research have unveiled critical insights into its genetic and molecular landscape, leading to significant therapeutic innovations. This review explores the intricate interplay between genetic alterations, such as mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and KIT, and melanoma pathogenesis. The MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways are highlighted for their roles in tumor growth and resistance mechanisms. Additionally, this review delves into the impact of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone changes, on melanoma progression. The tumor microenvironment, characterized by immune cells, stromal cells, and soluble factors, plays a pivotal role in modulating tumor behavior and treatment responses. Emerging technologies like single-cell sequencing, CRISPR-Cas9, and AI-driven diagnostics are transforming melanoma research, offering precise and personalized approaches to treatment. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors and personalized mRNA vaccines, has revolutionized melanoma therapy by enhancing the body's immune response. Despite these advances, resistance mechanisms remain a challenge, underscoring the need for combined therapies and ongoing research to achieve durable therapeutic responses. This comprehensive overview aims to highlight the current state of melanoma research and the transformative impacts of these advancements on clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Valdés-Alvarado
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico; (F.V.-S.)
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2
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Xu C. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout strategies for enhancing immunotherapy in breast cancer. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03208-2. [PMID: 38907847 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer, a prevalent disease with significant mortality rates, often presents treatment challenges due to its complex genetic makeup. This review explores the potential of combining Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene knockout strategies with immunotherapeutic approaches to enhance breast cancer treatment. The CRISPR/Cas9 system, renowned for its precision in inducing genetic alterations, can target and eliminate specific cancer cells, thereby minimizing off-target effects. Concurrently, immunotherapy, which leverages the immune system's power to combat cancer, has shown promise in treating breast cancer. By integrating these two strategies, we can potentially augment the effectiveness of immunotherapies by knocking out genes that enable cancer cells to evade the immune system. However, safety considerations, such as off-target effects and immune responses, necessitate careful evaluation. Current research endeavors aim to optimize these strategies and ascertain the most effective methods to stimulate the immune response. This review provides novel insights into the integration of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout strategies and immunotherapy, a promising avenue that could revolutionize breast cancer treatment as our understanding of the immune system's interplay with cancer deepens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China.
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Liu F, Su R, Jiang X, Wang S, Mu W, Chang L. Advanced micro/nano-electroporation for gene therapy: recent advances and future outlook. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10500-10521. [PMID: 38757536 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising disease treatment approach by editing target genes, and thus plays a fundamental role in precision medicine. To ensure gene therapy efficacy, the effective delivery of therapeutic genes into specific cells is a key challenge. Electroporation utilizes short electric pulses to physically break the cell membrane barrier, allowing gene transfer into the cells. It dodges the off-target risks associated with viral vectors, and also stands out from other physical-based gene delivery methods with its high-throughput and cargo-accelerating features. In recent years, with the help of advanced micro/nanotechnology, micro/nanostructure-integrated electroporation (micro/nano-electroporation) techniques and devices have significantly improved cell viability, transfection efficiency and dose controllability of the electroporation strategy, enhancing its application practicality especially in vivo. This technical advancement makes micro/nano-electroporation an effective and versatile tool for gene therapy. In this review, we first introduce the evolution of electroporation technique with a brief explanation of the perforation mechanism, and then provide an overview of the recent advancements and prospects of micro/nano-electroporation technology in the field of gene therapy. To comprehensively showcase the latest developments of micro/nano-electroporation technology in gene therapy, we focus on discussing micro/nano-electroporation devices and current applications at both in vitro and in vivo levels. Additionally, we outline the ongoing clinical studies of gene electrotransfer (GET), revealing the tremendous potential of electroporation-based gene delivery in disease treatment and healthcare. Lastly, the challenges and future directions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Rongtai Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinran Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lingqian Chang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
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Paratz ED, Mundisugih J, Rowe SJ, Kizana E, Semsarian C. Gene Therapy in Cardiology: Is a Cure for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy on the Horizon? Can J Cardiol 2024; 40:777-788. [PMID: 38013066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic cardiomyopathy worldwide, affecting approximately 1 in 500 individuals. Current therapeutic interventions include lifestyle optimisation, medications, septal reduction therapies, and, rarely, cardiac transplantation. Advances in our understanding of disease-causing genetic variants in HCM and their associated molecular mechanisms have led to the potential for targeted therapeutics and implementation of precision and personalised medicine. Results from preclinical research are promising and raise the question of whether cure of some subtypes of HCM may be possible in the future. This review provides an overview of current genetic therapy platforms, including 1) genome editing, 2) gene replacement, 3) allelic-specific silencing, and 4) signalling pathway modulation. The current applicability of each of these platforms within the paradigm of HCM is examined, with updates on current and emerging trials in each domain. Barriers and limitations within the current landscape are also highlighted. Despite recent advances, translation of genetic therapy for HCM to clinical practice is still in early development. In realising the promises of genetic HCM therapies, ethical and equitable access to safe gene therapy must be prioritised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Paratz
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Prahran, Victoria, Australia; St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Juan Mundisugih
- Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie J Rowe
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Prahran, Victoria, Australia; St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eddy Kizana
- Centre for Heart Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher Semsarian
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Agnes Ginges Centre for Molecular Cardiology, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Greco F, Cosentino M, Marino F. The Italian breakthrough in CRISPR trials for rare diseases: a focus on beta-thalassemia and sickle cell disease treatment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1356578. [PMID: 38426160 PMCID: PMC10902426 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1356578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of gene therapy and the current advantageous method of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) has allowed the implementation of several clinical trials aimed at studying the possible efficacy of gene therapy for rare diseases. Rare diseases pose a global challenge, in that their collective impact on health systems is considerable, whereas their individually rare occurrence hinders research and development of efficient therapies. Despite the low prevalence of individual rare diseases, there are more than 7,000 defined rare diseases affecting 3.5–5.9% of the global population. Rare diseases are mostly chronic and approximately 80% are caused by genetic mutation with an early-life onset. In Italy, in 2021 were recorded more than 400,000 people with rare disease. Because of its location and history, Italy has an unfortunate statistic regarding the presence and prevalence of two rare genetic diseases, namely beta-thalassemia, of which there are about 90 million carriers worldwide, 400,000 of whom are actually affected, and sickle cell disease, with about 300 million carriers and 6.5 million people affected worldwide. Advancements in genomic studies allowed Italy to join clinical trials to study effective and resolving gene therapies for BT and SCD. This study reports on the impact of rare diseases in Italy, ongoing studies, and recent achievements in BT and SCD trials using the CRISPR method and remaining hurdles in the application of CRISPR technology to rare diseases, also taking a glimpse at the newest challenges and future opportunities in the genetic treatment for rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Greco
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Likhanov M, Zakharov I, Awofala A, Ogundele O, Selita F, Kovas Y, Chapman R. Attitudes towards genetic testing: The role of genetic literacy, motivated cognition, and socio-demographic characteristics. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293187. [PMID: 37967060 PMCID: PMC10651000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding reasons for why people choose to have or not to have a genetic test is essential given the ever-increasing use of genetic technologies in everyday life. The present study explored the multiple drivers of people's attitudes towards genetic testing. Using the International Genetic Literacy and Attitudes Survey (iGLAS), we collected data on: (1) willingness to undergo testing; (2) genetic literacy; (3) motivated cognition; and (4) demographic and cultural characteristics. The 37 variables were explored in the largest to-date sample of 4311 participants from diverse demographic and cultural backgrounds. The results showed that 82% of participants were willing to undergo genetic testing for improved treatment; and over 73%-for research. The 35 predictor variables together explained only a small proportion of variance: 7%-in the willingness to test for Treatment; and 6%-for Research. The strongest predictors of willingness to undergo genetic testing were genetic knowledge and deterministic beliefs. Concerns about data misuse and about finding out unwanted health-related information were weakly negatively associated with willingness to undergo genetic testing. We also found some differences in factors linked to attitudes towards genetic testing across the countries included in this study. Our study demonstrates that decision-making regarding genetic testing is influenced by a large number of potentially interacting factors. Further research into these factors may help consumers to make decisions regarding genetic testing that are right for their specific circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Likhanov
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ilya Zakharov
- Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Psychological Institute of Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Adeyemi Awofala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun Ogundele
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria
| | - Fatos Selita
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yulia Kovas
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Li B, Tan W, Wang Z, Zhou H, Zou J, Li Y, Yoshida S, Zhou Y. Progress and prospects of gene therapy in ophthalmology from 2000 to 2022: A bibliometric analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18228. [PMID: 37539253 PMCID: PMC10395483 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene therapy is a treatment approach at the genetic level, which brings great advances in many diseases and develops rapidly in recent years. Currently, its mechanism of action is mainly through the replacement of missing or defective genes, or the reduction of harmful gene products. However, the application of gene therapy in ophthalmology remains limited. Methods A total of 1143 articles and reviews published in the field of ocular gene therapies were found in the Web of Science Core Collection database and used for the bibliometric analysis. CiteSpace was mainly applied to the network analysis of countries, institutions, keywords, and dual-map overlay of journals. The visual analysis of authors, journals, and references was used by VOSviewer. The geographical distribution of publications was conducted by R language. Results The annual publications are increasing in general. Currently, the USA and the UK are two main sources of publications in this field. Switzerland, Denmark, and Finland are the top 3 countries that establish the most cooperation and exchanges with other countries or regions. The most cited and co-cited journal in this field is Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. Gene therapy studies for eye diseases are mainly focused on retinal dysfunctions by the analysis of references, keywords, and counting of original research, including Leber's congenital amaurosis and retinitis pigmentosa. Conclusion This study used bibliometrics to analyze overall characteristics and put forward prospects for the future in the field of gene therapy in ophthalmology. Ocular diseases, especially hereditary retinal diseases, will be the major focus of gene therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zicong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Haixiang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jingling Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Yedi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
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Kadam US, Cho Y, Park TY, Hong JC. Aptamer-based CRISPR-Cas powered diagnostics of diverse biomarkers and small molecule targets. APPLIED BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 2023; 66:13. [PMID: 36843874 PMCID: PMC9937869 DOI: 10.1186/s13765-023-00771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems have been widely used in genome editing and transcriptional regulation. Recently, CRISPR-Cas effectors are adopted for biosensor construction due to its adjustable properties, such as simplicity of design, easy operation, collateral cleavage activity, and high biocompatibility. Aptamers' excellent sensitivity, specificity, in vitro synthesis, base-pairing, labeling, modification, and programmability has made them an attractive molecular recognition element for inclusion in CRISPR-Cas systems. Here, we review current advances in aptamer-based CRISPR-Cas sensors. We briefly discuss aptamers and the knowledge of Cas effector proteins, crRNA, reporter probes, analytes, and applications of target-specific aptamers. Next, we provide fabrication strategies, molecular binding, and detection using fluorescence, electrochemical, colorimetric, nanomaterials, Rayleigh, and Raman scattering. The application of CRISPR-Cas systems in aptamer-based sensing of a wide range of biomarkers (disease and pathogens) and toxic contaminants is growing. This review provides an update and offers novel insights into developing CRISPR-Cas-based sensors using ssDNA aptamers with high efficiency and specificity for point-of-care setting diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulhas Sopanrao Kadam
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam-do 52828 Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhan Cho
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam-do 52828 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Park
- Graduate School of Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam-do 52828 Republic of Korea
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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Jiang W, Wang J, Pan H, Yang R, Ma F, Luo J, Han C. Advances in Mechanism and Application of Molecular Breeding of Medicinal Mushrooms: A Review. Int J Med Mushrooms 2023; 25:65-74. [PMID: 37831513 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
With the development of molecular biology and genomics technology, mushroom breeding methods have changed from single traditional breeding to molecular breeding. Compared with traditional breeding methods, molecular breeding has the advantages of short time and high efficiency. It breaks through the restrictive factors of conventional breeding and improves the accuracy of breeding. Molecular breeding technology is gradually applied to mushroom breeding. This paper summarizes the concept of molecular breeding and the application progress of various molecular breeding technologies in mushroom breeding, in order to provide reference for future research on mushroom breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Research and Development Center, Shandong Phoenix Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Taian, Shandong, 271000, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, People's Republic of China
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Li L, Li S, Gu D, Xu Y, Wang J. CRISPR-Cas12-Based Diagnostic Applications in Infectious and Zoonotic Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2621:267-278. [PMID: 37041450 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2950-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of infectious and zoonotic diseases is very important for pathogen identification and infection control. Molecular diagnostic assays are well-known for high accuracy and sensitivity; however, conventional methods such as real-time PCR may require professional instruments and operations, preventing their wide applications in scenarios including animal quarantine. The recently developed CRISPR diagnostic (CRISPR-Dx) methods, employing the trans-cleavage activities of either Cas12 (e.g., HOLMES) or Cas13 (e.g., SHERLOCK), have shown great potential in rapid and convenient nucleic acid detection. Guided by specially designed CRISPR RNA (crRNA), Cas12 binds target DNA sequences and trans-cleaves ssDNA reporters, generating detectable signals, while Cas13 recognizes target ssRNA and trans-cleaves ssRNA reporters. To achieve high detection sensitivity, both HOLMES and SHERLOCK systems can be combined with pre-amplification procedures including both PCR and isothermal amplifications. Here, we present the employment of the HOLMESv2 method for convenient detection of the infectious and zoonotic diseases. Specifically, target nucleic acid is first amplified by LAMP or RT-LAMP, and the products are then detected by the thermophilic Cas12b. In addition, Cas12b reaction can be combined with LAMP amplification to achieve one-pot reaction systems. In this chapter, we provide a step-by-step description of the HOLMESv2-mediated rapid and sensitive detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), an RNA pathogen as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxian Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiyuan Li
- Tolo Biotechnology Company Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Dayong Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
- Tolo Biotechnology Company Limited, Shanghai, China.
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Su C, Lu Y, Wang Z, Guo J, Hou Y, Wang X, Qin Z, Gao J, Sun Z, Dai Y, Liu Y, Liu G, Xian X, Cui X, Zhang J, Tang J. Atherosclerosis: The Involvement of Immunity, Cytokines and Cells in Pathogenesis, and Potential Novel Therapeutics. Aging Dis 2022:AD.2022.1208. [PMID: 37163428 PMCID: PMC10389830 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a leading contributor to coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke, atherosclerosis has become one of the major cardiovascular diseases (CVD) negatively impacting patients worldwide. The endothelial injury is considered to be the initial step of the development of atherosclerosis, resulting in immune cell migration and activation as well as inflammatory factor secretion, which further leads to acute and chronic inflammation. In addition, the inflammation and lipid accumulation at the lesions stimulate specific responses from different types of cells, contributing to the pathological progression of atherosclerosis. As a result, recent studies have focused on using molecular biological approaches such as gene editing and nanotechnology to mediate cellular response during atherosclerotic development for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we systematically discuss inflammatory pathogenesis during the development of atherosclerosis from a cellular level with a focus on the blood cells, including all types of immune cells, together with crucial cells within the blood vessel, such as smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In addition, the latest progression of molecular-cellular based therapy for atherosclerosis is also discussed. We hope this review article could be beneficial for the clinical management of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongzheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yachen Hou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiamin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhaowei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yichen Dai
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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12
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CRISPR Manipulations in Stem Cell Lines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2560:249-256. [PMID: 36481901 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2651-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insights into genome engineering in cells have allowed researchers to cultivate and modify cells as organoids that display structural and phenotypic features of human diseases or normal health status. The generation of targeted mutants is a crucial step toward studying the biomedical effect of genes of interest. Modified organoids derived from patients' tissue cells are used as models to study diseases and test novel drugs. CRISPR-Cas9 technology has contributed to an explosion of advances that have the ability to edit genomes for the study of monogenic diseases and cancers. The generation of such mutants in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is of utmost importance as these cells carry the potential to be differentiated into any cell lineage. We describe recent developments that are broadening our understanding and extend DNA specificity, product selectivity, and fundamental capabilities. Furthermore, fundamental capabilities and remarkable advancements in basic research, biotechnology, and therapeutics development in cell engineering are detailed within this chapter. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease system for induction of targeted double-strand breaks, gene editing of target loci in iPSCs can be achieved with high efficiency. This chapter includes detailed protocols for the preparation of reagents to target loci of interest and transfection to genotype single cell-derived iPSC clones. Furthermore, we provide a protocol for the convenient generation of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivered directly to cells.
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13
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Khurana A, Sayed N, Singh V, Khurana I, Allawadhi P, Rawat PS, Navik U, Pasumarthi SK, Bharani KK, Weiskirchen R. A comprehensive overview of CRISPR/Cas 9 technology and application thereof in drug discovery. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1674-1698. [PMID: 36128934 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-Cas technology possesses revolutionary potential to positively affect various domains of drug discovery. It has initiated a rise in the area of genetic engineering and its advantages range from classical science to translational medicine. These genome editing systems have given a new dimension to our capabilities to alter, detect and annotate specified gene sequences. Moreover, the ease, robustness and adaptability of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology have led to its extensive utilization in research areas in such a short period of time. The applications include the development of model cell lines, understanding disease mechanisms, discovering disease targets, developing transgenic animals and plants, and transcriptional modulation. Further, the technology is rapidly growing; hence, an overlook of progressive success is crucial. This review presents the current status of the CRISPR-Cas technology in a tailor-made format from its discovery to several advancements for drug discovery alongwith future trends associated with possibilities and hurdles including ethical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khurana
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Mamnoor, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Nilofer Sayed
- Department of Pharmacy, Pravara Rural Education Society's (P.R.E.S.'s) College of Pharmacy, Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) Women's University, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishakha Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Isha Khurana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pushkar Singh Rawat
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Umashanker Navik
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | | | - Kala Kumar Bharani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Mamnoor, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Sivarajah S, Emerick K, Kaufman HL. What Surgeons Need to Know About Gene Therapy for Cancer. Adv Surg 2022; 56:151-168. [PMID: 36096566 DOI: 10.1016/j.yasu.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The broad field of gene therapy offers numerous innovative approaches for cancer treatment. An understanding of the different modalities including gene replacement therapy, cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, cellular therapy, and gene editing is essential for managing patients with neoplastic disease. As in other areas of oncology, the surgeon plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This review focuses on what the clinical surgeon needs to know to optimize the benefit of gene therapy for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugappiriya Sivarajah
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Kevin Emerick
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 7E, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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15
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Kallenbach K, Remes A, Müller OJ, Arif R, Zaradzki M, Wagner AH. Translational Medicine: Towards Gene Therapy of Marfan Syndrome. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11143934. [PMID: 35887698 PMCID: PMC9319421 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11143934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is one of the most common inherited disorders of connective tissue caused by mutations of the fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1). Vascular abnormalities, such as the enlargement of the aorta with the risk of life-threatening rupture are frequently observed. However, current treatment is limited and therapeutic options focus solely on symptomatic therapy. Gene therapy focuses on genetically modifying cells to produce a therapeutic effect and may be a promising treatment option for MFS. Here, we first provide an overview of the historical background and characterization of MFS. Subsequently, we summarise current gene therapy options and possible translational concepts for this inherited disorder that affects connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Kallenbach
- Institute for Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology (INCCI), Department of Cardiac Surgery, 1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
- VASCERN HTAD European Reference Center, 1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anca Remes
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.R.); (O.J.M.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Kiel and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (A.R.); (O.J.M.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rawa Arif
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marcin Zaradzki
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Andreas H. Wagner
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-544062; Fax: +49-6221-544038
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16
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Dehghan M, Ghorbani F, Najafi S, Ravaei N, Karimian M, Kalhor K, Movafagh A, Mohsen Aghaei Zarch S. Progress toward molecular therapy for diabetes mellitus: A focus on targeting inflammatory factors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022; 189:109945. [PMID: 35690269 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been the most prevalent global metabolic disease, turning into a serious risk for human health. Several researches have recorded a role for inflammation and immunity in the pathogenesis of both in T1DM and in T2DM. Lots of chemical agents are available to control and to cure diabetic patients, which are not always sufficient for euglycemia maintenance and late stage diabetic complications avoidance. Therefore, newborn therapeutic methods to refine clinical outcomes in DM are required. Nucleic-acid-based therapy also known as gene expression level regulator within the target cells has been calculated to be promising in various diseases. Thus, pronounced attempts have been dedicated to develop new targeted molecular therapy aimed at improving insulin resistance in DM. This review mainly focuses on recent progress in DM molecular therapy and whether, has potential efficacy against inflammatory mediators involved in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadesse Dehghan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculity of Life Science, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Ghorbani
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch, Mazandran, Iran
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Ravaei
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maede Karimian
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Kambiz Kalhor
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Abolfazl Movafagh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohsen Aghaei Zarch
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Overexpression of Activating Transcription Factor-2 (ATF-2) Activates Wnt/Ca2+ Signaling Pathways and Promotes Proliferation and Invasion in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:5772089. [PMID: 35692887 PMCID: PMC9184164 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5772089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested an association of the expression of activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) with the survival time and the activity of the Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the exact role of ATF-2 in tumorigenesis and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we study whether ATF-2 regulates the growth and reproduction of NSCLC cells through the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway. The expression of ATF-2 and pathway-related genes in non-small-cell lung cancer was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to knock out the ATF-2 gene, and pathway inhibitors and agonists were added to induce cultured cells. The expression of pathway genes and the proliferation and invasion ability of A549 lung cancer cells were analyzed. ATF-2 and pathway-related genes were upregulated in NSCLC. The proliferation and invasion ability of A549 lung cancer cells was decreased after only adding pathway inhibitors. The expression of Wnt/Ca2+ pathway protein was decreased when the ATF-2 gene was knocked out, but the expression of Wnt/Ca2+ pathway protein was reversed after the addition of a pathway agonist. These results suggest that ATF-2 acts as an agonist in the Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway, promoting the expression of Wnt5a, Wnt11, CaMK II, and NLK in the Wnt/Ca2+ pathway, thereby regulating the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells.
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18
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Mao Z, Chen R, Wang X, Zhou Z, Peng Y, Li S, Han D, Li S, Wang Y, Han T, Liang J, Ren S, Gao Z. CRISPR/Cas12a-based technology: A powerful tool for biosensing in food safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022; 122:211-222. [PMID: 35250172 PMCID: PMC8885088 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of the current pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, molecular detection is not limited to the clinical laboratory, but also faces the challenge of the complex and variable real-time detection fields. A series of novel coronavirus events were detected in the process of food cold chain packaging and transportation, making the application of molecular diagnosis in food processing, packaging, transportation, and other links urgent. There is an urgent need for a rapid detection technology that can adapt to the diversity and complexity of food safety. SCOPE AND APPROACH This review introduces a new molecular diagnostic technology-biosensor analysis technology based on CRISPR-Cas12a. Systematic clarification of its development process and detection principles. It summarizes and systematically organizes its applications in viruses, food-borne pathogenic bacteria, small molecule detection, etc. In the past four years, which provides a brand-new and comprehensive solution for food detection. Finally, this article puts forward the challenges and the prospects for food safety. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS The novel coronavirus hazards infiltrated every step of the food industry, from processing to packaging to transportation. The biosensor analytical technology based on CRISPR-Cas12a has great potential in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of infectious pathogens. CRISPR-Cas12a can effectively identify the presence of the specific nucleic acid targets and the small changes in sequences, which is particularly important for nucleic acid identification and pathogen detection. In addition, the CRISPR-Cas12a method can be adjusted and reconfigured within days to detect other viruses, providing equipment for nucleic acid diagnostics in the field of food safety. The future work will focus on the development of portable microfluidic devices for multiple detection. Shao et al. employed physical separation methods to separate Cas proteins in different microfluidic channels to achieve multiple detection, and each channel simultaneously detected different targets by adding crRNA with different spacer sequences. Although CRISPR-Cas12a technology has outstanding advantages in detection, there are several technical barriers in the transformation from emerging technologies to practical applications. The newly developed CRISPR-Cas12a-based applications and methods promote the development of numerous diagnostic and detection solutions, and have great potential in medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and especially food detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China,State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Ruipeng Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China,State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China,State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zixuan Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Dianpeng Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Sen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Tie Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Jun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China,Corresponding author
| | - Shuyue Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China,Corresponding author
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China,Corresponding author
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19
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Huerne K, Palmour N, Wu AR, Beck S, Berner A, Siebert R, Joly Y. Auditing the Editor: A Review of Key Translational Issues in Epigenetic Editing. CRISPR J 2022; 5:203-212. [PMID: 35325565 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, most advances in site-specific epigenetic editing for human use are concentrated in basic research, yet, there is considerable interest to translate this technology beyond the bench. This review highlights recent developments with epigenetic editing technology in comparison with the canonical CRISPR-Cas genome editing, as well as the epistemic and ethical considerations with preemptive translation of epigenetic editing into clinical or commercial use in humans. Key considerations in safety, equity, and access to epigenetic editing are highlighted, with a spotlight on the ethical, legal, and social issues of this technology in the context of global health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Huerne
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nicole Palmour
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Angela Ruohao Wu
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong S.A.R, China.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong S.A.R, China
| | - Stephan Beck
- University College London (UCL) Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Berner
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ulm University and Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Yann Joly
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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20
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Lange V, Kappel K. CRISPR Gene-Therapy: A Critical Review of Ethical Concerns and a Proposal for Public Decision-Making. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS 2022. [DOI: 10.7202/1089787ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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21
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Upconversion-mediated CRISPR-Cas12a biosensing for sensitive detection of ochratoxin A. Talanta 2022; 242:123232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Kim HJ, Park JM, Lee S, Cho HB, Park JI, Kim JH, Park JS, Park KH. Efficient CRISPR-Cas9-based knockdown of RUNX2 to induce chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells. Biomater Sci 2021; 10:514-523. [PMID: 34904600 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01716k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system recognizes and deletes specific nucleotide sequences in cells for gene editing. This study aimed to edit and knockdown the RUNX2 gene, a key transcription factor that is directly involved in all stages of stem cell differentiation into osteoblasts. The RUNX2 gene was depleted using the CRISPR-Cas9 system to inhibit osteoblast differentiation of stem cells. shRNA vectors targeting RUNX2 were used as a control. The surface of nanoparticles (NPs) was coated with the cationic polymer linear polyethyleneimine. Thereafter, negatively charged CRISPR-Cas9 and shRNA vectors were complexed with positively charged NPs via ionic interactions. Several analytical methods were used to determine the size, surface charge, and morphology of NPs and to characterize the complexed genes. NPs complexed with CRISPR-Cas9 and shRNA vectors were delivered into human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) via endocytosis. The mRNA and protein expression patterns of various genes in hMSCs were measured over time following internalization of NPs complexed with CRISPR-Cas9 and shRNA vectors in two- and three-dimensional culture systems. Knockdown of the RUNX2 gene decreased osteogenic differentiation and increased chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. As a result of investigating the efficiency of NPs complexed with CRISPR-Cas9 (CASP-NPs), Runx2 effectively knocked down in mesenchymal stem cells to enhance differentiation into chondrocytes, therefore CASP-NPs proved to be an effective gene carrier in hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Min Park
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sujin Lee
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hui Bang Cho
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-In Park
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 605, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Sun Park
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Laboratory of Nano-regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, CHA Biocomplex, Sampyeong-Dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Voisine J, Sirard MA. Ethics and animal reproductive technologies. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 34:214-233. [PMID: 35231384 DOI: 10.1071/rd21284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper offers a framework to help animal scientists engage in critical thinking about their own practices. Its objective is to reinforce their ability to participate in debates and discussions about the ethics surrounding the use of modern animal reproductive technologies (ART). This will be achieved first by exploring some of the most important philosophical conceptualizations of animals in Western philosophy, which are shaping the way humans interact with them. Then, we will analyse whether modern ART constitute ethically significant innovations in comparison with more traditional animal breeding practices, or whether they stand in continuity with the latter. This will be followed by a review some of the most important ethical issues with modern ART, where human, animal welfare, environmental and socio-economic issues will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Voisine
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon INAF, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marc André Sirard
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction, Développement et Santé Intergénérationnelle, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Département des Sciences Animales, Pavillon INAF, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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24
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Xie YX, Lv WQ, Chen YK, Hong S, Yao XP, Chen WJ, Zhao M. Advances in gene therapy for neurogenetic diseases: a brief review. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 100:385-394. [PMID: 34837498 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenetic diseases are neurological conditions with a genetic cause (s). There are thousands of neurogenetic diseases, and most of them are incurable. The development of bioinformatics and elucidation of the mechanism of pathogenesis have allowed the development of gene therapy approaches, which show great potential in treating neurogenetic diseases. Viral vectors delivery, antisense oligonucleotides, gene editing, RNA interference, and burgeoning viroid delivery technique are promising gene therapy strategies, and commendable therapeutic effects in the treatment of neurogenetic diseases have been achieved (Fig. 1). This review highlights a sampling of advances in gene therapies for neurogenetic disorders. Fig. 1 Examples of gene therapy strategies used in the treatment of neurogenetic diseases. The schematic diagram shows different gene therapy approaches used for treating a sampling of neurogenetic disorders, such as ASO therapy, gene editing, gene augmentation, and RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xuan Xie
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Wen-Qi Lv
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Yi-Kun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Shunyan Hong
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Wan-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong Road, Fuzhou, 350005, China.
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25
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Cao G, Xuan X, Zhang R, Hu J, Dong H. Gene Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease: Basic Research and Clinical Prospects. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:760140. [PMID: 34805315 PMCID: PMC8602679 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.760140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the vital role of genetic factors in human diseases have been widely recognized by scholars with the deepening of life science research, accompanied by the rapid development of gene-editing technology. In early years, scientists used homologous recombination technology to establish gene knock-out and gene knock-in animal models, and then appeared the second-generation gene-editing technology zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) that relied on nucleic acid binding proteins and endonucleases and the third-generation gene-editing technology that functioned through protein-nucleic acids complexes-CRISPR/Cas9 system. This holds another promise for refractory diseases and genetic diseases. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has always been the focus of clinical and basic research because of its high incidence and high disability rate, which seriously affects the long-term survival and quality of life of patients. Because some inherited cardiovascular diseases do not respond well to drug and surgical treatment, researchers are trying to use rapidly developing genetic techniques to develop initial attempts. However, significant obstacles to clinical application of gene therapy still exists, such as insufficient understanding of the nature of cardiovascular disease, limitations of genetic technology, or ethical concerns. This review mainly introduces the types and mechanisms of gene-editing techniques, ethical concerns of gene therapy, the application of gene therapy in atherosclerosis and inheritable cardiovascular diseases, in-stent restenosis, and delivering systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genmao Cao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuezhen Xuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Honglin Dong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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26
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Dong S, Qin YL, Vakulskas CA, Collingwood MA, Marand M, Rigoulot S, Zhu L, Jiang Y, Gu W, Fan C, Mangum A, Chen Z, Yarnall M, Zhong H, Elumalai S, Shi L, Que Q. Efficient Targeted Mutagenesis Mediated by CRISPR-Cas12a Ribonucleoprotein Complexes in Maize. Front Genome Ed 2021; 3:670529. [PMID: 34713259 PMCID: PMC8525364 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2021.670529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of CRISPR-Cas genome editing technologies have made it possible to perform targeted mutagenesis and precise gene replacement in crop plants. CRISPR-Cas9 and CRISPR-Cas12a are two main types of widely used genome editing systems. However, when CRISPR-Cas12a editing machinery is expressed from a transgene, some chromosomal targets encountered low editing frequency in important crops like maize and soybean. Here, we report efficient methods to directly generate genome edited lines by delivering Cas12a-gRNA ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) to immature maize embryos through particle bombardment in an elite maize variety. Genome edited lines were obtained at ~7% frequency without any selection during regeneration via biolistic delivery of Cas12a RNP into immature embryos. Strikingly, the gene editing rate was increased to 60% on average and up to 100% in some experiments when the Cas12a RNP was co-delivered with a PMI selectable marker gene cassette and the induced callus cultures were selected with mannose. We also show that use of higher activity Cas12a mutants resulted in improved editing efficiency in more recalcitrant target sequence. The advances described here provide useful tools for genetic improvement of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Dong
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yinping Lucy Qin
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Mariam Marand
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stephen Rigoulot
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ling Zhu
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Weining Gu
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Chunyang Fan
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Anna Mangum
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Zhongying Chen
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michele Yarnall
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Heng Zhong
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sivamani Elumalai
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Liang Shi
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Qiudeng Que
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, United States
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27
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Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 as an Advanced Genome Editing System in Life Sciences. BIOTECH 2021; 10:biotech10030014. [PMID: 35822768 PMCID: PMC9245484 DOI: 10.3390/biotech10030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted nucleases are powerful genomic tools to precisely change the target genome of living cells, controlling functional genes with high exactness. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) genome editing system has been identified as one of the most useful biological tools in genetic engineering that is taken from adaptive immune strategies for bacteria. In recent years, this system has made significant progress and it has been widely used in genome editing to create gene knock-ins, knock-outs, and point mutations. This paper summarizes the application of this system in various biological sciences, including medicine, plant science, and animal breeding.
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28
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Gähwiler EKN, Motta SE, Martin M, Nugraha B, Hoerstrup SP, Emmert MY. Human iPSCs and Genome Editing Technologies for Precision Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:639699. [PMID: 34262897 PMCID: PMC8273765 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.639699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) originate from the reprogramming of adult somatic cells using four Yamanaka transcription factors. Since their discovery, the stem cell (SC) field achieved significant milestones and opened several gateways in the area of disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. In parallel, the emergence of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) revolutionized the field of genome engineering, allowing the generation of genetically modified cell lines and achieving a precise genome recombination or random insertions/deletions, usefully translated for wider applications. Cardiovascular diseases represent a constantly increasing societal concern, with limited understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. The ability of iPSCs to differentiate into multiple cell types combined with CRISPR-Cas9 technology could enable the systematic investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms or drug screening for potential therapeutics. Furthermore, these technologies can provide a cellular platform for cardiovascular tissue engineering (TE) approaches by modulating the expression or inhibition of targeted proteins, thereby creating the possibility to engineer new cell lines and/or fine-tune biomimetic scaffolds. This review will focus on the application of iPSCs, CRISPR-Cas9, and a combination thereof to the field of cardiovascular TE. In particular, the clinical translatability of such technologies will be discussed ranging from disease modeling to drug screening and TE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K. N. Gähwiler
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E. Motta
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Martin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bramasta Nugraha
- Molecular Parasitology Lab, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Bioscience Cardiovascular, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon P. Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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29
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Li P, Hu S, Qian C, Yao Y, Li LY, Yang JF, Yang L, Yang CC, Zhou H, Wang SX, Hu Y, Zhu XY, Zhou J, Pan LX, Shen CP, Zhou H. The Therapeutic Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Inflammatory Diseases Caused by Virus, Especially on Those Caused by COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650425. [PMID: 34122073 PMCID: PMC8187915 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are large multimolecular complexes best recognized because of their ability to control activation of caspase-1, which in turn regulates the maturation of interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interleukin-1 β (IL-1β). IL-1β was originally identified as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, capable of inducing local and systemic inflammation as well as a fever response reaction in response to infection or injury. Excessive production of IL-1β is related to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Both coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) are characterized by excessive inflammatory response. For SARS, there is no correlation between viral load and worsening symptoms. However, there is no specific medicine which is available to treat the disease. As an important part of medical practice, TCM showed an obvious therapeutic effect in SARS-CoV-infected patients. In this article, we summarize the current applications of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Herein, we also offer an insight into the underlying mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of TCM, as well as introduce new naturally occurring compounds with anti-coronavirus activity, in order to provide a new and potential drug development strategy for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical University of Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Center for Scientific Research, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liang-Yun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun-Fa Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chen-Chen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shu-Xian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xing-Yu Zhu
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin-Xin Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuan-Pu Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huan Zhou
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China
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30
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Landmesser U, Poller W, Tsimikas S, Most P, Paneni F, Lüscher TF. From traditional pharmacological towards nucleic acid-based therapies for cardiovascular diseases. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:3884-3899. [PMID: 32350510 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapeutics are currently developed at large scale for prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), since: (i) genetic studies have highlighted novel therapeutic targets suggested to be causal for CVD; (ii) there is a substantial recent progress in delivery, efficacy, and safety of nucleic acid-based therapies; (iii) they enable effective modulation of therapeutic targets that cannot be sufficiently or optimally addressed using traditional small molecule drugs or antibodies. Nucleic acid-based therapeutics include (i) RNA-targeted therapeutics for gene silencing; (ii) microRNA-modulating and epigenetic therapies; (iii) gene therapies; and (iv) genome-editing approaches (e.g. CRISPR-Cas-based): (i) RNA-targeted therapeutics: several large-scale clinical development programmes, using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) or short interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics for prevention and management of CVD have been initiated. These include ASO and/or siRNA molecules to lower apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)], proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), apoCIII, ANGPTL3, or transthyretin (TTR) for prevention and treatment of patients with atherosclerotic CVD or TTR amyloidosis. (ii) MicroRNA-modulating and epigenetic therapies: novel potential therapeutic targets are continually arising from human non-coding genome and epigenetic research. First microRNA-based therapeutics or therapies targeting epigenetic regulatory pathways are in clinical studies. (iii) Gene therapies: EMA/FDA have approved gene therapies for non-cardiac monogenic diseases and LDL receptor gene therapy is currently being examined in patients with homozygous hypercholesterolaemia. In experimental studies, gene therapy has significantly improved cardiac function in heart failure animal models. (iv) Genome editing approaches: these technologies, such as using CRISPR-Cas, have proven powerful in stem cells, however, important challenges are remaining, e.g. low rates of homology-directed repair in somatic cells such as cardiomyocytes. In summary, RNA-targeted therapies (e.g. apo(a)-ASO and PCSK9-siRNA) are now in large-scale clinical outcome trials and will most likely become a novel effective and safe therapeutic option for CVD in the near future. MicroRNA-modulating, epigenetic, and gene therapies are tested in early clinical studies for CVD. CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing is highly effective in stem cells, but major challenges are remaining in somatic cells, however, this field is rapidly advancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, CC11 (Cardiovascular Medicine), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Strasse 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Poller
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, CC11 (Cardiovascular Medicine), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BSB 1080, La Jolla, CA 92093-0682, USA
| | - Patrick Most
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Translational Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Molecular and Translational Cardiology, Department of Medicine III, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Paneni
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Research and Education, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, MOU2, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zürich, Wagistrasse 12, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.,Research, Education and Development, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital Trust and Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, Guy Scadding Building, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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31
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Jin S, Zhan J, Zhou Y. Argonaute proteins: structures and their endonuclease activity. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4837-4849. [PMID: 34117606 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06476-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Argonaute proteins are highly conserved and widely expressed in almost all organisms. They not only play a critical role in the biogenesis of small RNAs but also defend against invading nucleic acids via small RNA or DNA-mediated gene silencing pathways. One functional mechanism of Argonaute proteins is acting as a nucleic-acid-guided endonuclease, which can cleave targets complementary to DNA or RNA guides. The cleavage then leads to translational silencing directly or indirectly by recruiting additional silencing proteins. Here, we summarized the latest research progress in structural and biological studies of Argonaute proteins and pointed out their potential applications in the field of gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Jin
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jian Zhan
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yaoqi Zhou
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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32
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Iqubal A, Iqubal MK, Khan A, Ali J, Baboota S, Haque SE. Gene Therapy, A Novel Therapeutic Tool for Neurological Disorders: Current Progress, Challenges and Future Prospective. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 20:184-194. [DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200716111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
:
Neurological disorders are one of the major threat for health care system as they put enormous
socioeconomic burden. All aged populations are susceptible to one or other neurological problems
with symptoms of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. At present,
available pharmacotherapeutics are insufficient to treat these diseased conditions and in most cases,
they provide only palliative effect. It was also found that the molecular etiology of neurological disorders
is directly linked with the alteration in genetic makeup, which can be inherited or triggered by the
injury, environmental toxins and by some existing disease. Therefore, to take care of this situation,
gene therapy has emerged as an advanced modality that claims to permanently cure the disease by deletion,
silencing or edition of faulty genes and by insertion of healthier genes. In this modality, vectors
(viral and non-viral) are used to deliver targeted gene into a specific region of the brain via various
routes. At present, gene therapy has shown positive outcomes in complex neurological disorders, such
as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, Multiple sclerosis, Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis and in lysosomal storage disease. However, there are some limitations such as immunogenic
reactions non-specificity of viral vectors and a lack of effective biomarkers to understand the efficacy
of therapy. Considerable progress has been made to improve vector design, gene selection and
targeted delivery. This review article deals with the current status of gene therapy in neurological disorders
along with its clinical relevance, challenges and future prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Aamir Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
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33
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Miri SM, Tafsiri E, Cho WCS, Ghaemi A. CRISPR-Cas, a robust gene-editing technology in the era of modern cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:456. [PMID: 32973401 PMCID: PMC7493839 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been emerged as a promising strategy for treatment of a broad spectrum of malignancies ranging from hematological to solid tumors. One of the principal approaches of cancer immunotherapy is transfer of natural or engineered tumor-specific T-cells into patients, a so called "adoptive cell transfer", or ACT, process. Construction of allogeneic T-cells is dependent on the employment of a gene-editing tool to modify donor-extracted T-cells and prepare them to specifically act against tumor cells with enhanced function and durability and least side-effects. In this context, CRISPR technology can be used to produce universal T-cells, equipped with recombinant T cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), through multiplex genome engineering using Cas nucleases. The robust potential of CRISPR-Cas in preparing the building blocks of ACT immunotherapy has broaden the application of such therapies and some of them have gotten FDA approvals. Here, we have collected the last investigations in the field of immuno-oncology conducted in partnership with CRISPR technology. In addition, studies that have addressed the challenges in the path of CRISPR-mediated cancer immunotherapy, as well as pre-treatment applications of CRISPR-Cas have been mentioned in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Tafsiri
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, P.O.Box: 1316943551, Iran
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34
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COVID-19 Vaccine Studies and Ethical Issues in the Context of Gene Editing Technologies. ANADOLU KLINIĞI TIP BILIMLERI DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.21673/anadoluklin.773834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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35
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Has the time come to implement gene therapy for sickle cell disease? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 302:1313-1316. [PMID: 32754860 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Ayanoğlu FB, Elçin AE, Elçin YM. Bioethical issues in genome editing by CRISPR-Cas9 technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 44:110-120. [PMID: 32256147 PMCID: PMC7129066 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1912-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing technologies have led to fundamental changes in genetic science. Among them, CRISPR-Cas9 technology particularly stands out due to its advantages such as easy handling, high accuracy, and low cost. It has made a quick introduction in fields related to humans, animals, and the environment, while raising difficult questions, applications, concerns, and bioethical issues to be discussed. Most concerns stem from the use of CRISPR-Cas9 to genetically alter human germline cells and embryos (called germline genome editing). Germline genome editing leads to serial bioethical issues, such as the occurrence of undesirable changes in the genome, from whom and how informed consent is obtained, and the breeding of the human species (eugenics). However, the bioethical issues that CRISPR-Cas9 technology could cause in the environment, agriculture and livestock should also not be forgotten. In order for CRISPR-Cas9 to be used safely in all areas and to solve potential issues, worldwide legislation should be prepared, taking into account the opinions of both life and social scientists, policy makers, and all other stakeholders of the sectors, and CRISPR-Cas9 applications should be implemented according to such legislations. However, these controls should not restrict scientific freedom. Here, various applications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, especially in medicine and agriculture, are described and ethical issues related to genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9 technology are discussed. The social and bioethical concerns in relation to human beings, other organisms, and the environment are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Betül Ayanoğlu
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science,Ankara University Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Ankara Turkey
| | - Ayşe Eser Elçin
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science,Ankara University Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Ankara Turkey
| | - Yaşar Murat Elçin
- Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Ankara University Faculty of Science,Ankara University Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University Stem Cell Institute, Ankara Turkey.,Biovalda Health Technologies, Inc., Ankara Turkey
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37
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Cui Y, Liao X, Peng S, Tang T, Huang C, Yang C. OffScan: a universal and fast CRISPR off-target sites detection tool. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:872. [PMID: 32138651 PMCID: PMC7057453 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Type II clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) is a powerful genome editing technology, which is more and more popular in gene function analysis. In CRISPR/Cas, RNA guides Cas nuclease to the target site to perform DNA modification. RESULTS The performance of CRISPR/Cas depends on well-designed single guide RNA (sgRNA). However, the off-target effect of sgRNA leads to undesired mutations in genome and limits the use of CRISPR/Cas. Here, we present OffScan, a universal and fast CRISPR off-target detection tool. CONCLUSIONS OffScan is not limited by the number of mismatches and allows custom protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), which is the target site by Cas protein. Besides, OffScan adopts the FM-index, which efficiently improves query speed and reduce memory consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Cui
- School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha,, 410073 China
| | - Xiangke Liao
- School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha,, 410073 China
| | - Shaoliang Peng
- National Supercomputing Center, Changsha, 410082 China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410006 China
| | - Tao Tang
- School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha,, 410073 China
| | - Chun Huang
- School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha,, 410073 China
| | - Canqun Yang
- School of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha,, 410073 China
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Pena SA, Iyengar R, Eshraghi RS, Bencie N, Mittal J, Aljohani A, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Gene therapy for neurological disorders: challenges and recent advancements. J Drug Target 2019; 28:111-128. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1630415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A. Pena
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Iyengar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nicole Bencie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Aljohani
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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