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Mesquita LP, Costa RC, Mesquita LLR, Lara MDCCSH, Villalobos EMC, Mori CMC, Mori E, Howerth EW, Maiorka PC. Pathogenesis of Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Infection in the Central Nervous System of Mice. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:1075-1085. [PMID: 34128432 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211020670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes myeloencephalopathy in horses and occasionally in non-equid species. Although mouse models have been developed to understand EHV-1 pathogenesis, few EHV-1 strains have been identified as highly neurovirulent to mice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenesis of 2 neurovirulent EHV-1 strains in mice, and to characterize the inflammatory cells and expression of chemokines and the apoptosis marker caspase-3 in the brain of infected mice. C57BL/6J mice were inoculated intranasally with EHV-1 strains A4/72 or A9/92 and evaluated on 1, 2, and 3 days post inoculation (DPI). EHV-1-infected mice showed severe neurological signs at 3 DPI. Ultrastructural analysis revealed numerous viral nucleocapsids and fewer enveloped virions within degenerated and necrotic neurons and in the surrounding neuropil. Histologically, at 3 DPI, there was severe diffuse neuronal degeneration and liquefactive necrosis, prominent microgliosis, and perivascular cuffing composed of CD3+ cells (T cells) and Iba-1+ cells (macrophages), mainly in the olfactory bulb and ventral portions of the brain. In these areas, moderate numbers of neuroglial cells expressed CCL5 and CCL2 chemokines. Numerous neurons, including those in less affected areas, were immunolabeled for cleaved caspase-3. In conclusion, neurovirulent EHV-1 strains induced a fulminant necrotizing lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis in mice, with microgliosis and expression of chemokines and caspase-3. This model will be useful for understanding the mechanisms underlying the extensive neuropathology induced by these viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo P Mesquita
- 28133University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- 1355University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Enio Mori
- 27058Pasteur Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Mesquita LP, Costa RC, Zanatto DA, Bruhn FRP, Mesquita LLR, Lara MCCSH, Villalobos EMC, Massoco CO, Mori CMC, Mori E, Maiorka PC. Equine herpesvirus 1 elicits a strong pro-inflammatory response in the brain of mice. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33528354 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an emerging pathogen that causes encephalomyelitis in horses and non-equid species. Several aspects of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS), mainly regarding the role of inflammatory mediators during EHV-1 encephalitis, remain unknown. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms underlying extensive neuropathology induced by viruses would be helpful to establish therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate some aspects of the innate immune response during highly neurovirulent EHV-1 infection. C57BL/6 mice infected intranasally with A4/72 and A9/92 EHV-1 strains developed a fulminant neurological disease at 3 days post-inoculation with high viral titres in the brain. These mice developed severe encephalitis with infiltration of monocytes and CD8+ T cells to the brain. The inflammatory infiltrate followed the detection of the chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL2, CXCL9 and CXCL-10 in the brain. Notably, the levels of CCL3, CCL4, CCL5 and CXCL9 were higher in A4/72-infected mice, which presented higher numbers of inflammatory cells within the CNS. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukins (ILs) IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12β, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF), were also detected in the CNS, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) TLR2, TLR3 and TLR9 genes were also upregulated within the brain of EHV-1-infected mice. However, no expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-12α, which are important for controlling the replication of other herpesviruses, was detected in EHV-1-infected mice. The results show that the activated innate immune mechanisms could not prevent EHV-1 replication within the CNS, but most likely contributed to the extensive neuropathology. The mouse model of viral encephalitis proposed here will also be useful to study the mechanisms underlying extensive neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo P Mesquita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Dennis A Zanatto
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Fábio R P Bruhn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Laís L R Mesquita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - M C C S H Lara
- Biological Institute, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, São Paulo, SP, 04014-002, Brazil
| | - E M C Villalobos
- Biological Institute, Av. Conselheiro Rodrigues Alves, 1252, São Paulo, SP, 04014-002, Brazil
| | - Cristina O Massoco
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Claudia M C Mori
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
| | - Enio Mori
- Pasteur Institute, Av. Paulista, 393, São Paulo, SP, 01311-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Maiorka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Professor Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 5508-010, Brazil
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El-Habashi N, El-Nahass ELS, Abd-Ellatieff H, Saleh A, Abas O, Tsuchiya Y, Fukushi H, Yanai T. Lesions and Distribution of Viral Antigen in the Brain of Hamsters Infected With Equine Herpesvirus (EHV)–9, EHV-1 Strain Ab4p, and Zebra-Borne EHV-1. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:691-702. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818825129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitis in hamsters, which was induced by equine herpesvirus (EHV)–9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1, was investigated and compared to assess viral kinetics and identify the progression and severity of neuropathological findings. Hamsters were inoculated with EHV-9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1 via the nasal route and euthanized at 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 hours postinoculation (HPI). The inoculated hamsters had mild to severe neurological signs at 60 to 72, 96, and 120 HPI, and the mortality rate was 75%, 0%, and 0% for animals inoculated with EHV-9, EHV-1 strain Ab4p, and zebra-borne EHV-1 viruses, respectively. Inoculated hamsters had varying degrees of rhinitis and lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis, as well as differences in the severity and distribution of cerebral lesions. Furthermore, the cellular distribution of viral antigen depended on the inoculated virus. Neuronal necrosis was widely detected in animals inoculated with EHV-9, while marked perivascular cuffs of infiltrating inflammatory cells and gliosis were detected in animals inoculated with EHV-1 strain Ab4p and zebra-borne EHV-1. In the present study, 3 viruses belonging to the herpesvirus family induced encephalitis after initial propagation in the nasal cavity. These viruses might travel to the brain via the olfactory pathway and/or trigeminal nerve, showing different distributions and severities of neuropathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwan El-Habashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - EL-Shaymaa El-Nahass
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hoda Abd-Ellatieff
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Osama Abas
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yuya Tsuchiya
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideto Fukushi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tokuma Yanai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Equine herpesvirus type 1 induces both neurological and respiratory disease in Syrian hamsters. Vet Microbiol 2017; 203:117-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mori C, Mori E, Favaro L, Santos C, Lara M, Villalobos E, Cunha E, Brandao P, Richtzenhain L, Maiorka P. Equid Herpesvirus Type-1 Exhibits Neurotropism and Neurovirulence in a Mouse Model. J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:202-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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El-Nahass E, El-Habashi N, Abdelaziz A, Nayel M, Kasem S, Fukushi H, Tuji H, Hirata A, Sakai H, Yanai T. Kinetics and Pathogenicity of Oral Infection by Equine Herpesvirus-9 in Mice and Suckling Hamsters. J Comp Pathol 2012; 146:211-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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El-Nahass E, El-Habashi N, Nayel M, Kasem S, Fukushi H, Suzuki Y, Hirata A, Sakai H, Yanai T. Kinetics and Pathogenicity of Equine Herpesvirus-9 Infection following Intraperitoneal Inoculation in Hamsters. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145:271-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Borchers K, Thein R, Sterner-Kock A. Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-associated neurological disease: a revised explanation. Equine Vet J 2010; 38:283-7. [PMID: 16706288 DOI: 10.2746/042516406776866462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Borchers
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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GOSZTONYI GEORG, BORCHERS KERSTIN, LUDWIG HANNS. Pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in the mouse model. APMIS 2009; 117:10-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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YAMADA S, MATSUMURA T, TSUJIMURA K, YAMAGUCHI T, OHYA K, FUKUSHI H. Comparison of the Growth Kinetics of Neuropathogenic and Nonneuropathogenic Equid Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Strains in Cultured Murine Neuronal Cells and the Relevance of the D/N752 Coding Change in DNA Polymerase Gene (ORF30). J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:505-11. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Souichi YAMADA
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Molecular Biology Division, Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Koji TSUJIMURA
- Molecular Biology Division, Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Tsuyoshi YAMAGUCHI
- The Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Kenji OHYA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Hideto FUKUSHI
- Department of Applied Veterinary Sciences, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University
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Hasebe R, Kimura T, Nakamura K, Ochiai K, Okazaki K, Wada R, Umemura T. Differential susceptibility of equine and mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells to equine herpesvirus 1 infection. Arch Virol 2005; 151:775-86. [PMID: 16328147 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) shows endotheliotropism in the central nervous system (CNS) of infected horses. However, infection of endothelial cells has not been observed in the CNS of infected mice. To explore the basis for this difference in endotheliotropism, we compared the susceptibility of equine brain microvascular endothelial cells (EBMECs) and mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MBMECs) to EHV-1 infection. The kinetics of viral growth in EBMECs was typical of a fully productive infection whereas viral infection in MBMECs seemed to be nonproductive. Immunofluorescence microscopy using anti-EHV-1 polyclonal antibody demonstrated viral antigen in infected EBMECs, but not infected MBMECs. EHV-1 immediate early (IE), early (ICP0), and late (gB, gD and gK) transcripts were expressed in infected EBMECs. However, none of these genes was detected in infected MBMECs by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Electron microscopic examination at the stage of viral entry showed that viral particles were present within uncoated vesicles in the cytoplasm of EBMECs, but absent from those of MBMECs. These results suggest that viral entry is an important determinant of the susceptibility of EBMECs and MBMECs to EHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hasebe
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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