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Mateo M, Montoya A, Bailo B, Köster PC, Dashti A, Hernández‐Castro C, Saugar JM, Matas P, Xiao L, Carmena D. Prevalence and public health relevance of enteric parasites in domestic dogs and cats in the region of Madrid (Spain) with an emphasis on Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2542-2558. [PMID: 37725371 PMCID: PMC10650246 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pet dogs and cats exert an unquestionable beneficial effect in the well-being of their owners, but can also act as a source of zoonotic infections if improperly cared. OBJECTIVES We investigated the occurrence, risk factors, genetic variability and zoonotic potential of intestinal parasites in dogs and cats attended in a clinical veterinary setting in Spain. METHODS Canine (n = 252) and feline (n = 35) faecal samples were collected during 2017-2019 and analysed by coproparasitological methods. A rapid lateral immunochromatographic test (ICT) was used for detecting Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium sp. Samples positive at microscopy examination and/or ICT were reassessed by molecular methods. RESULTS Overall, 48.8% (123/252) of dogs and 48.6% (17/35) of cats were infected by enteric parasites. In dogs, G. duodenalis was the most prevalent species (40.9%), followed by Cystoisospora sp. (7.1%), and Toxocara canis (5.2%). In cats, Joyeuxiella sp. and Toxocara cati were the dominant species (20.0% each), followed by G. duodenalis (14.3%), D. caninum (5.7%) and Cystoisospora felis and Toxascaris leonina (2.9% each). Pups and kittens were more likely to harbour intestinal parasites and develop clinical signs. Sequence analyses of dog isolates revealed the presence of assemblages A (n = 1), C (n = 4), D (n = 4) and C+D (n = 1) within G. duodenalis; C. parvum (n = 1) and C. canis (n = 4) within Cryptosporidium and PtEb IX (n = 1) in Enterocytozoon bieneusi. A novel C. canis subtype family, named XXi, is reported. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that (i) well-cared dogs carry zoonotic enteric protozoan parasites of public health relevance, (ii) proper hygiene practices and routine veterinary treatment are essential to prevent zoonotic infections, (iii) vulnerable populations should avoid contact with pups/kittens with diarrhoea and (iv) infected dogs might be major contributors to the environmental contamination with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mateo
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFaculty of PharmacyComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Department of Animal HealthFaculty of VeterinaryComplutense University of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
| | - Carolina Hernández‐Castro
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
- Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical PathologiesUniversity of AntioquiaMedellínColombia
| | - José M. Saugar
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious DiseasesHealth Institute Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Pablo Matas
- Faculty of Veterinary, Alfonso X El Sabio University (UAX)Villanueva de la CañadaMadridSpain
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary MedicineSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research LaboratorySpanish National Centre for MicrobiologyHealth Institute Carlos IIIMajadahondaMadridSpain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious DiseasesHealth Institute Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Li J, Li N, Roellig DM, Zhao W, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. High subtelomeric GC content in the genome of a zoonotic Cryptosporidium species. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001052. [PMID: 37399068 PMCID: PMC10438818 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium canis is a zoonotic species causing cryptosporidiosis in humans in addition to its natural hosts dogs and other fur animals. To understand the genetic basis for host adaptation, we sequenced the genomes of C. canis from dogs, minks, and foxes and conducted a comparative genomics analysis. While the genomes of C. canis have similar gene contents and organisations, they (~41.0 %) and C. felis (39.6 %) have GC content much higher than other Cryptosporidium spp. (24.3-32.9 %) sequenced to date. The high GC content is mostly restricted to subtelomeric regions of the eight chromosomes. Most of these GC-balanced genes encode Cryptosporidium-specific proteins that have intrinsically disordered regions and are involved in host-parasite interactions. Natural selection appears to play a more important role in the evolution of codon usage in GC-balanced C. canis, and most of the GC-balanced genes have undergone positive selection. While the identity in whole genome sequences between the mink- and dog-derived isolates is 99.9 % (9365 SNVs), it is only 96.0 % (362 894 SNVs) between them and the fox-derived isolate. In agreement with this, the fox-derived isolate possesses more subtelomeric genes encoding invasion-related protein families. Therefore, the change in subtelomeric GC content appears to be responsible for the more GC-balanced C. canis genomes, and the fox-derived isolate could represent a new Cryptosporidium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Dawn M. Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Wentao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
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Noaman EA, Nayel M, Salama A, Mahmoud MA, El-Kattan AM, Dawood AS, Abd El-Hamid IS, Elsify A, Mousa W, Elkhtam A, Zaghawa A. Enteric protozoal infections in camels: Etiology, epidemiology, and future perspectives. GERMAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2023; 3:1-17. [DOI: 10.51585/gjvr.2023.1.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Camels have great potential as a safety valve for current and future food security for pastoralists, agropastoralists, and urban populations. Enteric protozoal diseases are important causes of economic losses in camels; however, they are poorly concerned globally. The most common members of enteric protozoa are Balantidium, Eimeria, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. Some of them threaten human health as humans can be infected by consuming food or water contaminated with camel feces, particularly in poor communities with inadequate sanitation and low-quality healthcare facilities. For these reasons, a comprehensive and careful investigation was conducted on some enteric protozoal diseases of camels to present an updated insight into the etiology, epidemiology, and future trends in diagnosing and controlling camel enteric protozoa. Future studies on the camel enteric protozoa should be carried out to develop advanced diagnostic approaches in diverse farm animal species. Moreover, the protozoan zoonotic potential should be considered to secure human health.
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Scorza AV, Tyrrell P, Wennogle S, Chandrashekar R, Lappin MR. Experimental infection of cats with Cryptosporidium felis. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:1060-1064. [PMID: 34704500 PMCID: PMC10812321 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211053477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to experimentally inoculate cats with Cryptosporidium felis oocysts and compare fecal detection by fluorescent antibody assay (FA) and quantitative PCR (qPCR), and document clinical signs associated with infection. METHODS Cryptosporidium felis oocysts were concentrated from the feces of a naturally infected cat and orally inoculated into six cats that tested negative for C felis by an FA and fecal flotation (FF). Cats were observed daily for the presence of clinical signs consistent with infection. Fecal samples from all cats on days 0 and 9, and one sample per cat (days 18-21), were evaluated by all assays. On day 31, two cats negative for C felis by FF and FA were administered methylprednisolone acetate and all assays were repeated on days 34, 36 and 38. Samples from all cats were tested by FF and FA on days 41, 43, 45 and 48. RESULTS A total of 41 samples were tested, 25 of which were compared by FA and qPCR. Cryptosporidium felis was detected in 2/25 (8%) and in 19/25 (76%) samples by FA and by qPCR, respectively; the other 16 samples were tested by FF and FA. None of the cats was positive for C felis by FF or FA in samples collected on days 0, 9 or 18-21. One, five and six samples tested positive by qPCR on days 0, 9 and 18-21, respectively. The cats administered methylprednisolone acetate tested positive for C felis by FA on day 36 and by qPCR on days 31, 34, 36 and 38. None of the cats showed clinical signs of disease. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Clinical signs were not recognized in any of the cats for the duration of the study. FA was insensitive compared with qPCR for detecting cats with subclinical C felis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V Scorza
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Sara Wennogle
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Michael R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Köseoğlu AE, Can H, Karakavuk M, Güvendi M, Değirmenci Döşkaya A, Manyatsi PB, Döşkaya M, Gürüz AY, Ün C. Molecular prevalence and subtyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal samples collected from stray cats in İzmir, Turkey. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:89. [PMID: 35255909 PMCID: PMC8898748 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp. are obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites transmitted to humans and other animals by contaminated water, food, or direct contact. They mainly cause gastrointestinal symptoms, although subclinical infections are also common. Cats are primarily infected by host-adapted Cryptosporidium felis while C. parvum and C. muris have also been detected in some cases. In this study, the molecular prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was investigated by screening 399 fecal samples collected from stray cats using nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene for the first time in Turkey. Additionally, Cryptosporidium PCR-positive samples were genotyped by nested PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and subsequently, amplicons of 18S SSU rRNA were sequenced. They were further subtyped by amplification and sequencing of the gp60 gene. Results Among fecal samples screened, 12 of them (3%) were found to be Cryptosporidium-positive, and according to RFLP and sequencing of 18S rRNA gene, all positive samples were identified as C. felis. Subtyping analyses at the gp60 gene showed that C. felis isolates belonged to the XIXa subtype family, which are closely related to human subtypes of the parasite. Conclusions The results of this study are important in terms of indicating the potential role of stray cats for transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. to humans or other animals. Also, the presence of XIXa, which is the dominant subtype family of C. felis in cats and humans was shown for the first time in stray cats of İzmir, Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Efe Köseoğlu
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey. .,Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Muhammet Karakavuk
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Ege University Ödemiş Technical Training College, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mervenur Güvendi
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Pumla Bhekiwe Manyatsi
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey.,Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cemal Ün
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.,Ege University Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, İzmir, Turkey
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Bahramdoost Z, Mirjalali H, Yavari P, Haghighi A. Development of HRM real-time PCR for assemblage characterization of Giardia lamblia. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106109. [PMID: 34450062 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A total of 90 stool samples were collected from dogs, referred to a dog shelter and a veterinary clinic. In addition, 395 stool samples obtained from pet dog owners and shelter keepers, as well as individuals referred to a medical laboratory as controls, were collected in Shahryar district, Tehran, Iran. Stool samples were parasitologically examined and the positive G. lamblia isolates were tested with Nested-PCR/sequencing for the tpi, gdh, and bg genes, and HRM real-time PCR. Microscopical examination revealed 20 (22.2%) and 34 (8.6%) Giardia-positive samples from dogs and humans, respectively. Regarding HRM real-time PCR, the prevalence of assemblages A and B in humans was 55.8% and 14.7%, respectively. In addition, 14.7% of samples were mix assemblages. HRM real-time PCR detected most of microscopically-positive samples in comparison to PCR/sequencing in both humans and dogs. The high prevalence of assemblages A and B in dogs signified the importance of a same source for infection between dogs and humans.
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Giner J, Villanueva-Saz S, Alcover MM, Riera C, Fisa R, Basurco A, Yzuel A, Trotta M, Fani C, Verde MT, Fernández A. Treatment and follow-up of a domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) with clinical leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 21:100423. [PMID: 32862910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum infection including treatment and follow up in domestic animals other than dogs and cats has not been described at this moment. This article describes the anti-Leishmania treatment and follow-up of a ferret (Mustela putorius furo) with leishmaniosis. A combined therapeutic protocol established for the patient, not yet approved for ferrets, was a combination of meglumine antimoniate plus allopurinol. A follow-up was established monthly during the first year in order to monitor the health condition of the patient. Six months after commencing allopurinol therapy, xanthine crystalluria was observed in urine sediment with no other urine alterations detected by urine analysis. The ferret worsened progressively with diarrhoea and weight loss after cohabiting with another ferret diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium parvum was isolated in faecal samples from the patient detected by three different methods including Ziehl-Neelsen staining, a qualitative test to detection of C. parvum antigens and finally a specific molecular analysis to characterize the species. To the best of the authors´ knowledge, this is the first report providing information about anti-Leishmania protocol therapy used and follow-up in a domestic ferret with clinical leishmaniosis. Veterinarians practicing in endemic areas should be aware of this infection in ferrets at risk and their susceptibility especially when immunosuppressive conditions are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobo Giner
- Menescalia Veterinary Clinic, Ismael Merlo Actor, 5, 46020, Valencia, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Riera
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Barcelona, Avda. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Asier Basurco
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrés Yzuel
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Michele Trotta
- CD Vet Laboratorio Analisi Veterinarie, Via Ernesto Monaci, 21, 00161 Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Fani
- CD Vet Laboratorio Analisi Veterinarie, Via Ernesto Monaci, 21, 00161 Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - María Teresa Verde
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in Danish cats: risk factors and zoonotic potential. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2275-2286. [PMID: 32451716 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections are common in cats, but knowledge is limited about their clinical importance, risk factors, and the role of cats as a reservoir for human infections. Here, we collected faeces and questionnaire data from 284 cats from shelters and veterinary clinics in the Copenhagen Metropolitan Region (= study population). Additionally, 33 samples were analysed separately from catteries with gastrointestinal clinical signs (= cases). (Oo-)cysts were quantified by immunofluorescence microscopy. All Giardia (n = 34) and Cryptosporidium (n = 29) positive samples were analysed by sequencing of the 18S rRNA, gdh and hsp70 loci, and co-infections were detected by McMaster/inverted microscopy. In the study population, 7.0% and 6.7% were positive for Giardia and Cryptosporidium respectively; 48.5% and 36.4% of the breeder cats (cases) were infected. Increased odds of diarrhoea were demonstrated in Giardia (p = 0.0008) and Cryptosporidium (p = 0.034) positive cats. For Giardia, the odds were positively correlated with infection intensity. Co-infection with Cryptosporidium (OR 12.79; p < 0.001), parasitic co-infections other than Cryptosporidium (OR 5.22; p = 0.009), no deworming (OR 4.67; p = 0.035), and male sex (OR 3.63; p = 0.025) were risk factors for Giardia. For Cryptosporidium, co-infection with Giardia was the only risk factor (OR 11.93; p < 0.0001). Genotyping revealed G. duodenalis assemblages A and F, and C. felis, all of them previously detected in humans. In conclusion, excretion of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was associated with clinical disease. Although a public health risk is likely, studies including larger sample sizes, more discriminatory markers and samples from other animals and humans are needed to reveal the full zoonotic potential.
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Loeck BK, Pedati C, Iwen PC, McCutchen E, Roellig DM, Hlavsa MC, Fullerton K, Safranek T, Carlson AV. Genotyping and Subtyping Cryptosporidium To Identify Risk Factors and Transmission Patterns - Nebraska, 2015-2017. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2020; 69:335-338. [PMID: 32214081 PMCID: PMC7725511 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6912a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an enteric pathogen that is transmitted through animal-to-person or person-to-person contact or through ingestion of contaminated water or food. In the United States, Cryptosporidium affects an estimated 750,000 persons each year; however, only approximately 11,000 cases are reported nationally (1,2). Persons infected with Cryptosporidium typically develop symptoms within 2 to 10 days after exposure. Common symptoms include watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, or fever, which can last 1 to 2 weeks. Cryptosporidiosis is a nationally notifiable disease in the United States. Nebraska presents a unique setting for the evaluation of this pathogen because, compared with other states, Nebraska has a greater reliance on agriculture and a higher proportion of the population residing and working in rural communities. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes are generally indistinguishable using conventional diagnostic methods. Using molecular characterization, Nebraska evaluated the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium and found a dichotomy in the distribution of cases of cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis among rural and urban settings. Characterizing clusters of C. hominis cases revealed that several child care facilities were affected by the same subtype, suggesting community-wide transmission and indicating a need for effective exclusion policies. Several cases of cryptosporidiosis caused by non-C. parvum or non-C. hominis species and genotypes indicated unique animal exposures that were previously unidentified. This study enhanced epidemiologic data by validating known Cryptosporidium sources, confirming outbreaks, and, through repeat interviews, providing additional information to inform cryptosporidiosis prevention and control efforts.
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Basic Approach to Veterinary Care of Ferrets. FERRETS, RABBITS, AND RODENTS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7258701 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48435-0.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The approach to preventive medicine and basic veterinary care in ferrets is very similar to that used in dogs and cats. Special equipment needs are minimal, and pet ferrets can be easily incorporated into a general small animal practice. This chapter describes the unique aspects of handling, restraint, and clinical and treatment techniques used in ferrets.
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Tangtrongsup S, Scorza AV, Reif JS, Ballweber LR, Lappin MR, Salman MD. Seasonal distributions and other risk factors for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. infections in dogs and cats in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Prev Vet Med 2020; 174:104820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hinney B, Christen I, Jähne S, Gaisbauer S, Schrammel N, Markl A, Joachim A, Künzel F. Efficacy and safety of ronidazole treatment against Tritrichomonas foetus in a cat colony with multiple disorders. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 18:100344. [PMID: 31796193 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a group of pedigree cats (n = 17) in poor health condition housed in an animal shelter in Vienna, Austria, with a history of persistent diarrhea, Tritrichomonas foetus infection was detected by PCR. Despite pre-existing clinical conditions all cats were treated with ronidazole (30 mg/kg PO q24h for 14 days) under close observation. After treatment, 11 of 14 initially positive animals remained negative for T. foetus during the observation period (six to eight weeks post treatment) and no diarrhea was observed. During treatment, nine cats showed mild to moderate neurological disorders (incoordination, mild tremor) at least once; six of these had already shown similar signs before treatment. Ronidazole treatment of multimorbid animals is acceptable if the benefit (here: clinical resolution and release from quarantine for adoption) is high. It is hypothesized that a high degree of inbreeding is a significant risk factor for the development of tritrichomonosis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Isabelle Christen
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphanie Jähne
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Gaisbauer
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University Hospital for Small Animals, Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Schrammel
- Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University Hospital for Small Animals, Clinical Unit of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Markl
- Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University Hospital for Small Animals, Clinical Unit of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Andrology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Künzel
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University Hospital for Small Animals, Department/Hospital for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sauda F, Malandrucco L, De Liberato C, Perrucci S. Gastrointestinal parasites in shelter cats of central Italy. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 18:100321. [PMID: 31796183 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In Italy, the limited resources and the large number of cats living in feline shelters may facilitate the spread of parasite infections that may affect the health of cats and expose shelter workers and adoptive owners to zoonosis. Prevalence and risk factors of potential zoonotic and host-specific gastrointestinal parasite infections were assessed in cats living in public and private shelters of central Italy. Individual fecal samples were examined macroscopically and then screened microscopically by fresh and Lugol stained fecal smears and by flotation and the Baermann tests. A commercial rapid immune-chromatographic assay was used to detect Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. All animals were clinically examined to evaluate presence of clinical signs compatible to parasitic infections. Data were statistically analysed by multivariate analysis with logistic regression and chi square testing for bivariate analysis. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in the shelter cats surveyed was 22% (29/132), with 26/132 (19.7%) of the animals infected with potentially zoonotic organisms. Upon statistical analysis, parasite infections were identified in significantly more cats younger than 18 months of age (p <0.05), and most often associated with the presence of compatible clinical signs (p <0.05). A higher prevalence of protozoan infections (18.1%, 24/132) than of helminth infections (12.9%, 17/132) was observed. Identified parasites were Giardia duodenalis (10.6%, 14/132), Toxocara cati (9%, 12/132), Cystoisospora felis (3%, 4/132), Cystoisospora rivolta (2.3%, 3/132), hookworms (2.3%, 3/132), Cryptosporidium spp. (1.6%, 2/132), Aonchotheca putorii (0.75%, 1/132), Tritrichomonas foetus (0.75%, 1/132) and Strongyloides sp. (0.75%, 1/132). Co-infections were identified in the 7.6% of animals surveyed. Results obtained from this study indicate high gastrointestinal parasite risk to shelter cats and public health in the examined areas and suggest the need for more effective control measures in shelters surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sauda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Livia Malandrucco
- Ospedale Veterinario ASL Roma D, Via della Magliana 856, Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri (IZSLT), Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Perrucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Itoh N, Tanaka H, Iijima Y, Kameshima S, Kimura Y. Molecular Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Breeding Kennel Dogs. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:197-200. [PMID: 31104414 PMCID: PMC6526223 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a common intestinal protozoan that can lead to diarrhea in humans and dogs. The predominant species of infection are C. hominis and C. parvum in humans, and C. canis in dogs. However, C. canis can infect immunocompromised humans. Considering the close contact with humans, dogs have the potential to be reservoirs for human cryptosporidiosis. Breeding kennels are the major supply source of puppies for pet shops. The present study is to determine the molecular prevalence and characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. found in breeding kennel dogs. A total of 314 fecal samples were collected from young and adult dogs kept in 5 breeding kennels. A polymerase chain reaction targeting the small subunit rRNA gene was employed for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. To determine the species, the DNA sequences were compared to GenBank data. Overall, 21.0% of the fecal samples were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. infection. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in all 5 facilities. A sequencing analysis demonstrated that all isolates shared 99–100% similarity with C. canis. The results suggest that Cryptosporidium spp. infection is present at a high-level in breeding kennel dogs. However, because dominant species in this survey was C. canis, the importance of breeding kennel dogs as reservoirs for Cryptosporidium spp. transmission to humans is likely to be low in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Itoh
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hazuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yuko Iijima
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kameshima
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yuya Kimura
- Laboratory of Small Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
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15
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Protocol standardization for the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 298:31-38. [PMID: 30903916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Marine bivalve shellfish are of public health interest because they can accumulate pollutants in their tissues. As they are usually consumed raw or lightly cooked, they are considered to be a possible source of foodborne infections, including giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis. Although data indicating contamination of shellfish with Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts have been published, comparing results from different studies is difficult, as there is no standardized protocol for the detection and quantification of these parasites in mussels, and different researchers have used different analytical approaches. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the most sensitive protocol for the detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in shellfish. In an effort to test the sensitivity and the detection limits of the protocol, every step of the process was investigated, from initial preparation of the mussel matrix through detection of the parasites. Comparative studies were conducted, including several methods previously applied by other researchers, on commercial mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis spiked with a known number of (oo)cysts of both parasites. As preparation of the mussel matrix plays an important role in the sensitivity of the method, different techniques were tested. These included: (ia) removal of the coarse particles from the matrix with sieving, (ib) extraction of the lipids with diethyl ether, and (ic) artificial digestion of the matrix with pepsin digestion solution, and (ii) the use or not of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for the concentration of the (oo)cysts. Pre-treatment of the mussel homogenate with pepsin digestion solution, followed by IMS, then detection with a direct immunofluorescence assay, achieved the highest sensitivity: 32.1% (SD: 21.1) of Giardia cysts and 61.4% (SD: 26.2) Cryptosporidium oocysts were recovered, with a detection limit of 10 (oo)cysts per g of mussel homogenate. The outcome of the current study was the standardization of a protocol, with defined detection limits, for the detection of these two protozoan transmission stages in mussels, in order to be used as a reference technique in future studies. Further advantages of this protocol are that it uses the whole mussel as a starting material and does not require difficult handling procedures. The method has potential to be applied in larger surveys and, potentially, to other species of shellfish for the detection of these parasites. However, the composition (lipid to protein ratio) may be of relevance for detection efficiency for some other species of shellfish.
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Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and the occurrence of intestinal parasites in fecal samples of naturally infected dogs and cats. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3033-3038. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Simonato G, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Cassini R, Traversa D, Tessarin C, Di Cesare A, Pietrobelli M. Molecular detection of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in canine faecal samples contaminating public areas in Northern Italy. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3411-3418. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Prevalence of Selected Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Agents in Dogs and Cats on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4030043. [PMID: 29056701 PMCID: PMC5644658 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of intestinal parasites and vector-borne agents of dogs and cats in the Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota were determined. Fecal samples (84 dogs, 9 cats) were examined by centrifugal floatation and by immunofluorescence assay (FA) for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. PCR was performed on Giardia [beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), glutamate dehydrogenase genes (gdh)] and Cryptosporidium [heat shock protein-70 gene (hsp)] FA positive samples. Cat sera (n = 32) were tested for antibodies against Bartonella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and FIV, and antigens of FeLV and Dirofilaria immitis. Dog sera (n = 82) were tested for antibodies against T. gondii, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum and D. immitis antigen. Blood samples (92 dogs, 39 cats) were assessed by PCR for amplification of DNA of Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., haemoplasmas, and Babesia spp. (dogs only). The most significant results were Giardia spp. (32% by FA), Taenia spp. (17.8%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (7.1%). The Giardia isolates typed as the dog-specific assemblages C or D and four Cryptosporidium isolates typed as C. canis. Antibodies against T. gondii were detected in 15% of the dogs. Antibodies against Bartonella spp. and against T. gondii were detected in 37.5% and 6% of the cats respectively. FeLV antigen was detected in 10% of the cats.
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Tangtrongsup S, Scorza AV, Reif JS, Ballweber LR, Lappin MR, Salman MD. Prevalence and Multilocus Genotyping Analysis of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Isolates from Dogs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4020026. [PMID: 29056685 PMCID: PMC5606608 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis isolated from dogs in Chiang Mai, Thailand were determined. Fecal samples were collected from 109 dogs between July and August 2008. Cryptosporidium spp. infection was determined by immunofluorescent assay (IFA), PCR assays that amplify Cryptosporidium heat-shock protein 70 kDa (hsp70), and two PCR assays that amplify a small subunit-ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA). Giardiaduodenalis infection was identified using zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation, IFA, and four PCR assays that amplify the Giardia glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta-giardin (bg), and generic and dog-specific assays of triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. Overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and G.duodenalis was 31.2% and 45.9%, respectively. Sequence analysis of 22 Cryptosporidium-positive samples and 21 Giardia-positive samples revealed the presence of C.canis in 15, and C. parvum in 7, G. duodenalis Assemblage C in 8, D in 11, and mixed of C and D in 2 dogs. Dogs in Chiang Mai were commonly exposed to Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis. Cryptosporidium parvum can be isolated from the feces of dogs, and all G. duodenalis assemblages were dog-specific. Dogs could be a reservoir for a zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection in humans, but further studies will be required to determine the clinical and zoonotic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahatchai Tangtrongsup
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - A Valeria Scorza
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - John S Reif
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Lora R Ballweber
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Michael R Lappin
- Center for Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Mo D Salman
- Animal Population Health Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Molecular detection and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. among breeding cattery cats in Japan. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2121-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-4984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Hinney B, Ederer C, Stengl C, Wilding K, Štrkolcová G, Harl J, Flechl E, Fuehrer HP, Joachim A. Enteric protozoa of cats and their zoonotic potential—a field study from Austria. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2003-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Scorza V, Willmott A, Gunn-Moore D, Lappin MR. Cryptosporidium felis
in faeces from cats in the UK. Vet Rec 2014; 174:609. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Scorza
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; Ft Collins Colorado USA
| | - A. Willmott
- Rosemullion Veterinary Hospital,66 Melvill Road Falmouth Cornwall UK
| | - D. Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School ofVeterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Campus Roslin UK
| | - M. R. Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; Ft Collins Colorado USA
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Itoh N, Oohashi Y, Ichikawa-Seki M, Itagaki T, Ito Y, Saeki H, Kanai K, Chikazawa S, Hori Y, Hoshi F, Higuchi S. Molecular detection and characterization of Cryptosporidium species in household dogs, pet shop puppies, and dogs kept in a school of veterinary nursing in Japan. Vet Parasitol 2014; 200:284-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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