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Jeong MA, Jeong YJ, Kim KI. Virulence difference between red sea bream iridovirus mixed subtype I/II and subtype II and the expression of viral and apoptosis-related genes in infected rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:195-202. [PMID: 35643355 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the virulence of the red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) subtype II (17RbGs isolate) and a novel RSIV mixed subtype I/II (17SbTy isolate), which was genetically characterized in a previous study, were compared. The infectivity to rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) determined by infectious dose (ID50) revealed that 17RbGs isolate was significantly more infective than 17SbTy isolate using both intraperitoneal injection and bath immersion. In a cohabitation challenge test that mimicked natural conditions, the cumulative mortality of the donor (RSIV-injected rock bream) and the recipient (cohabited naïve rock bream) was significantly higher in the 17RbGs group than in the 17SbTy group, regardless of RSIV injected doses, supporting the correlation between genetic mutation and pathogenicity. In addition, the maximum viral shedding ratio identified from RSIV-infected rock bream suggested that viral transmission through infection with the 17SbTy isolate could have a lower relative risk than that of infection with the 17RbGs isolate. In particular, the odds ratio based on the spleen index after 17RbGs infection was 55.00, which was inconsistent with that of 17SbTy infection (19.38), hence supporting the virulence difference between RSIVs. Furthermore, the expression of viral genes, including DNA membrane and myristoylated protein genes with insertion and deletion mutations, and that of caspase-8, which is related to caspase-dependent apoptosis induced by RSIV infection, were significantly upregulated at 11 days post 17RbGs-infection compared to that following 17SbTy infection. Notably, although viral genes were highly expressed in the early infection stage and caspase-8 was upregulated, the low caspase-3 expression may have inhibited apoptosis, reflecting the difference in virulence between different RSIV isolates. Several virulence factors, including pathogenicity, viral shedding ratio, odds ratio, and gene expression, support that RSIV mixed subtype I/II may be a less pathogenic RSIV isolate compared with general RSIV subtype II in a natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min A Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Jin Jeong
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Il Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Vazeh H, Behboudi E, Hashemzadeh-Omran A, Moradi A. Live-attenuated poliovirus-induced extrinsic apoptosis through Caspase 8 within breast cancer cell lines expressing CD155. Breast Cancer 2022; 29:899-907. [PMID: 35641853 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-022-01372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women in the world. Different therapeutic strategies such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery have been used either individually or in combination. Oncolytic virotherapy is a rising treatment methodology, which utilizes replicating viruses to eliminate tumor cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the oncolytic activity of live-attenuated poliovirus in breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CD155 expression level in two human breast cancer cell lines and a normal breast cell line were evaluated using real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Virus titration was assessed by TCID50. The cytotoxicity of poliovirus on cell line and apoptosis response was investigated by MTT and Caspase 8 and Caspase 9 ELISA kits, respectively. RESULTS This study showed that CD155 gene was expressed significantly (p = 0.001) higher in both human breast cancer cell lines compared to the normal cell line. The protein expression level of CD155 was 98.1%, 96.7%, in MDA_MB231 and MCF_7 cell lines, respectively, whereas the CD155 expression level was 1.3% in MCF_10A. The cytopathic effect of poliovirus in breast cancer cell lines was significantly higher than normal cells (p < 0.05). Extrinsic apoptosis response was more effective than intrinsic apoptosis in both breast cancer cell lines (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In summary, administration of live-attenuated poliovirus can be a promising treatment to breast cancer. However, in vitro and in vivo studies will be required to evaluate the safety of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Vazeh
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Emad Behboudi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Abdolvahab Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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Scovino AM, Totino PRR, Morrot A. Eryptosis as a New Insight in Malaria Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855795. [PMID: 35634341 PMCID: PMC9136947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eryptosis is a programmed cell death-like process that occurs in red blood cells. Although the red blood cells are anucleated, there are similarities between eryptosis and apoptosis, such as increased calcium efflux, calpain activation, phosphatidylserine exposure, cell blebbing and cell shrinkage. Eryptosis occurs physiologically in red blood cells, as a consequence of the natural senescence process of these cells, but it can also be stimulated in pathological situations such as metabolic syndromes, uremic syndromes, polycythemia vera, anemias such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, and infectious processes including Plasmodium infection. Infection-induced eryptosis is believed to contribute to damage caused by Plasmodium, but it’s still a topic of debate in the literature. In this review, we provided an overview of eryptosis mechanisms and its possible pathogenic role in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Miranda Scovino
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Alexandre Morrot,
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Fowl adenovirus serotype 4-induced apoptosis, autophagy, and a severe inflammatory response in liver. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:34-41. [PMID: 30173749 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is a hepatotrophic virus that causes severe liver diseases. Upon histological examination, the most remarkable findings in the liver are small multifocal areas of necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration, including basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes surrounded by a clear halo or which fill the entire nucleus. Here, we examined the mechanism responsible for FAdV-4-mediated hepatocyte damage in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that FAdV-4 impaired liver integrity and function, which decreased albumin and blood glucose concentrations and increased the plasma activity of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, compared with a non-infected control group (P<0.05). FAdV-4 induced hepatocyte apoptosis in a time-dependent manner in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, we found that FAdV-4 also induced the autophagy of hepatocytes, which promoted the conversion of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-I) to LC3-II, which is a hallmarks of autophagy. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in vivo and in vitro showed a statistically significant increase (P<0.05) compared to that of the control group. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the FAdV-4-induced apoptotic and autophagic cell death remain unclear. In summation, our observations suggested that FAdV-4 induced liver injury via apoptosis, autophagy, and a severe inflammatory response.
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Mansueto P, Vitale G, Di Lorenzo G, Rini GB, Mansueto S, Cillari E. Immunopathology of Leishmaniasis: An Update. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 20:435-45. [PMID: 17880757 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis represents a severe, increasing, public health problem. The perspective of its control is highly dependent on research progress, on therapeutic manipulations of the immune system, and on vaccine development. There is a correlation between the clinical outcome of Leishmania infection and the cytokine response profile. While a protective immune response against Leishmania has been clearly identified to be related to the influence of a type-1 response and IFN-γ production, the precise role of T helper (TH) 2 cytokines in non-healing infections requires further exploration. IL-4 and IL-13 (TH2 cytokines) can promote disease progression in cutaneous leishmaniasis, whereas IL-4 would appear to enhance protective type-1 responses in visceral leishmaniasis. Thus, the TH1/TH2 paradigm of resistance/susceptibility to intracellular parasites is probably an oversimplification of a more complicated network of regulatory/counter regulatory interactions. Moreover, the presence of antigen specific regulatory T cell subsets may provide an environment that contributes to the balance between TH1 and TH2 cells. Finally, the involvement of CD8+ T cells has been described, but the modality of their function in this kind of infection has not been so far elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mansueto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e delle Patologie Emergenti, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Kim JW, Jeong JM, Bae JS, Cho DH, Jung SH, Hwang JY, Kwon MG, Seo JS, Baeck GW, Park CI. First description of programmed cell death10 (PDCD10) in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus): Potential relations to the regulation of apoptosis by several pathogens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:51-55. [PMID: 26472617 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we isolated and characterized programmed cell death10 (PDCD10), which is known to be related to apoptosis, from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). The full-length rock bream PDCD10 (RbPDCD10) cDNA (1459 bp) contains an open reading frame of 633 bp that encodes 210 amino acids. Furthermore, multiple alignments revealed that the six of the α-helix bundles were well conserved among the other PDCD10 sequences tested. RbPDCD10 was significantly expressed in the liver, RBC (red blood cell), gill, intestine, trunk kidney and spleen. RbPDCD10 gene expression was also examined in several tissues, including the kidney, spleen, liver, and gill, under bacterial and viral challenges. Generally, all of the examined tissues from the fish that were infected with Edwardsiella tarda and the red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) exhibited significant up-regulations of RbPDCD10 expression compared to the controls. However, RbPDCD10 expression exhibited dramatic down-regulations in all of the examined tissues following injections of Streptococcus iniae, which is major bacterial pathogen that is responsible for mass mortality in rock bream. Our results revealed that rock bream PDCD10 may be involved in the apoptotic regulation of rock bream immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Kim
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Jeong
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sol Bae
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Cho
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Jung
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-900, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Youn Hwang
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-900, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-900, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Seo
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-900, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Wook Baeck
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 38 Cheondaegukchi-Gil, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam 650-160, Republic of Korea.
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Chattopadhyay K, Williamson AL, Hazra A, Dandara C. The combined risks of reduced or increased function variants in cell death pathway genes differentially influence cervical cancer risk and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among black Africans and the Mixed Ancestry population of South Africa. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:680. [PMID: 26458812 PMCID: PMC4603903 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is one of the most important cancers worldwide with a high incident and mortality rate and is caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Among sexually active women who get infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), a small fraction progresses to cervical cancer disease pointing to possible roles of additional risk factors in development of the disease which include host genetic factors and other infections such as HSV-2. Since cellular apoptosis plays a role in controlling the spread of virus-infections in cells, gene variants altering the function of proteins involved in cell death pathways might be associated with the clearing of virus infections. Activity altering polymorphisms in FasR (−1377G > A and -670A > G), FasL (−844 T > C) and CASP8 (−652 6 N ins/del) genes have been shown to alter the mechanism of apoptosis by modifying the level of expression of their correspondent proteins. In the present study, we set out to investigate the combined risks of CASP8, FasR, and FasL polymorphisms in cervical cancer, pre-cancerous lesions, HPV infection and HSV-2 infection. Methods Participants were 442 South African women of black African and mixed-ancestry origin with invasive cervical cancer and 278 control women matched by age, ethnicity and domicile status. FasR and FasL polymorphisms were genotyped by TaqMan and CASP8 polymorphism by PCR-RFLP. The results were analysed with R using haplo.stats software version 1.5.2. Results CASP8 -652 6 N del + FasR-670A was associated with a reduced risk (P = 0.019, Combined Polymorphism Score (CPS) = −2.34) and CASP8 -652 6 N ins + FasR-1377G was associated with a marginal increased risk (P = 0.047, CPS = 1.99) of cervical cancer among black Africans. When compared within the control group, CASP8 -652 6 N ins + FasR-1377A showed a reduced risk (P = 0.023, CPS = −2.28) of HSV-2 infection in both black African and mixed-ancestry population. Conclusions Our results show that the combined risks of variants in cell death pathway genes are associated with the cervical cancer as well as the HSV-2 infection in the black African and mixed-ancestry population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1678-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Chattopadhyay
- Division of Medical Virology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa. .,Current address: F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Department of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa. .,National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Annapurna Hazra
- School of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Collet Dandara
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.
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Quantitative Proteomics and Lipidomics Analysis of Endoplasmic Reticulum of Macrophage Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 2015; 2015:270438. [PMID: 25785198 PMCID: PMC4345262 DOI: 10.1155/2015/270438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Even though endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress associated with mycobacterial infection has been well studied, the molecular basis of ER as a crucial organelle to determine the fate of Mtb is yet to be established. Here, we have studied the ability of Mtb to manipulate the ultrastructural architecture of macrophage ER and found that the ER-phenotypes associated with virulent (H37Rv) and avirulent (H37Ra) strains were different: a rough ER (RER) with the former against a smooth ER (SER) with the later. Further, the functional attributes of these changes were probed by MS-based quantitative proteomics (133 ER proteins) and lipidomics (8 phospholipids). Our omics approaches not only revealed the host pathogen cross-talk but also emphasized how precisely Mtb uses proteins and lipids in combination to give rise to characteristic ER-phenotypes. H37Ra-infected macrophages increased the cytosolic Ca2+ levels by attenuating the ATP2A2 protein and simultaneous induction of PC/PE expression to facilitate apoptosis. However, H37Rv inhibited apoptosis and further controlled the expression of EST-1 and AMRP proteins to disturb cholesterol homeostasis resulting in sustained infection. This approach offers the potential to decipher the specific roles of ER in understanding the cell biology of mycobacterial infection with special reference to the impact of host response.
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Eren E, Başoğlu MS, Kulduk E, Şimsek F, İnan S. Mucosal trauma induced apoptosis in guinea pig middle ear: comparision of hemostatic agents. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:2222-8. [PMID: 25458164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare the effects of the absorbable gelatin sponge (AGS), microporous polysaccharide hemospheres (MPH), and Ankaferd on wound healing after middle ear trauma and to evaluate their ototoxicity in an experimental guinea pig model. METHODS Middle ear mucosal trauma was created in 21 healthy adult guinea pigs. MPH, Ankaferd, and AGS were applied into the right tympanic bulla of the guinea pigs (7 ears for each treatment modality). The left ears of the seven animals were used as the sham group. At the fourth postoperative week (28-30 days), the guinea pigs were decapitated. Apoptosis was investigated, and the expression of Bcl-xl, Apaf, p53, cytochrome 3, and caspase 3 were evaluated. RESULTS The Ankaferd and AGS groups demonstrated significantly lower epithelial thickness, inflammation, and capillary dilatation than did the control group (p<0.001, <0.001, /0.001, <0.001/, 0.005, and 0.005, respectively). A statistically significant decrease in Bcl-xl staining was observed in the middle ears of animals treated with MPH (p=0.003). There was significantly higher caspase 3 expression in the Ankaferd and AGS groups than in the control group (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION Light microscopy indicates that Ankaferd and AGS create less inflammation and increased caspase expression, which seems to induce inflammatory cell apoptosis. Ankaferd seems to be a promising hemostatic agent in otology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Eren
- İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Research and Education Hospital, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Sinan Başoğlu
- İzmir Aliağa State Hospital, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Erkan Kulduk
- Mardin State Hospital, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, Mardin, Turkey
| | - Fatma Şimsek
- İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embrology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sevinç İnan
- Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embrology, Manisa, Turkey
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Zhu J, Lu L, Cheng X, Xie R, Chen Z, Li Y, Lin G, Liu J, Yang Y. Association between CD95L polymorphism and cervical cancer risk: evidence from a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:5137-42. [PMID: 24619598 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have assessed the association of CD95L polymorphism with cervical cancer risk, but the data lack the power to provide compelling evidence. In this study, we aimed to clarify the association through a meta-analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The fixed-effects model was used to calculate odds ratio (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). A total of five papers with six case-control studies were derived and finally included in this meta-analysis. The overall estimate did not reveal any significant association between CD95L -844C/T polymorphism and cervical cancer risk. Subgroup analysis in Asian population indicated nonsignificant nevertheless potentially increased risk in CC genotype carriers in comparison with the carriers of CT+TT genotypes (ORCC vs. CT+TT=1.16, 95 % CI=0.99-1.36, P for heterogeneity=0.231). Based on current epidemiological studies, this meta-analysis suggests that CD95L polymorphism may not be a risk factor contributing to cervical cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
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Mycobacterial HBHA induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis through the generation of reactive oxygen species and cytosolic Ca2+ in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e957. [PMID: 24336077 PMCID: PMC3877560 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial heparin-binding haemagglutinin antigen (HBHA) is a virulence factor that induces apoptosis of macrophages. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis is an important regulatory response that can be utilised to study the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. In the present study, HBHA stimulation induced ER stress sensor molecules in a caspase-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with an IκB kinase 2 inhibitor reduced not only C/EBP homology protein expression but also IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) production. BAPTA-AM reduced both ER stress responses and caspase activation and strongly suppressed HBHA-induced IL-6 and MCP-1 production in RAW 264.7 cells. Enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and elevated cytosolic [Ca(2+)]i levels were essential for HBHA-induced ER stress responses. Collectively, our data suggest that HBHA induces cytosolic [Ca(2+)]i, which influences the generation of ROS associated with the production of proinflammatory cytokines. These concerted and complex cellular responses induce ER stress-associated apoptosis during HBHA stimulation in macrophages. These results indicate that the ER stress pathway has an important role in the HBHA-induced apoptosis during mycobacterial infection.
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Aberdein JD, Cole J, Bewley MA, Marriott HM, Dockrell DH. Alveolar macrophages in pulmonary host defence the unrecognized role of apoptosis as a mechanism of intracellular bacterial killing. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:193-202. [PMID: 23841514 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages play an essential role in clearing bacteria from the lower airway, as the resident phagocyte alveolar macrophages must both phagocytose and kill bacteria, and if unable to do this completely must co-ordinate an inflammatory response. The decision to escalate the inflammatory response represents the transition between subclinical infection and the development of pneumonia. Alveolar macrophages are well equipped to phagocytose bacteria and have a large phagolysosomal capacity in which ingested bacteria are killed. The rate-limiting step in control of extracellular bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the capacity of alveolar macrophages to kill ingested bacteria. Therefore, alveolar macrophages complement canonical microbicidal strategies with an additional level of apoptosis-associated killing to help kill ingested bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Aberdein
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
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Chen X, Mo W, Peng Q, Su X. Lack of association between Fas rs180082 polymorphism and risk of cervical cancer: an update by meta-analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 14:71. [PMID: 23865866 PMCID: PMC3728080 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The Fas rs180082 polymorphism has been reported to be associated with cervical cancer susceptibility, yet the results of these previous results have been inconsistent or controversial. The objective of this study was to explore whether the Fas rs180082 polymorphism confers susceptibility to cervical cancer. Methods The relevant studies were identified through a search of PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), Elsevier Science Direct and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) until July 2012. The association between the Fas rs180082 polymorphism and cervical cancer risk was assessed by odds ratios (ORs) together with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results A total of 7 case–control studies were eventually identified. We found no association between Fas rs180082 polymorphism and cervical cancer susceptibility in overall population (G versus A: OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.99-1.07, P = 0.197; AG + GG versus AA: OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.98-1.09, P = 0.176; GG versus AA + AG: OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.84–1.31, P = 0.701). In subgroup analysis, similar results were found in Asian (G versus A: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.97–1.15, P = 0.195; AG + GG versus AA: OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.98–1.19, P = 0.176; GG versus AA + AG: OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.51–1.84, P = 0.935) and African (G versus A: OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.97-1.15, P = 0.195; AG + GG versus AA: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.91–1.07, P = 0.739; GG versus AA + AG: OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.94–1.25, P = 0.745). Conclusion This meta-analysis has shown that there is a lack of association of the Fas rs180082 polymorphisms with cervical cancer susceptibility. However, larger scale primary studies with the consideration of gene–gene and gene–environment interactions are still required to further evaluate the interaction of Fas rs180082 polymorphism with cervical cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Manskikh VN, Perelmuter VM. Collateral presentation of antigens as physiological prototype for lymph node metastases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:314-23. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Parthasarathy G, Philipp MT. Review: apoptotic mechanisms in bacterial infections of the central nervous system. Front Immunol 2012; 3:306. [PMID: 23060884 PMCID: PMC3463897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article we review the apoptotic mechanisms most frequently encountered in bacterial infections of the central nervous system (CNS). We focus specifically on apoptosis of neural cells (neurons and glia), and provide first an overview of the phenomenon of apoptosis itself and its extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. We then describe apoptosis in the context of infectious diseases and inflammation caused by bacteria, and review its role in the pathogenesis of the most relevant bacterial infections of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Covington, LA, USA
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16
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Marriott HM, Daigneault M, Thompson AAR, Walmsley SR, Gill SK, Witcher DR, Wroblewski VJ, Hellewell PG, Whyte MKB, Dockrell DH. A decoy receptor 3 analogue reduces localised defects in phagocyte function in pneumococcal pneumonia. Thorax 2012; 67:985-92. [PMID: 22735687 PMCID: PMC3505869 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-201591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Therapeutic strategies to modulate the host response to bacterial pneumonia are needed to improve outcomes during community-acquired pneumonia. This study used mice with impaired Fas signalling to examine susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia and decoy receptor 3 analogue (DcR3-a) to correct factors associated with increased susceptibility. Methods Wild-type mice and those with varying degrees of impairment of Fas (lpr) or Fas ligand signalling (gld) were challenged with Streptococcus pneumoniae and microbiological and immunological outcomes measured in the presence or absence of DcR3-a. Results During established pneumonia, neutrophils became the predominant cell in the airway and gld mice were less able to clear bacteria from the lungs, demonstrating localised impairment of pulmonary neutrophil function in comparison to lpr or wild-type mice. T-cells from gld mice had enhanced activation and reduced apoptosis in comparison to wild-type and lpr mice during established pneumonia. Treatment with DcR3-a reduced T-cell activation and corrected the defect in pulmonary bacterial clearance in gld mice. Conclusions The results suggest that imbalance in tumour necrosis factor superfamily signalling and excessive T-cell activation can impair bacterial clearance in the lung but that DcR3-a treatment can reduce T-cell activation, restore optimal pulmonary neutrophil function and enhance bacterial clearance during S pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Marriott
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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17
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Zheng Y, Lilo S, Mena P, Bliska JB. YopJ-induced caspase-1 activation in Yersinia-infected macrophages: independent of apoptosis, linked to necrosis, dispensable for innate host defense. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36019. [PMID: 22563435 PMCID: PMC3338577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia outer protein J (YopJ) is a type III secretion system (T3SS) effector of pathogenic Yersinia (Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) that is secreted into host cells. YopJ inhibits survival response pathways in macrophages, causing cell death. Allelic variation of YopJ is responsible for differential cytotoxicity in Yersinia strains. YopJ isoforms in Y. enterocolitica O:8 (YopP) and Y. pestis KIM (YopJKIM) strains have high cytotoxic activity. In addition, YopJKIM-induced macrophage death is associated with caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1β (IL-1β secretion. Here, the mechanism of YopJKIM-induced cell death, caspase-1 activation, and IL-1β secretion in primary murine macrophages was examined. Caspase-3/7 activity was low and the caspase-3 substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was not cleaved in Y. pestis KIM5-infected macrophages. In addition, cytotoxicity and IL-1β secretion were not reduced in the presence of a caspase-8 inhibitor, or in B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak) knockout macrophages, showing that YopJKIM-mediated cell death and caspase-1 activation occur independent of mitochondrial-directed apoptosis. KIM5-infected macrophages released high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), a marker of necrosis, and microscopic analysis revealed that necrotic cells contained active caspase-1, indicating that caspase-1 activation is associated with necrosis. Inhibitor studies showed that receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) kinase and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were not required for cytotoxicity or IL-β release in KIM5-infected macrophages. IL-1β secretion was reduced in the presence of cathepsin B inhibitors, suggesting that activation of caspase-1 requires cathepsin B activity. Ectopically-expressed YopP caused higher cytotoxicity and secretion of IL-1β in Y. pseudotuberculosis-infected macrophages than YopJKIM. Wild-type and congenic caspase 1 knockout C57BL/6 mice were equally susceptible to lethal infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis ectopically expressing YopP. These data suggest that YopJ-induced caspase-1 activation in Yersinia-infected macrophages is a downstream consequence of necrotic cell death and is dispensable for innate host resistance to a strain with enhanced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarit Lilo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricio Mena
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - James B. Bliska
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Urbanska AM, Karagiannis ED, Guajardo G, Langer RS, Anderson DG. Therapeutic effect of orally administered microencapsulated oxaliplatin for colorectal cancer. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4752-61. [PMID: 22472433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the United States and other Western countries. Oral delivery of therapeutics remains the most patient accepted form of medication. The development of an oral delivery formulation for local delivery of chemotherapeutics in the gastrointestinal tract can potentially alleviate the adverse side effects including systemic cytotoxicity, as well as focus therapy to the lesions. Here we develop an oral formulation of the chemotherapeutic drug oxaliplatin for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Oxaliplatin was encapsulated in pH sensitive, mucoadhesive chitosan-coated alginate microspheres. The microparticles were formulated to release the chemotherapeutics after passing through the acidic gastric environment thus targeting the intestinal tract. In vivo, these particles substantially reduced the tumor burden in an orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer, and reduced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Urbanska
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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19
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Totino PRR, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF. Refractoriness of eryptotic red blood cells to Plasmodium falciparum infection: a putative host defense mechanism limiting parasitaemia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26575. [PMID: 22031840 PMCID: PMC3198779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have described that apoptosis-like process of red blood cells (RBC) – eryptosis – in malaria is not restricted to parasitized cells, occurring also in non-parasitized RBC (nRBC). Besides to pathogenic proprieties, apoptosis also participates in the innate defense trough restriction of intracellular pathogens propagation. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of P. falciparum parasites to infect eryptotic RBC. Schizont parasitized RBC concentrated by magnetic separation were cultured with eryptotic RBC obtained by ionomycin treatment and, then, parasite growth was evaluated in Giemsa-stained thin blood smears. While parasites infected and developed normally in control non-eryptotic RBC, cultures performed with eryptotic RBC had a marked decrease in parasitaemia. It was noteworthy a great number of free merozoites in eryptotic RBC cultures, indicating that these cells were not susceptible to invasion. We suggest that although eryptosis could be involved in malaria pathogenesis, it could also acting protectively by controlling parasite propagation.
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Krzymińska S, Tańska A, Kaznowski A. Aeromonas spp. induce apoptosis of epithelial cells through an oxidant-dependent activation of the mitochondrial pathway. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:889-898. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.030833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Krzymińska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Tańska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kaznowski
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Rezanezhad H, Menegon M, Sarkari B, Hatam GR, Severini C. Characterization of the metacaspase 1 gene in Plasmodium vivax field isolates from southern Iran and Italian imported cases. Acta Trop 2011; 119:57-60. [PMID: 21524640 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is still the more prevalent human Plasmodium outside Africa and despite this fact, there is still a deep lack of knowledge on its biology. Metacaspases are cysteine proteases related to metazoan caspases, involved in programmed cell death. Here, we have characterized the P. vivax metacaspase 1 gene in a total of 63 vivax isolates, 32 isolates collected in southern Iran and 31 Italian imported isolates originating from 12 different endemic countries. We have firstly identified DNA size polymorphism in P. vivax metacaspase 1 gene. A total of four different allelic sizes were found, resulting from the insertion of 1 to 4 tandem repeat units located within the intronic region of the P. vivax metacaspase 1. Similarly, we also have identified four distinct allelic types by using vivax merozoite surface protein-1 size polymorphism analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rezanezhad
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Abstract
Carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) is defined as histologically proven metastatic disease that, after a complete diagnostic work-up, yields no primary detectable tumor. CUP is one of the ten most frequent cancers, with overall poor outcome. Detection of the unknown primary tumor is of crucial importance in this scenario, since it might help to select and offer definitive treatment, which, in turn, may improve patient prognosis. Additional diagnostic work-up, usually consisting of a combination of several radiological and endoscopic investigations and serum tumor marker studies, can be time consuming, expensive, and pose a significant burden to the patient. The final diagnostic yield of these tests is often limited. Combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), using the radiotracer (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG), may be of great value in the management of patients with CUP for the detection of primary tumors. This chapter gives a brief introduction to the syndrome of CUP, followed by an outline of the rationale, use, and utility of FDG-PET/CT in CUP, and concludes with a discussion on the challenges and future directions in the diagnostic management of patients with CUP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Kwee
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Koczura R, Mokracka J, Krzymińska S, Kaznowski A. Virulence properties and integron-associated antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella mobilis strains isolated from clinical specimens. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:281-288. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.024059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined Klebsiella mobilis isolates cultured from clinical specimens for virulence-associated properties and antibiotic resistance. The strains produced a number of siderophores, including enterobactin, aerobactin and yersiniabactin. All isolates were able to adhere to and invade epithelial cells. They had cytotoxic activity, which caused destruction of human laryngeal epithelial HEp-2 cells and evoked lysis of murine macrophage J774 cells. Analyses of HEp-2 and J774 cellular morphology and DNA fragmentation in the cells showed features typical of cells undergoing apoptosis. Some K. mobilis strains harboured class 1 integrons carrying the aadA1 gene encoding an aminoglycoside adenyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Koczura
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Mokracka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sylwia Krzymińska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Kaznowski
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Totino PRR, Magalhães AD, Silva LA, Banic DM, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF. Apoptosis of non-parasitized red blood cells in malaria: a putative mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of anaemia. Malar J 2010; 9:350. [PMID: 21126362 PMCID: PMC3017533 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe anaemia is a common complication of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in hyperendemic regions. Premature elimination of non-parasitized red blood cells (nRBC) has been considered as one mechanism involved in the genesis of severe malaria anaemia. It has been reported that apoptosis can occur in RBC and, consequently, this cell death process could contribute to anaemia. This study was performed to evaluate the susceptibility of nRBC to apoptosis in a malaria anaemia murine model. Methods Balb/c mice were intraperitonially inoculated with 1 × 106 P. yoelii 17XL parasitized RBC (pRBC) and, then, parasitaemia and anaemia were monitored. Apoptosis in both pRBC and nRBC was assessed during early and late phases of infection by flow cytometry using Syto 16 and annexin V-PE double staining and forward scatter measurement. Results As expected, experimental infection of Balb/c mice with Plasmodium yoelii 17XL parasites was characterized by progressive increase of parasitaemia and acute anaemia, leading to death. Flow cytometry analysis showed that a number of pRBC was in the apoptotic process. It was noteworthy that the increase of nRBC apoptosis levels occurred in the late phase of infection, when anaemia degree was notably accentuated, while no significant alteration was observed in the early phase. Conclusion The increased levels of nRBC apoptosis herein firstly reported, in malaria infection could represent a putative mechanism worsening the severity of malarial anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R R Totino
- Laboratory of Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Webster SJ, Daigneault M, Bewley MA, Preston JA, Marriott HM, Walmsley SR, Read RC, Whyte MKB, Dockrell DH. Distinct cell death programs in monocytes regulate innate responses following challenge with common causes of invasive bacterial disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2968-79. [PMID: 20656927 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood monocytes represent the rapid response component of mononuclear phagocyte host defense, generating vigorous but finite antibacterial responses. We investigated the fate of highly purified primary human monocytes following phagocytosis of different bacteria. Exposure to high bacterial loads resulted in rapid loss of cell viability and decreased functional competence. Cell death typically involved classical apoptosis. Exposure to high numbers of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae induced nonapoptotic death with loss of cell membrane integrity, marked disruption of phagolysosomes, and caspase-1 activation, while a subset of cells also released caspase-1-regulated extracellular traps. Classical apoptosis increased if extracellular bacterial replication was reduced and decreased if intracellular ATP levels were reduced during these infections. Both classical apoptosis and the alternative forms of cell death allowed monocytes, whose functional competence was exhausted, to downregulate reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokine responses. In contrast, sustained stimulation of glycolytic metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, with associated hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha upregulation, maintained intracellular ATP levels and prolonged monocyte functional longevity, as assessed by maintenance of phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species production, and proinflammatory cytokine generation. Monocyte innate responses to bacteria are short-lived and are limited by an intrinsic program of apoptosis, a response that is subverted by overwhelming infection with E. coli and K. pneumoniae or bacterial stimulation of cell metabolism. In this regard, the fate of monocytes following bacterial challenge more closely resembles neutrophils than macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve J Webster
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Toplu N, Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Epikmen ET, Aydoğan A. Neuropathologic Study of Border Disease Virus in Naturally Infected Fetal and Neonatal Small Ruminants and Its Association With Apoptosis. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:576-83. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810371309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the pathologic changes and cellular apoptosis in the central nervous system (CNS) of fetal and neonatal small ruminants infected with border disease virus (BDV), as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Abortions of ewes and goats were observed, as were births of lambs and kids with poor survival rates and nervous signs. Lesions included cerebellar hypoplasia, porencephaly, hydranencephaly, and nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis with hypomyelinogenesis. Viral antigens and RNA were present in neuropil, glial, and neuronal cells, especially in periventricular areas, cerebellum, and brainstem. TUNEL positivity and labeling of anti-bax and anti-caspases 3, 8, and 9 were detected in BDV-infected CNSs, especially in glial and neuronal cells. The double immunostaining and TUNEL assay revealed that in BDV-infected animals, not only were BDV-infected glial and neuronal cells undergoing apoptosis, but so were uninfected cells in close vicinity of BDV-infected cells. The expression of activated caspases 3, 8, 9; bax; and TUNEL in glial and neuronal cells of the infected fetal and neonatal kids were significantly ( P < .05) higher than those of the infected fetal and neonatal lambs. Yet, the expression of bcl-2 in the CNSs of the infected fetal and neonatal lambs was higher ( P < .05) in neuronal and glial cells than in those of the infected fetal and neonatal kids. The results suggest that cell death in the BDV-infected CNS is induced by intrinsic and extrinsic cascades of apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Toplu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, Isikli, Aydin, Turkey
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Yoshida T, Yoshida R, Ma BY, Mikolajczak S, Kelvin DJ, Ochi A. A novel mitogen fusion protein against CD40+ cells with potent vaccine adjuvant properties. Vaccine 2010; 28:3688-95. [PMID: 20359561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large number of infectious diseases caused by viral or bacterial infections are treatable and/or preventable by vaccination. In addition, ongoing research is aimed at the development of vaccines against other types of diseases, including almost all forms of cancer. The efficacy of a vaccine relies on the antigen-specific response by the entire repertoire of immune competent cells. Here, we have generated a powerful mitogen fusion protein, CD40L-FasL-IgFc, which stimulates CD40(+) cells robustly. We found that this specific cell activation is accompanied by increased expression of PRDI-BF1 (Blim-1) RNA, an indicator of terminal B-cell differentiation, in cultures stimulated with CD40L-FasL-IgFc. The addition of specific inhibitors of NF-kappaB and MEK1/2 partially suppressed the observed proliferative effects of CD40L-FasL-IgFc. When tested in vivo, the immune response to influenza HA vaccine was significantly increased by co-administration of CD40L-FasL-IgFc. Moreover, the co-administration of the cDNA expression plasmid encoding CD40L-FasL-IgFc significantly boosted the vaccine response. We now have a unique opportunity to evaluate our novel fusion protein adjuvant, and other similarly constructed fusion proteins, in both protein-based and genetic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yoshida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Expression of Fas receptor on human T lymphocytes under stimulation with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato - preliminary results. Adv Med Sci 2010; 55:228-34. [PMID: 20639186 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-010-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apoptosis of activated T lymphocytes is essential to immunoregulation and its abnormalities have been observed in immune system disorders and persistent infections. To asses Borrelia burgdorferi influence on the susceptibility of T lymphocytes to apoptosis, we have measured expression of the Fas death receptor on these cells after incubation with live B. burgdorferi. MATERIAL AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 23 LD patients (18 with Lyme arthritis, 5 with neuroborreliosis) and 13 healthy controls (C) were incubated for 48 hours with and without live B. burgdorferi spirochetes: B. afzelii, B. garinii or B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. After incubation, Fas expression on CD3+ cells was measured cytometrically with FITC-labeled monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Median fraction of Fas-expressing T lymphocytes increased under incubation with B. burgdorferi, with more cells expressing Fas after incubation with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto than with B. garinii. There was a tendency for a higher expression of Fas on T lymphocytes from LD patients then from controls, both in unstimulated and B. burgdorferi-stimulated cultures, but it did not reach a level of statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS B. burgdorferi seems to increase Fas expression on CD3+ T lymphocytes, which may render these cells more susceptible to apoptosis. This effect is stronger for B. burgdorferi s.s. than for B. garinii genospecies.
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Chatterjee K, Engelmark M, Gyllensten U, Dandara C, van der Merwe L, Galal U, Hoffman M, Williamson AL. Fas and FasL gene polymorphisms are not associated with cervical cancer but differ among Black and Mixed-ancestry South Africans. BMC Res Notes 2009; 2:238. [PMID: 19941645 PMCID: PMC2787520 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-2-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer is one of the most important cancers in African women. Polymorphisms in the Fas (FasR) and Fas ligand (FasL) genes have been reported to be associated with cervical cancer in certain populations. This study investigated whether these polymorphisms are associated with cervical cancer or human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in South African women. Findings Participants were 447 women with invasive cervical cancer (106 black African and 341 women of mixed-ancestry) and 424 healthy women controls, matched by age, (101 black African and 323 women of mixed-ancestry) and domicile (rural or urban). Two polymorphisms in Fas gene (FasR-1377G/A, FasR-670A/G) and one in FasL gene (FasL844T/C) were genotyped by TaqMan. None of the polymorphisms, or the Fas haplotypes, showed a significant association with cervical cancer. There was also no association with HPV infection in the control group. However, on analysis of the control group, highly significant allele, genotype and haplotype differences were found between the two ethnic groups. There were generally low frequencies of FasR-1377A alleles, FasR-670A alleles and FasL-844C alleles in black women compared to the women of mixed-ancestry. Conclusion This is the first study on the role of Fas and FasL polymorphisms in cervical cancer in African populations. Our results suggest that these SNPs are not associated with cervical cancer in these populations. The allele frequencies of the three SNPs differed markedly between the indigenous African black and mixed-ancestry populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Chatterjee
- Division of Medical Virology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.
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Li S, Ojcius DM, Liao S, Li L, Xue F, Dong H, Yan J. Replication or death: distinct fates of pathogenic Leptospira strain Lai within macrophages of human or mouse origin. Innate Immun 2009; 16:80-92. [PMID: 19587003 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic leptospires evoke severe diseases in humans but only cause mild chronic or asymptomatic infection in many host animals. The reasons for this diversity of infection remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai strain Lai had a similar ability to adhere to and enter primary and immortal (THP-1 and J774A.1) macrophages from human and mouse, but its intracellular fate in human macrophages differed markedly from that in mouse. The leptospires resided within membrane-bound vacuoles in the murine macrophages, but occurred free in the cytosol of human macrophages, with no surrounding vesicular membrane. Most leptospires in murine macrophages co-localized with the late-endosomal/lysosomal marker LAMP-1 and then were killed by lysosomal hydrolases, while most leptospires in human macrophages did not co-localize with this marker and survived. Enumeration of colony-forming units plus quantitative fluorimetry showed that in human, but not in murine, macrophages, the amounts of leptospires increased with incubation time. The infected human macrophages differed from mouse macrophages by displaying gradually enhanced apoptosis, in parallel with the increase in number of leptospires. These data strongly suggest that the outcome for intracellular leptospires depends on differences among host macrophages, which may account for some of the differences in the severity of leptospirosis in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Li
- Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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Di Pietro C, Ragusa M, Barbagallo D, Duro LR, Guglielmino MR, Majorana A, Angelica R, Scalia M, Statello L, Salito L, Tomasello L, Pernagallo S, Valenti S, D'Agostino V, Triberio P, Tandurella I, Palumbo GA, La Cava P, Cafiso V, Bertuccio T, Santagati M, Li Destri G, Lanzafame S, Di Raimondo F, Stefani S, Mishra B, Purrello M. The apoptotic machinery as a biological complex system: analysis of its omics and evolution, identification of candidate genes for fourteen major types of cancer, and experimental validation in CML and neuroblastoma. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:20. [PMID: 19402918 PMCID: PMC2683874 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis is a critical biological phenomenon, executed under the guidance of the Apoptotic Machinery (AM), which allows the physiologic elimination of terminally differentiated, senescent or diseased cells. Because of its relevance to BioMedicine, we have sought to obtain a detailed characterization of AM Omics in Homo sapiens, namely its Genomics and Evolution, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Interactomics, Oncogenomics, and Pharmacogenomics. METHODS This project exploited the methodology commonly used in Computational Biology (i.e., mining of many omics databases of the web) as well as the High Throughput biomolecular analytical techniques. RESULTS In Homo sapiens AM is comprised of 342 protein-encoding genes (possessing either anti- or pro-apoptotic activity, or a regulatory function) and 110 MIR-encoding genes targeting them: some have a critical role within the system (core AM nodes), others perform tissue-, pathway-, or disease-specific functions (peripheral AM nodes). By overlapping the cancer type-specific AM mutation map in the fourteen most frequent cancers in western societies (breast, colon, kidney, leukaemia, liver, lung, neuroblastoma, ovary, pancreas, prostate, skin, stomach, thyroid, and uterus) to their transcriptome, proteome and interactome in the same tumour type, we have identified the most prominent AM molecular alterations within each class. The comparison of the fourteen mutated AM networks (both protein- as MIR-based) has allowed us to pinpoint the hubs with a general and critical role in tumour development and, conversely, in cell physiology: in particular, we found that some of these had already been used as targets for pharmacological anticancer therapy. For a better understanding of the relationship between AM molecular alterations and pharmacological induction of apoptosis in cancer, we examined the expression of AM genes in K562 and SH-SY5Y after anticancer treatment. CONCLUSION We believe that our data on the Apoptotic Machinery will lead to the identification of new cancer genes and to the discovery of new biomarkers, which could then be used to profile cancers for diagnostic purposes and to pinpoint new targets for pharmacological therapy. This approach could pave the way for future studies and applications in molecular and clinical Medicine with important perspectives both for Oncology as for Regenerative Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Di Pietro
- Dipartimento di Scienze BioMediche, Sezione di Biologia Generale, Biologia Cellulare, Genetica Molecolare G Sichel, Unità di Biologia Genomica e dei Sistemi Complessi, Genetica, Bioinformatica, Università di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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Leptospira interrogans induces apoptosis in macrophages via caspase-8- and caspase-3-dependent pathways. Infect Immun 2008; 77:799-809. [PMID: 19029301 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00914-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of host cells plays an important role in modulating the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. It has been reported that Leptospira interrogans, the causal agent of leptospirosis, induces apoptosis in macrophages and hepatocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for host cell death remained largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that L. interrogans induced apoptosis in a macrophage-like cell line, J774A.1, and primary murine macrophages in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis was associated with the activation of cysteine aspartic acid-specific proteases (caspase-3, caspase-6, and caspase-8), the increased expression of Fas-associated death domain (FADD), and the cleavage of the caspase substrates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and nuclear lamina protein (lamin A and lamin C). Caspase-9 was activated to a lesser extent, whereas no release of cytochrome c from mitochondria was detectable. Inhibition of caspase-8 impaired L. interrogans-induced caspase-3 and -6 activation, as well as PARP and lamin A/C cleavage and apoptosis, suggesting that apoptosis is initiated via caspase-8 activation. Furthermore, caspase-3 was required for the activation of caspase-6 and seemed to be involved in caspase-9 activation through a feedback amplification loop. These data indicate that L. interrogans-induced apoptosis in macrophages is mediated by caspase-3 and -6 activation through a FADD-caspase-8-dependent pathway, independently of mitochondrial cytochrome c-caspase-9-dependent signaling.
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Aeromonas Spp. Human Isolates Induce Apoptosis of Murine Macrophages. Curr Microbiol 2008; 58:252-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Totino PRR, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Corte-Real S, de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz M. Plasmodium falciparum: erythrocytic stages die by autophagic-like cell death under drug pressure. Exp Parasitol 2007; 118:478-86. [PMID: 18226811 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that an apoptotic cell death process can occur with protozoans, but no consensus on Plasmodium susceptibility to apoptosis was reached till now. Thus, we evaluated if Plasmodium falciparum blood forms undergo apoptosis after in vitro pressure with chloroquine, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) or staurosporine. Inhibition of parasite growth and loss of viability were observed in treated cultures by both light microscopy and flow cytometry. When DNA fragmentation was verified, only a small number of TUNEL-positive parasites was detected in treated cultures and pretreatment of parasite with a general caspase inhibitor was not able to prevent parasite death. Considering the lack of apoptotic characteristics and the observation of parasites with cytoplasmatic vacuolization by electron microscopy, we conclude that P. falciparum parasites under chloroquine, SNAP or staurosporine pressures do not die by apoptosis but by a process similar to autophagy. The autophagic pathway could be explored as an alternative target for the development of new antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Renato Rivas Totino
- Laboratory of Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Pavilhão Leônidas Deane, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Guha M, Maity P, Choubey V, Mitra K, Reiter RJ, Bandyopadhyay U. Melatonin inhibits free radical-mediated mitochondrial-dependent hepatocyte apoptosis and liver damage induced during malarial infection. J Pineal Res 2007; 43:372-81. [PMID: 17910606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We showed earlier that malarial infection significantly induces liver apoptosis mediated by oxidative stress mechanisms. Thus, a nontoxic antioxidant-antiapoptotic molecule may be beneficial for hepatoprotection. Melatonin remarkably prevents hepatocyte apoptosis in mice induced during malaria as indicated by caspase 3 and TUNEL assays as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the liver tissue. The mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which plays a critical role in liver cell death during malarial infection, was almost completely suppressed by melatonin as it corrects both the overexpression of Bax and down-regulation of bcl-2 as revealed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Fluorometric studies using JC-1 documented that melatonin also restores mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim) in malaria-infected mice liver. The antiapoptotic effect of melatonin is associated with its antioxidant role because melatonin protects liver from oxidative stress induced during malaria by scavenging the hydroxyl radicals, preventing the depletion of reduced glutathione, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl formation. The effective antioxidant dose of melatonin to protect liver from oxidative stress during malaria is 20 times lower than that of known antioxidants, vitamin C and vitamin E. Apoptosis of hepatocytes during malarial infection is well correlated with dysfunction of the liver while melatonin offers hepatoprotective effects as indicated by different liver function tests. Thus, melatonin may well be effective in combating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and liver damage during malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithu Guha
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Piekarska A, Kubiak R, Omulecka A, Szymczak W, Piekarski J. Expression of Bax, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 proteins in relation to grade of inflammation and stage of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Histopathology 2007; 50:928-35. [PMID: 17543083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the expression of regulators of apoptosis in chronic hepatitis C. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of Bax, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 proteins was assessed immunohistochemically in liver biopsy specimens obtained from 89 adults with chronic hepatitis C. Expression of Bax in hepatocytes correlated inversely with grade of inflammation (P < 0.001) and stage of fibrosis (P = 0.011), classified according to the Scheuer score; expression of Bcl-xL in hepatocytes did not correlate with grade of inflammation (P = 0.106) or stage of fibrosis (P = 0.078); maximum Bcl-xL expression was observed in grade 3 inflammation and stage 4 fibrosis. Expression of Bcl-2 protein in hepatocytes was present in only two cases (both with advanced disease); the expression of Bcl-2 protein in interlobular bile duct epithelial cells correlated with the grade of inflammation (P = 0.018), but not with stage of fibrosis (P = 0.154). The expression of Bcl-2 protein in lymphoid cells infiltrating portal zones and lobules did not correlate with grade of inflammation (P = 0.113) or stage of fibrosis (P = 0.815). CONCLUSION Major differences in expression of studied proteins were observed in relation to grade of inflammation and stage of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Piekarska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Chair of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Yaiw KC, Ong KC, Chua KB, Bingham J, Wang L, Shamala D, Wong KT. Tioman virus infection in experimentally infected mouse brain and its association with apoptosis. J Virol Methods 2007; 143:140-6. [PMID: 17442409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tioman virus is a newly described bat-urine derived paramyxovirus isolated in Tioman Island, Malaysia in 2001. Hitherto, neither human nor animal infection by this virus has been reported. Nonetheless, its close relationship to another paramyxovirus, the Menangle virus which had caused diseases in humans and pigs [Philbey, A.W., Kirkland, P.D., Ross, A.D., Davis, R.J., Gleeson, A.B., Love, R.J., Daniels, P.W., Gould, A.R., Hyatt, A.D., 1998. An apparently new virus (family Paramyxoviridae) infectious for pigs, humans, and fruit bats. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 4, 269-271], raises the possibility that it may be potentially pathogenic. In this study, mice were experimentally infected with Tioman virus by intraperitoneal and intracerebral routes, and the cellular targets and topographical distribution of viral genome and antigens were examined using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The possible association between viral infection and apoptosis was also investigated using the TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry to FasL, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9 and bcl-2. The results showed that Tioman virus inoculated intracerebrally was neurotropic causing plaque-like necrotic areas, and appeared to preferentially replicate in the neocortex and limbic system. Viral infection of inflammatory cells was also demonstrated. TUNEL and Caspase-3 positivity was found in inflammatory cells but not in neurons, while FasL, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 were consistently negative. This suggests that neuronal infection was associated with necrosis rather than apoptosis. Moreover, the data suggest that there may be an association between viral infection and apoptosis in inflammatory cells, and that it could, at least in part, involve Caspase-independent pathways. Bcl-2 was expressed in some neurons and inflammatory cells indicating its possible role in anti-apoptosis. There was no evidence of central nervous system infection via the intraperitoneal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koon Chu Yaiw
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Dhiman R, Raje M, Majumdar S. Differential expression of NF-κB in mycobacteria infected THP-1 affects apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:649-58. [PMID: 17204371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/29/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to see the role of NF-kappaB in virulent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv) and avirulent (M. tuberculosis H37Ra) mycobacterial infection in THP-1 cells. To inactivate NF-kappaB, pCMV-IkappaBalphaM dn containing THP-1 cell line was generated which showed marked increase in apoptosis with M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. tuberculosis H37Ra. Infected THP-1-IkappaBalphaM dn cells showed decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-3 and enhanced TNF-alpha production. Increase in apoptosis of infected THP-1-IkappaBalphaM dn cells resulted in inhibition of intracellular mycobacterial growth. Differential NF-kappaB activation potential was observed with M. tuberculosis H37Rv and M. tuberculosis H37Ra. Both the strains activated NF-kappaB after 4 h in THP-1 cells however after 48 h only M. tuberculosis H37Rv activated NF-kappaB which lead to up-regulation of bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic member, bfl-1/A1. Our results indicated that NF-kappaB activation may be a determinant factor for the success of virulent mycobacteria within macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Dhiman
- Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Chandigarh 160 036, India
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Pardo J, Urban C, Galvez EM, Ekert PG, Müller U, Kwon-Chung J, Lobigs M, Müllbacher A, Wallich R, Borner C, Simon MM. The mitochondrial protein Bak is pivotal for gliotoxin-induced apoptosis and a critical host factor of Aspergillus fumigatus virulence in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 174:509-19. [PMID: 16893972 PMCID: PMC2064257 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200604044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus infections cause high levels of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Gliotoxin (GT), a secondary metabolite, is cytotoxic for mammalian cells, but the molecular basis and biological relevance of this toxicity remain speculative. We show that GT induces apoptotic cell death by activating the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bak, but not Bax, to elicit the generation of reactive oxygen species, the mitochondrial release of apoptogenic factors, and caspase-3 activation. Activation of Bak by GT is direct, as GT triggers in vitro a dose-dependent release of cytochrome c from purified mitochondria isolated from wild-type and Bax- but not Bak-deficient cells. Resistance to A. fumigatus of mice lacking Bak compared to wild-type mice demonstrates the in vivo relevance of this GT-induced apoptotic pathway involving Bak and suggests a correlation between GT production and virulence. The elucidation of the molecular basis opens new strategies for the development of therapeutic regimens to combat A. fumigatus and related fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Pardo
- Metschnikoff Laboratory, Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
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41
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Haslinger-Löffler B, Wagner B, Brück M, Strangfeld K, Grundmeier M, Fischer U, Völker W, Peters G, Schulze-Osthoff K, Sinha B. Staphylococcus aureus induces caspase-independent cell death in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. Kidney Int 2006; 70:1089-98. [PMID: 16871245 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial peritonitis remains a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. Although Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most common pathogen involved, infections with Staphylococcus aureus lead to severe peritoneal damage and are often associated with a dramatic loss of mesothelial cells. Induction of cell death appears to be involved in peritoneal damage and mesothelial cell loss during bacterial infections. Using cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HMCs), we investigated the ability of different S. epidermidis and S. aureus strains to damage the HMC monolayer and to trigger cell death. We show that only a subgroup of live S. aureus isolates, characterized by an invasive and alpha-hemolysin-producing phenotype, induces cell death. None of the tested S. epidermidis strains, which were not invasive or hemolytic, had a cytotoxic effect. After host cell invasion, S. aureus resided within phagocytic vacuoles, and HMCs were apparently able to degrade staphylococci. However, even after prolonged infection, a high percentage of S. aureus remained alive within HMCs and might be released after host cell death. Cell death induced by S. aureus was accompanied by apoptotic alterations, such as DNA fragmentation, but was independent of endogenous FasL and tumor necrosis factor-alpha death ligand expression. Moreover, caspases were not involved in S. aureus-induced mesothelial cell death. In conclusion, our data indicate that mesothelial cell death might represent a major mechanism of S. aureus-induced damage of the peritoneum during bacterial peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Haslinger-Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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Marriott HM, Dockrell DH. Streptococcus pneumoniae: the role of apoptosis in host defense and pathogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:1848-54. [PMID: 16844403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a recognised feature of infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae, and is observed during pneumococcal meningitis and pneumonia. The cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, pneumolysin, is a major trigger of apoptosis in the brain in association with pneumococcal production of hydrogen peroxide. Pneumococcal cell wall is also an important stimulus for apoptosis. Microbial factors and host factors combine in causing apoptosis in the brain, with hippocampal neurons being particularly susceptible. In pulmonary infection epithelial cell apoptosis contributes to tissue injury but macrophage apoptosis may benefit the host, aiding microbial killing and downregulating the inflammatory response. During sepsis lymphocyte apoptosis may be harmful to the host while dendritic cell apoptosis may limit the generation of an adaptive immune response during infection. Apoptosis induction may be harmful or potentially beneficial during pneumococcal infection and understanding its function in each setting is essential to allow specific therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Marriott
- Division of Genomic Medicine, F-Floor, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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Ulett GC, Adderson EE. Regulation of Apoptosis by Gram-Positive Bacteria: Mechanistic Diversity and Consequences for Immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 2:119-141. [PMID: 19081777 DOI: 10.2174/157339506776843033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), is an important physiological mechanism, through which the human immune system regulates homeostasis and responds to diverse forms of cellular damage. PCD may also be involved in immune counteraction to microbial infection. Over the past decade, the amount of research on bacteria-induced PCD has grown tremendously, and the implications of this mechanism on immunity are being elucidated. Some pathogenic bacteria actively trigger the suicide response in critical lineages of leukocytes that orchestrate both the innate and adaptive immune responses; other bacteria proactively prevent PCD to benefit their own survival and persistence. Currently, the microbial virulence factors, which represent the keys to unlocking the suicide response in host cells, are a primary focus of this field. In this review, we discuss these bacterial "apoptosis regulatory molecules" and the apoptotic events they either trigger or prevent, the host target cells of this regulatory activity, and the possible ramifications for immunity to infection. Gram-positive pathogens including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Listeria, and Clostridia species are discussed as important agents of human infection that modulate PCD pathways in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Ulett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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Newell MK, Villalobos-Menuey E, Schweitzer SC, Harper ME, Camley RE. Cellular metabolism as a basis for immune privilege. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2006; 4:1. [PMID: 16545119 PMCID: PMC1456959 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesize that the energy strategy of a cell is a key factor for determining how, or if, the immune system interacts with that cell. Cells have a limited number of metabolic states, in part, depending on the type of fuels the cell consumes. Cellular fuels include glucose (carbohydrates), lipids (fats), and proteins. We propose that the cell's ability to switch to, and efficiently use, fat for fuel confers immune privilege. Additionally, because uncoupling proteins are involved in the fat burning process and reportedly in protection from free radicals, we hypothesize that uncoupling proteins play an important role in immune privilege. Thus, changes in metabolism (caused by oxidative stresses, fuel availability, age, hormones, radiation, or drugs) will dictate and initiate changes in immune recognition and in the nature of the immune response. This has profound implications for controlling the symptoms of autoimmune diseases, for preventing graft rejection, and for targeting tumor cells for destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karen Newell
- The Institute for Bioenergetics, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80933-7150, USA
| | - Elizabeth Villalobos-Menuey
- The Institute for Bioenergetics, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80933-7150, USA
| | - Susan C Schweitzer
- The Institute for Bioenergetics, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80933-7150, USA
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert E Camley
- The Institute for Bioenergetics, University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80933-7150, USA
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Ulett GC, Maclean KH, Nekkalapu S, Cleveland JL, Adderson EE. Mechanisms of group B streptococcal-induced apoptosis of murine macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2555-62. [PMID: 16081829 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis of murine and human macrophages induced by group B Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) is likely an important virulence mechanism that is used by the bacteria to suppress the host immune response and to persist at sites of infection. The mechanisms by which GBS induces apoptosis are, however, largely unknown. In this study, we report that in murine macrophages GBS induces unique changes in the regulation and localization of the apoptotic regulators Bad, 14-3-3, and Omi/high-temperature requirement A2 and leads to the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Furthermore, inhibition of caspase-3 impaired GBS-induced apoptosis of macrophages. The ability to modulate the activity of effector caspases may therefore represent an unexploited avenue for therapeutic intervention in GBS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Ulett
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Abstract
Microdamage of healthy bone leads to targeted removal and repair of the damage. This process must involve the production of specific targeting signals. The identity of these signals is unknown but constitutes a legitimate research goal since it is this targeting process which appears to become impaired in ageing and disease. Here we discuss the potential role of the matrix bound osteocyte in the sensing and targeting of microdamage. In particular we will review current understanding concerning the apoptotic death of osteocytes at sites of microdamage and discuss the potential physiological significance of these findings in the light of knowledge of the significance of apoptosis in other cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon Noble
- Scottish Mechanotransduction Consortium, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
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Nasi M, Pinti M, Bugarini R, Troiano L, Lugli E, Bellodi C, Mussini C, Borghi V, Trenti T, Balli F, Esposito R, Cossarizza A. Genetic polymorphisms of Fas (CD95) and Fas ligand (CD178) influence the rise in CD4+ T cell count after antiretroviral therapy in drug-naïve HIV-positive patients. Immunogenetics 2005; 57:628-35. [PMID: 16158329 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) are the main genes that control cell death in the immune system. Indeed, they are crucial for the regulation of T lymphocyte homeostasis because they can influence cell proliferation. A strong debate exists on the importance of Fas/FasL system during HIV infection, which is characterized by the loss of CD4+ T cells directly, or indirectly, caused by the virus. To investigate whether the genetic background of the host plays a role in the immunoreconstitution, we studied the influence of different Fas and FasL polymorphisms on CD4+ T lymphocyte count and plasma viral load following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in drug-naïve HIV+ patients. We studied 131 individuals, who were compared to 136 healthy donors. Statistical analysis was performed by using Chi2 test, Fischer's Exact Test, and analysis for repeated measurements. The group of HIV+ patients had an unexpected lower frequency of FasLnt169 polymorphism (delT allele) than healthy controls (p = 0.039). We then observed no significant differences in the immune reconstitution, in terms of CD4+ T cell increase, when the influence of single alleles of the gene Fas or FasL was considered. However, the combination of some polymorphisms of Fas or FasL significantly influenced CD4+ T cell production and viral load decrease, showing that these genes can play a role in the immunoreconstitution triggered by antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Nasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chair of Immunology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, Modena, 41100, Italy
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Sosa L, Vidlak D, Strachota JM, Pavlik J, Jerrells TR. Rescue of in vivo FAS-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes by corticosteroids either associated with alcohol consumption by mice or provided exogenously. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:301-14. [PMID: 15652761 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic effects of many hepatic viral infections are mediated, at least in part, by the immune response to the infected hepatocyte. The immune response in the infected liver involves the interaction of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) with the hepatocytes through the interaction of FAS-ligand on the CTL and FAS on the hepatocyte. The initial hypothesis for this study was that alcohol consumption by mice would sensitize the liver to apoptosis induced by ligation of FAS. C57Bl/6 mice fed ethanol in a liquid diet did show an increased percentage of apoptotic cells 2 h after injection with anti-FAS as compared with the percentage in the control mice. However, 4 and 6 h after anti-FAS injection, control mice showed high percentages of apoptotic cells (20% to 41%) compared with 5% and 4% apoptotic cells in the ethanol-fed mice. The decreased apoptosis of ethanol-fed mice correlated closely with corticosterone levels in the sera. This was confirmed by the finding that adrenalectomized (ADX) mice provided a high level of corticosterone in drinking water were protected against FAS-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Ethanol-fed mice showed a significant elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels indicating the development of hepatitis in spite of the relatively low proportion of apoptotic cells in the liver. In conclusion, high levels of corticosterone protect hepatocytes from FAS-mediated apoptosis, but do not prevent the ultimate development of liver damage. In experiments where mice were provided ethanol chronically in drinking water, where stress is minimal, higher levels of ALT were noted in animals in the ethanol group as compared with animals in the control group. These data support the suggestion that ethanol increases hepatocyte sensitivity to FAS-mediated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sosa
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
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El-Hakim A, Aldana JPA, Reddy K, Singhal P, Lee BR. Laparoscopic bowel injury in an animal model: monocyte migration and apoptosis. Surg Endosc 2005; 19:484-7. [PMID: 15696363 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-004-8152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unrecognized laparoscopic bowel injury has a delayed and covert presentation. Differences in monocyte migration and apoptosis between laparoscopic and open bowel injury were determined. METHODS For this study, 24 rabbits were divided into laparoscopic (n = 9) and open surgical (n = 9) bowel injury groups and a control group (n = 6) without bowel injury. Bowel injury was created using monopolar electrocautery. The animals were killed 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks after surgery. Monocyte migration assay was performed across a modified Boyden chamber. Apoptosis was assessed by DNA fluorescent stain H-33342. RESULTS In laparoscopy, monocyte apoptosis was decreased (p < 0.001), and migration was increased (p < 0.05), as compared with the open group. Apoptosis increased over time in both study groups, and was higher than in the control group (p < 0.001). Migration was decreased in both study groups as compared with the control group (p < 0.05) CONCLUSIONS These results suggest decreased immune system priming with laparoscopic bowel injury, which may contribute to the masking of relevant signs and symptoms of peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Hakim
- Department of Urology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, 270-05 76th Avenue, New Hyde Park, NY 11040-1496, USA
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Romanova LI, Belov GA, Lidsky PV, Tolskaya EA, Kolesnikova MS, Evstafieva AG, Vartapetian AB, Egger D, Bienz K, Agol VI. Variability in apoptotic response to poliovirus infection. Virology 2005; 331:292-306. [PMID: 15629772 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2004] [Revised: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In several cell types, poliovirus activates the apoptotic program, implementation of which is suppressed by viral antiapoptotic functions. In such cells, productive infection leads to a necrotic cytopathic effect (CPE), while abortive reproduction, associated with inadequate viral antiapoptotic functions, results in apoptosis. Here, we describe two other types of cell response to poliovirus infection. Murine L20B cells expressing human poliovirus receptor responded to the infection by both CPE and apoptosis concurrently. Interruption of productive infection decreased rather than increased the proportion of apoptotic cells. Productive infection was accompanied by the early efflux of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in a proportion of cells and by activation of DEVD-specific caspases. Inactivation of caspase-9 resulted in a marked, but incomplete, prevention of the apoptotic response of these cells to viral infection. Thus, the poliovirus-triggered apoptotic program in L20B cells was not completely suppressed by the viral antiapoptotic functions. In contrast, human rhabdomyosarcoma RD cells did not develop appreciable apoptosis during productive or abortive infection, exhibiting inefficient efflux of cytochrome c from mitochondria and no marked activation of DEVD-specific caspases. The cells were also refractory to several nonviral apoptosis inducers. Nevertheless, typical caspase-dependent signs of apoptosis in a proportion of RD cells were observed after cessation of viral reproduction. Such "late" apoptosis was also observed in productively infected HeLa cells. In addition, a tiny proportion of all studied cells were TUNEL positive even in the presence of a caspase inhibitor. Degradation of DNA in such cells appeared to be a postmortem phenomenon. Biological relevance of variable host responses to viral infection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila I Romanova
- M.P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow Region 142782, Russia
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