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Vincze M, Sikovanyecz J, Molnár A, Földesi I, Surányi A, Várbíró S, Németh G, Sikovanyecz J, Kozinszky Z. Predictive Capabilities of Human Leukocyte Antigen-G and Galectin-13 Levels in the Amniotic Fluid and Maternal Blood for the Pregnancy Outcome. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:85. [PMID: 38256346 PMCID: PMC10820789 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Increasing evidence points to the significant role of the angiogenic factor levels in screening for pregnancy outcome. To examine the potential relationship between concentrations of placental protein 13 (PP13) and soluble human leukocyte antigen-G (sHLA-G) in maternal serum and amniotic fluid at 16-23 weeks of gestation and the sonographic features of pregnancy as well as pregnancy outcome. Materials and Methods: PP13 and sHLA-G in serum and amniotic fluid, fetal biometrical data, and placental volume and perfusion indices were determined in 71 euploid, singleton pregnancies. Results: The serum sHLA-G level exhibits a negative correlation with the serum PP13 level (r = -0.186, p < 0.001) and a positive correlation with the sHLA-G level in amniotic fluid (r = 0.662, p < 0.001). A significant correlation was found between serum sHLA-G level and placental volume (r = 0.142, p < 0.05) and between amniotic sHLA-G level and placental perfusion (r = -0.450, p < 0.001). A low amniotic PP13 level significantly predicted the birth weight (r = -0.102, p < 0.05), the duration of pregnancy (r = -0.155, p < 0.05), and the fetal abdominal circumference (r = -0.098, p < 0.05). Conclusions: PP13 assayed in amniotic fluid might be a potential marker of fetal growth, and sHLA-G can be an adjunct modality reflecting placental sonographic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márió Vincze
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.V.); (J.S.J.); (A.M.); (A.S.); (S.V.); (G.N.); (J.S.)
| | - János Sikovanyecz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.V.); (J.S.J.); (A.M.); (A.S.); (S.V.); (G.N.); (J.S.)
| | - András Molnár
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.V.); (J.S.J.); (A.M.); (A.S.); (S.V.); (G.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Imre Földesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Andrea Surányi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.V.); (J.S.J.); (A.M.); (A.S.); (S.V.); (G.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Szabolcs Várbíró
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.V.); (J.S.J.); (A.M.); (A.S.); (S.V.); (G.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Gábor Németh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.V.); (J.S.J.); (A.M.); (A.S.); (S.V.); (G.N.); (J.S.)
| | - János Sikovanyecz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (M.V.); (J.S.J.); (A.M.); (A.S.); (S.V.); (G.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Zoltan Kozinszky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Danderyd Hospital, 182 88 Stockholm, Sweden
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Pei X, Zhu J, Wang Y, Zhang F, He Y, Li Y, Si Y. Placental galectins: a subfamily of galectins lose the ability to bind β-galactosides with new structural features†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:799-811. [PMID: 37672213 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a phylogenetically conserved family of soluble β-galactoside binding proteins. There are 16 different of galectins, each with a specific function determined by its distinct distribution and spatial structure. Galectin-13, galectin-14, and galectin-16 are distinct from other galectin members in that they are primarily found in placental tissue. These galectins, also referred to as placental galectins, play critical roles in regulating pregnancy-associated processes, such as placenta formation and maternal immune tolerance to the embedded embryo. The unique structural characteristics and the inability to bind lactose of placental galectins have recently received significant attention. This review primarily examines the novel structural features of placental galectins, which distinguish them from the classic galectins. Furthermore, it explores the correlation between these structural features and the loss of β-galactoside binding ability. In addition, the newly discovered functions of placental galectins in recent years are also summarized in our review. A detailed understanding of the roles of placental galectins may contribute to the discovery of new mechanisms causing numerous pregnancy diseases and enable the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these diseases, ultimately benefiting the health of mothers and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Pei
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Natural Drugs in Changbai Mountain, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Xuzhou Tongshan Maocun High School, Xuzhou 221135, China
| | - Jiahui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Fali Zhang
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yuchun Li
- Xuzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Xuzhou 221009, China
| | - Yunlong Si
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
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Placental Galectins in Cancer: Why We Should Pay More Attention. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030437. [PMID: 36766779 PMCID: PMC9914345 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The first studies suggesting that abnormal expression of galectins is associated with cancer were published more than 30 years ago. Today, the role of galectins in cancer is relatively well established. We know that galectins play an active role in many types of cancer by regulating cell growth, conferring cell death resistance, or inducing local and systemic immunosuppression, allowing tumor cells to escape the host immune response. However, most of these studies have focused on very few galectins, most notably galectin-1 and galectin-3, and more recently, galectin-7 and galectin-9. Whether other galectins play a role in cancer remains unclear. This is particularly true for placental galectins, a subgroup that includes galectin-13, -14, and -16. The role of these galectins in placental development has been well described, and excellent reviews on their role during pregnancy have been published. At first sight, it was considered unlikely that placental galectins were involved in cancer. Yet, placentation and cancer progression share several cellular and molecular features, including cell invasion, immune tolerance and vascular remodeling. The development of new research tools and the concomitant increase in database repositories for high throughput gene expression data of normal and cancer tissues provide a new opportunity to examine the potential involvement of placental galectins in cancer. In this review, we discuss the possible roles of placental galectins in cancer progression and why they should be considered in cancer studies. We also address challenges associated with developing novel research tools to investigate their protumorigenic functions and design highly specific therapeutic drugs.
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Kruk L, Braun A, Cosset E, Gudermann T, Mammadova-Bach E. Galectin functions in cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1052959. [PMID: 36873388 PMCID: PMC9981828 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1052959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that regulate many cellular functions including proliferation, adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. Increasing experimental and clinical evidence indicates that galectins influence many steps of cancer development by inducing the recruitment of immune cells to the inflammatory sites and modulating the effector function of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Recent studies described that different isoforms of galectins can induce platelet adhesion, aggregation, and granule release through the interaction with platelet-specific glycoproteins and integrins. Patients with cancer and/or deep-venous thrombosis have increased levels of galectins in the vasculature, suggesting that these proteins could be important contributors to cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. In this review, we summarize the pathological role of galectins in inflammatory and thrombotic events, influencing tumor progression and metastasis. We also discuss the potential of anti-cancer therapies targeting galectins in the pathological context of cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Kruk
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Cosset
- CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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Oravecz O, Romero R, Tóth E, Kapitány J, Posta M, Gallo DM, Rossi SW, Tarca AL, Erez O, Papp Z, Matkó J, Than NG, Balogh A. Placental galectins regulate innate and adaptive immune responses in pregnancy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1088024. [PMID: 36643922 PMCID: PMC9832025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1088024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Galectins are master regulators of maternal immune responses and placentation in pregnancy. Galectin-13 (gal-13) and galectin-14 (gal-14) are expressed solely by the placenta and contribute to maternal-fetal immune tolerance by inducing the apoptosis of activated T lymphocytes and the polarization of neutrophils toward an immune-regulatory phenotype.Furthermore, their decreased placental expression is associated with pregnancy complications, such as preeclampsia and miscarriage. Yet, our knowledge of the immunoregulatory role of placental galectins is incomplete. Methods This study aimed to investigate the effects of recombinant gal-13 and gal-14 on cell viability, apoptosis, and cytokine production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the signaling pathways involved. Results Herein, we show that gal-13 and gal-14 bind to the surface of non-activated PBMCs (monocytes, natural killer cells, B cells, and T cells) and increase their viability while decreasing the rate of their apoptosis without promoting cell proliferation. We also demonstrate that gal-13 and gal-14 induce the production of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, and interferon-gamma cytokines in a concentration-dependent manner in PBMCs. The parallel activation of Erk1/2, p38, and NF-ĸB signaling evidenced by kinase phosphorylation in PBMCs suggests the involvement of these pathways in the regulation of the galectin-affected immune cell functions. Discussion These findings provide further evidence on how placenta-specific galectins assist in the establishment and maintenance of a proper immune environment during a healthy pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Oravecz
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Eszter Tóth
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Kapitány
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Posta
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,Károly Rácz Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dahiana M. Gallo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Adi L. Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Genesis Theranostix Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Genesis Theranostix Group, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Zoltán Papp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Matkó
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nándor Gábor Than
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, United States,Genesis Theranostix Group, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary,Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary,*Correspondence: Nándor Gábor Than,
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Mariacarmela G, Milena E, Sveinbjorn G, Daniel H, Maurizio M. Placental protein 13 dilation of pregnant rat uterine vein is endothelium dependent and involves nitric oxide/calcium activated potassium channels signals. Placenta 2022; 126:233-238. [PMID: 35872513 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence demonstrates the importance of the galectin protein Placental Protein 13 (PP13) in predicting Preeclampsia (PE), a gestational disorder that has no cure and is associated with a compromised uterine vascular adaptation to pregnancy. Uterine vasculature undergoes significant remodeling (growth in length and in circumference) during normal pregnancy to accommodate the increased blood volume to the feto-placental unit. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the role of PP13 on the uterine veins (UVs). METHODS PP13 was tested on UVs isolated from rat by using a pressurized myograph. The PP13 investigation was carried out in the presence of: a) nitric oxide synthases inhibitors (l-NAME + L-NNA, 2 x 10-4 M); b) small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (SKca) inhibitor (Apamin, 10-7 M); c) intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (IKca) inhibitor (TRAM-34, 10-5 M); d) big conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKca) inhibitor (Paxilline, 10-5 M) and in the absence of endothelium. RESULTS Our results showed that in late pregnancy, PP13 induced a significant dilation of UVs that is endothelium dependent. Further, PP13-dilation is mediated by the SKca - NO - BKca pathway. DISCUSSION For the first time, this study provides evidence that in pregnancy, the UVs are dilated by PP13 and suggests SKCa as a potential target for treatments aimed at restoring pregnancy complication associated with deficiency in uterine adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gatto Mariacarmela
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Esposito Milena
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy
| | - Gizurarson Sveinbjorn
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Henrion Daniel
- MitoVasc Institute, UMR CNRS 6015-INSERM U1083, University of Angers, France
| | - Mandalà Maurizio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy.
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Menkhorst E, Than NG, Jeschke U, Barrientos G, Szereday L, Dveksler G, Blois SM. Medawar's PostEra: Galectins Emerged as Key Players During Fetal-Maternal Glycoimmune Adaptation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:784473. [PMID: 34975875 PMCID: PMC8715898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectin-glycan interactions, in particular those mediated by the galectin family, regulate many processes required for a successful pregnancy. Over the past decades, increasing evidence gathered from in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that members of the galectin family specifically bind to both intracellular and membrane bound carbohydrate ligands regulating angiogenesis, immune-cell adaptations required to tolerate the fetal semi-allograft and mammalian embryogenesis. Therefore, galectins play important roles in fetal development and placentation contributing to maternal and fetal health. This review discusses the expression and role of galectins during the course of pregnancy, with an emphasis on maternal immune adaptions and galectin-glycan interactions uncovered in the recent years. In addition, we summarize the galectin fingerprints associated with pathological gestation with particular focus on preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Menkhorst
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Gynaecological Research Centre, The Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enyzmology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Hospital Alemán-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laszlo Szereday
- Medical School, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Gabriela Dveksler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sandra M Blois
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Li X, Yao Y, Liu T, Gu K, Han Q, Zhang W, Ayala GJ, Liu Y, Na H, Yu J, Zhang F, Mayo KH, Su J. Actin binding to galectin-13/placental protein-13 occurs independently of the galectin canonical ligand binding site. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1219-1229. [PMID: 34080003 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene for galectin-13 (Gal-13, placental protein 13) is only present in primates, and its low expression level in maternal serum may promote pre-eclampsia. In the present study, we used pull-down experiments and biolayer interferometry to assess the interaction between Gal-13 and actin. These studies uncovered that human Gal-13 (hGal-13) and Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis (sGal-13) strongly bind to α- and β/γ-actin, with Ca2+ and ATP significantly enhancing interactions. This in turn suggests that h/sGal-13 may inhibit myosin-induced contraction when vascular smooth muscle cells undergo polarization. Here, we solved the crystal structure of sGal-13 bound to lactose and found that it exists as a monomer in contrast to hGal-13 that is a dimer. The distribution of sGal-13 in HeLa cells is similar to that of hGal-13, indicating that monomeric Gal-13 is the primary form in cells. Even though sGal-13 also binds to actin, hGal-13 ligand binding site mutants do not influence hGal-13/actin binding, whereas the monomeric mutant C136S/C138S binds to actin more strongly than wild type hGal-13. Overall, our study demonstrates that monomeric Gal-13 binds to actin, an interaction that is independent of the galectin canonical ligand binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Media Academy, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianhao Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Keqi Gu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qiuyu Han
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Gabriela Jaramillo Ayala
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Heya Na
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jinyi Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, 6-155 Jackson Hall, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, U.S.A
| | - Jiyong Su
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Szabo S, Karaszi K, Romero R, Toth E, Szilagyi A, Gelencser Z, Xu Y, Balogh A, Szalai G, Hupuczi P, Hargitai B, Krenacs T, Hunyadi-Gulyas E, Darula Z, Kekesi KA, Tarca AL, Erez O, Juhasz G, Kovalszky I, Papp Z, Than NG. Proteomic identification of Placental Protein 1 (PP1), PP8, and PP22 and characterization of their placental expression in healthy pregnancies and in preeclampsia. Placenta 2020; 99:197-207. [PMID: 32747003 PMCID: PMC8314955 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental Protein 1 (PP1), PP8, and PP22 were isolated from the placenta. Herein, we aimed to identify PP1, PP8, and PP22 proteins and their placental and trophoblastic expression patterns to reveal potential involvement in pregnancy complications. METHODS We analyzed PP1, PP8, and PP22 proteins with LC-MS. We compared the placental behaviors of PP1, PP8, and PP22 to the predominantly placenta-expressed PP5/TFPI-2. Placenta-specificity scores were generated from microarray data. Trophoblasts were isolated from healthy placentas and differentiated; total RNA was isolated and subjected to microarray analysis. We assigned the placentas to the following groups: preterm controls, early-onset preeclampsia, early-onset preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome, term controls, and late-onset preeclampsia. After histopathologic examination, placentas were used for tissue microarray construction, immunostaining with anti-PP1, anti-PP5, anti-PP8, or anti-PP22 antibodies, and immunoscoring. RESULTS PP1, PP8, and PP22 were identified as 'nicotinate-nucleotide pyrophosphorylase', 'serpin B6', and 'protein disulfide-isomerase', respectively. Genes encoding PP1, PP8, and PP22 are not predominantly placenta-expressed, in contrast with PP5. PP1, PP8, and PP22 mRNA expression levels did not increase during trophoblast differentiation, in contrast with PP5. PP1, PP8, and PP22 immunostaining were detected primarily in trophoblasts, while PP5 expression was restricted to the syncytiotrophoblast. The PP1 immunoscore was higher in late-onset preeclampsia, while the PP5 immunoscore was higher in early-onset preeclampsia. DISCUSSION PP1, PP8, and PP22 are expressed primarily in trophoblasts but do not have trophoblast-specific regulation or functions. The distinct dysregulation of PP1 and PP5 expression in either late-onset or early-onset preeclampsia reflects different pathophysiological pathways in these preeclampsia subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Szabo
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Karaszi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eszter Toth
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Szilagyi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Gelencser
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabor Szalai
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petronella Hupuczi
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Hargitai
- West Midlands Perinatal Pathology Centre, Cellular Pathology Department, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS FT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tibor Krenacs
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin A Kekesi
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, ELTE Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Maternity Department "D," Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gabor Juhasz
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary; CRU Hungary Ltd., God, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Papp
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary; First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary.
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10
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Weller PF, Wang H, Melo RCN. The Charcot-Leyden crystal protein revisited-A lysopalmitoylphospholipase and more. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:105-112. [PMID: 32272499 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0320-319rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (CLC-P), a constituent of human and not mouse eosinophils, is one of the most abundant proteins within human eosinophils. It has a propensity to form crystalline structures, Charcot-Leyden crystals, which are hallmarks in their distinctive extracellular crystalline forms as markers of eosinophilic inflammation. The functions of CLC-P within eosinophils have been uncertain. Although the action of CLC-P as a lysophospholipase has been questioned, assays of chromatographically purified CLC-P and crystal-derived CLC-P as well as studies of transfected recombinant CLC-P have consistently documented that CLC-P endogenously expresses lysophospholipase activity, releasing free palmitate from substrate lysopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Rather than acting solely as a hydrolytic enzyme to release palmitate from a lysolipid substrate, some other lysophospholipases function more dominantly as acyl-protein thioesterases (APTs), enzymes that catalyze the removal of thioester-linked, long chain fatty acids, such as palmitate, from cysteine residues of proteins. As such APTs participate in palmitoylation, a post-translational modification that can affect membrane localization, vesicular transport, and secretion. CLC-P has attributes of an APT. Thus, whereas CLC-P expresses inherent lysophospholipase activity, like some other lysophospholipase enzymes, it likely also functions in regulating the dynamic palmitoylation cycle, including, given its dominant subplasmalemmal location, at the human eosinophil's plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Weller
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haibin Wang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, ICB, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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11
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Vokalova L, Balogh A, Toth E, Van Breda SV, Schäfer G, Hoesli I, Lapaire O, Hahn S, Than NG, Rossi SW. Placental Protein 13 (Galectin-13) Polarizes Neutrophils Toward an Immune Regulatory Phenotype. Front Immunol 2020; 11:145. [PMID: 32117288 PMCID: PMC7028707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Termed as galectin-13, placental protein 13 (PP13) is exclusively expressed in the placenta of anthropoid primates. Research on PP13 in normal and pathologic pregnancies show alteration of PP13 concentrations in pregnancy affected by preeclampsia or gestational diabetes. Galectins are also described as potent immunomodulators, and PP13 regulates T cell function in the placenta. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of PP13 on neutrophils; a cell type often ignored in pregnancy, but present in the uterus and placenta from the early stages of pregnancy. Since neutrophil function is dysregulated during pathologic pregnancies, a link between PP13 and neutrophil activity is possible. We determined that PP13 reduces the apoptosis rate in neutrophils. Also, PP13 increases the expression of PD-L1 and production of HGF, TNF-α, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and MMP-9 in these cells. This phenotype resembles one observed in permissive tumor neutrophils; able to sustain tissue and vessel growth, and inhibit T cell activation. At the same time, PP13 does not alter all neutrophil functions, i.e., extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps, degranulation, phagocytosis, and ROS production following bacterial exposure. PP13 seems to play an essential role in regulating the activity of neutrophils in the placenta by polarizing them toward a placental-growth-permissive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Vokalova
- Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Toth
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shane V Van Breda
- Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Günther Schäfer
- Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irene Hoesli
- Department of Antenatal Care, University Women's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olav Lapaire
- Department of Antenatal Care, University Women's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sinuhe Hahn
- Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Simona W Rossi
- Prenatal Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Galectins in Host-Pathogen Interactions: Structural, Functional and Evolutionary Aspects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1204:169-196. [PMID: 32152947 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1580-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of ß-galactoside-binding lectins characterized by a unique sequence motif in the carbohydrate recognition domain, and evolutionary and structural conservation from fungi to invertebrates and vertebrates, including mammals. Their biological roles, initially understood as limited to recognition of endogenous ("self") carbohydrate ligands in embryogenesis and early development, dramatically expanded in later years by the discovery of their roles in tissue repair, cancer, adipogenesis, and regulation of immune homeostasis. In recent years, however, evidence has also accumulated to support the notion that galectins can bind ("non-self") glycans on the surface of potentially pathogenic microbes, and function as recognition and effector factors in innate immunity. Thus, this evidence has established a new paradigm by which galectins can function not only as pattern recognition receptors but also as effector factors, by binding to the microbial surface and inhibiting adhesion and/or entry into the host cell, directly killing the potential pathogen by disrupting its surface structures, or by promoting phagocytosis, encapsulation, autophagy, and pathogen clearance from circulation. Strikingly, some viruses, bacteria, and protistan parasites take advantage of the aforementioned recognition roles of the vector/host galectins, for successful attachment and invasion. These recent findings suggest that galectin-mediated innate immune recognition and effector mechanisms, which throughout evolution have remained effective for preventing or fighting viral, bacterial, and parasitic infection, have been "subverted" by certain pathogens by unique evolutionary adaptations of their surface glycome to gain host entry, and the acquisition of effective mechanisms to evade the host's immune responses.
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13
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Sammar M, Drobnjak T, Mandala M, Gizurarson S, Huppertz B, Meiri H. Galectin 13 (PP13) Facilitates Remodeling and Structural Stabilization of Maternal Vessels during Pregnancy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133192. [PMID: 31261864 PMCID: PMC6651626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins regulate cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, signal transduction, mRNA splicing, and interactions with the extracellular matrix. Here we focus on the galectins in the reproductive system, particularly on a group of six galectins that first appears in anthropoid primates in conjunction with the evolution of highly invasive placentation and long gestation. Of these six, placental protein 13 (PP13, galectin 13) interacts with glycoproteins and glycolipids to enable successful pregnancy. PP13 is related to the development of a major obstetric syndrome, preeclampsia, a life-threatening complication of pregnancy which affects ten million pregnant women globally. Preeclampsia is characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and organ failure, and is often accompanied by fetal loss and major newborn disabilities. PP13 facilitates the expansion of uterine arteries and veins during pregnancy in an endothelial cell-dependent manner, via the eNOS and prostaglandin signaling pathways. PP13 acts through its carbohydrate recognition domain that binds to sugar residues of extracellular and connective tissue molecules, thus inducing structural stabilization of vessel expansion. Further, decidual PP13 aggregates may serve as a decoy that induces white blood cell apoptosis, contributing to the mother's immune tolerance to pregnancy. Lower first trimester PP13 level is one of the biomarkers to predict the subsequent risk to develop preeclampsia, while its molecular mutations/polymorphisms that are associated with reduced PP13 expression are accompanied by higher rates of preeclampsia We propose a targeted PP13 replenishing therapy to fight preeclampsia in carriers of these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marei Sammar
- Ephraim Katzir Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, 2161002 Karmiel, Israel.
| | - Tijana Drobnjak
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Maurizio Mandala
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87030 Rende, Italy
| | - Sveinbjörn Gizurarson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hamutal Meiri
- Hylabs Ltd., Rehovot, 7670606 and TeleMarpe Ltd., 6908742 Tel Aviv, Israel
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14
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Szenasi NL, Toth E, Balogh A, Juhasz K, Karaszi K, Ozohanics O, Gelencser Z, Kiraly P, Hargitai B, Drahos L, Hupuczi P, Kovalszky I, Papp Z, Than NG. Proteomic identification of membrane-associated placental protein 4 (MP4) as perlecan and characterization of its placental expression in normal and pathologic pregnancies. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6982. [PMID: 31259093 PMCID: PMC6589330 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 50 human placental proteins were isolated and physico-chemically characterized in the 70–80s by Hans Bohn and co-workers. Many of these proteins turned to have important role in placental functions and diagnostic significance in pregnancy complications. Among these proteins was membrane-associated placental protein 4 (MP4), for which identity or function has not been identified yet. Our aim was to analyze the sequence and placental expression of this protein in normal and complicated pregnancies including miscarriage, preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Methods Lyophilized MP4 protein and frozen healthy placental tissue were analyzed using HPLC-MS/MS. Placental tissue samples were obtained from women with elective termination of pregnancy (first trimester controls, n = 31), early pregnancy loss (EPL) (n = 13), early preeclampsia without HELLP syndrome (n = 7) and with HELLP syndrome (n = 8), late preeclampsia (n = 8), third trimester early controls (n = 5) and third trimester late controls (n = 9). Tissue microarrays were constructed from paraffin-embedded placentas (n = 81). Slides were immunostained with monoclonal perlecan antibody and evaluated using light microscopy and virtual microscopy. Perlecan was also analyzed for its expression in placentas from normal pregnancies using microarray data. Results Mass spectrometry-based proteomics of MP4 resulted in the identification of basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein also known as perlecan. Immunohistochemistry showed cytoplasmic perlecan localization in syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblasts of the villi. Perlecan immunoscore decreased with gestational age in the placenta. Perlecan immunoscores were higher in EPL compared to controls. Perlecan immunoscores were higher in early preeclampsia without and with HELLP syndrome and lower in late preeclampsia than in respective controls. Among patients with preeclampsia, placental perlecan expression positively correlated with maternal vascular malperfusion and negatively correlated with placental weight. Conclusion Our findings suggest that an increased placental perlecan expression may be associated with hypoxic ischaemic injury of the placenta in miscarriages and in early preeclampsia with or without HELLP syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Lilla Szenasi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Toth
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,MS Proteomics Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Juhasz
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Karaszi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Oliver Ozohanics
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Gelencser
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Kiraly
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beata Hargitai
- West Midlands Perinatal Pathology, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laszlo Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petronella Hupuczi
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Papp
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Blois SM, Dveksler G, Vasta GR, Freitag N, Blanchard V, Barrientos G. Pregnancy Galectinology: Insights Into a Complex Network of Glycan Binding Proteins. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1166. [PMID: 31231368 PMCID: PMC6558399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a phylogenetically conserved family of soluble β-galactoside binding proteins, consisting of 15 different types, each with a specific function. Galectins contribute to placentation by regulating trophoblast development, migration, and invasion during early pregnancy. In addition, galectins are critical players regulating maternal immune tolerance to the embedded embryo. Recently, the role of galectins in angiogenesis during decidualization and in placenta formation has gained attention. Altered expression of galectins is associated with abnormal pregnancies and infertility. This review focuses on the role of galectins in pregnancy-associated processes and discusses the relevance of galectin-glycan interactions as potential therapeutic targets in pregnancy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Blois
- Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Division of General Internal and Psychosomatic Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Dveksler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, UMB, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nancy Freitag
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Véronique Blanchard
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Hospital Alemán, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Drobnjak T, Jónsdóttir AM, Helgadóttir H, Runólfsdóttir MS, Meiri H, Sammar M, Osol G, Mandalà M, Huppertz B, Gizurarson S. Placental protein 13 (PP13) stimulates rat uterine vessels after slow subcutaneous administration. Int J Womens Health 2019; 11:213-222. [PMID: 30988643 PMCID: PMC6443218 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s188303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Reduced concentrations of placental protein 13 (PP13) during the first trimester of human pregnancy are associated with elevated risk for the subsequent development of preeclampsia, which is one of the deadliest obstetrical complications of pregnancy. Previous studies by our group have shown that PP13 lowers blood pressure in pregnant rats, increases the size and weight of pups and placentas, and induces vasodilation of resistance arteries through endothelial signaling pathways involving endothelial nitric oxid synthase and prostaglandin. Methods In the present study, the effect of PP13 was investigated in nonpregnant female Sprague Dawley rats (n=27). Osmotic pumps were surgically implanted subcutaneously that released a constant dose of PP13 or saline over 7 days. Most animals were sacrificed 6 days after the end of PP13 release (on day 13), while some were sacrificed immediately at the end of day 7 (the last PP13 release day), to compare the short- and long-term impact of PP13 on vessels’ growth and size. Results The uterine vessels were significantly expanded in the group exposed to recombinant PP13 (rPP13) compared to the control (saline) group. Both veins and arteries were significantly expanded by rPP13 with a more pronounced effect after 13 days compared to the corresponding vessels after 7 days. Furthermore, the long-term effect of treatment by rPP13 was more pronounced in the veins compared to the corresponding arteries. The effect of a PP13 variant with a histidine-tag (His-PP13) remained the same between 7 and 13 days. Conclusion In conclusion, PP13 might play a key role in the expansive remodeling of the uterine vessels, reflecting what would happen if the rat was pregnant, preparing the uterine vascu-lature for the increase in uteroplacental blood flow, which is necessary for normal pregnancy. We suggest that PP13 could act by NO signaling pathways, a hypothesis that requires future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Drobnjak
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland,
| | | | - Helga Helgadóttir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland,
| | | | - Hamutal Meiri
- Hy Laboratories Ltd, Rehovot, Israel.,TeleMarpe Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marei Sammar
- Ephraim Katzir Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, Karmiel, Israel
| | - George Osol
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Maurizio Mandalà
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sveinbjörn Gizurarson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland,
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17
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Gadde R, Cd D, Sheela SR. Placental protein 13: An important biological protein in preeclampsia. J Circ Biomark 2018; 7:1849454418786159. [PMID: 30023011 PMCID: PMC6047241 DOI: 10.1177/1849454418786159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental protein 13 (PP13), a glycan binding protein predominantly expressed in syncytiotrophoblast, dimeric in nature, lacks N-terminal signal peptide, bypasses the endoplasmic reticulum, and secretes into maternal circulation as exosomes or microvesicles. PP13 has jelly roll fold conformation with conserved carbohydrate recognition domain which specifically binds to β-galactosides of the glycan receptors during placentation. PP13 binds to glycosylated receptors on human erythrocytes and brings about hemagglutination by the property of lectin activity; other functions are immunoregulation and vasodilation during placentation and vascularization. The gene LGALS13 located on 19q13.2 comprising four exons expresses a 32-kDa protein with 139 amino acid residues, PP13. Impaired expression due to mutation in the gene leads to a nonfunctional truncated PP13. The low serum levels predict high risk for the onset of preeclampsia or obstetric complications. Hence, PP13 turned to be an early marker for risk assessment of preeclampsia. The recombinant PP13 and monoclonal antibodies availability help for replenishing PP13 in conditions with low serum levels and for detection and prevention of preeclampsia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeeta Gadde
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
| | - Dayanand Cd
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
| | - S R Sheela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
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18
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Drobnjak T, Meiri H, Mandalá M, Huppertz B, Gizurarson S. Pharmacokinetics of placental protein 13 after intravenous and subcutaneous administration in rabbits. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1977-1983. [PMID: 30013317 PMCID: PMC6037268 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s167926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Human placental protein 13 (PP13) is a galectin predominantly expressed by the placenta. Low serum concentrations of PP13 in early pregnancy indicate a higher risk of developing preeclampsia. Methods The pharmacokinetic disposition and bioavailability of PP13 were determined by single intravenous and subcutaneous administration to 12 healthy New Zealand White rabbits. The serum pharmacokinetic values were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and are best described by a two-compartment model. Results Both volume of distribution and the area under the curve were dose dependent for the intravenous group (p<0.01). PP13 elimination half-life was also found to be different between the groups (p<0.01). The bioavailability of PP13 following subcutaneous administration was found to be 57%. Conclusion This study shows that the concentration of total PP13 released into the maternal circulation during pregnancy might be much higher than previously estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Drobnjak
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland,
| | - Hamutal Meiri
- Hy Laboratories, Rehovot, Israel.,TeleMarpe Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maurizio Mandalá
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sveinbjörn Gizurarson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland,
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19
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RNA gene profile variation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rhesus macaques immunized with Hib conjugate vaccine, Hib capsular polysaccharide and TT carrier protein. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:4. [PMID: 29368591 PMCID: PMC5784715 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine has been widely used in children to prevent invasive Hib disease because of its strong immunogenicity and antibody response induction relative to the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigen. The data from vaccine studies suggest that the conjugate vaccine contains carrier proteins that enhance and/or regulate the antigen’s immunogenicity, but the mechanism of this enhancement remains unclear. Methods To explore the immunological role of the conjugate vaccine, we compared the immune responses and gene profiles of rhesus macaques after immunization with CPS, carrier protein tetanus toxoid (TT) or conjugate vaccine. Results A distinct immune response was induced by the Hib conjugate vaccine but not by CPS or carrier protein TT. The genes that were dynamically regulated in conjunction with the macaque immune responses to the conjugate vaccine were investigated. Conclusions We propose that these genes are involved in the induction of specific immunity that is characterized by the appearance and maintenance of antibodies against Hib. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12865-018-0240-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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20
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Galectin-13, a different prototype galectin, does not bind β-galacto-sides and forms dimers via intermolecular disulfide bridges between Cys-136 and Cys-138. Sci Rep 2018; 8:980. [PMID: 29343868 PMCID: PMC5772480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, placental protein-13 (galectin-13) is highly expressed in the placenta and fetal tissue, and less so in maternal serum that is related to pre-eclampsia. To understand galectin-13 function at the molecular level, we solved its crystal structure and discovered that its dimer is stabilized by two disulfide bridges between Cys136 and Cys138 and six hydrogen bonds involving Val135, Val137, and Gln139. Native PAGE and gel filtration demonstrate that this is not a crystallization artifact because dimers also form in solution. Our biochemical studies indicate that galectin-13 ligand binding specificity is different from that of other galectins in that it does not bind β-galactosides. This is partly explained by the presence of Arg53 rather than His53 at the bottom of the carbohydrate binding site in a position that is crucial for interactions with β-galactosides. Mutating Arg53 to histidine does not re-establish normal β-galactoside binding, but rather traps cryoprotectant glycerol molecules within the ligand binding site in crystals of the R53H mutant. Moreover, unlike most other galectins, we also found that GFP-tagged galectin-13 is localized within the nucleus of HeLa and 293 T cells. Overall, galectin-13 appears to be a new type of prototype galectin with distinct properties.
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21
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Kenny LC, Kell DB. Immunological Tolerance, Pregnancy, and Preeclampsia: The Roles of Semen Microbes and the Father. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 4:239. [PMID: 29354635 PMCID: PMC5758600 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is widely considered, in many cases, to involve two separable stages (poor placentation followed by oxidative stress/inflammation), the precise originating causes of preeclampsia (PE) remain elusive. We have previously brought together some of the considerable evidence that a (dormant) microbial component is commonly a significant part of its etiology. However, apart from recognizing, consistent with this view, that the many inflammatory markers of PE are also increased in infection, we had little to say about immunity, whether innate or adaptive. In addition, we focused on the gut, oral and female urinary tract microbiomes as the main sources of the infection. We here marshall further evidence for an infectious component in PE, focusing on the immunological tolerance characteristic of pregnancy, and the well-established fact that increased exposure to the father's semen assists this immunological tolerance. As well as these benefits, however, semen is not sterile, microbial tolerance mechanisms may exist, and we also review the evidence that semen may be responsible for inoculating the developing conceptus (and maybe the placenta) with microbes, not all of which are benign. It is suggested that when they are not, this may be a significant cause of PE. A variety of epidemiological and other evidence is entirely consistent with this, not least correlations between semen infection, infertility and PE. Our view also leads to a series of other, testable predictions. Overall, we argue for a significant paternal role in the development of PE through microbial infection of the mother via insemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Kenny
- The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas B. Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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22
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Nio-Kobayashi J. Histological Mapping and Subtype-Specific Functions of Galectins in Health and Disease. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1737.1se] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
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23
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Nio-Kobayashi J. Histological Mapping and Subtype-Specific Functions of Galectins in Health and Disease. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2018. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1737.1sj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nio-Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
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24
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Meiri H, Osol G, Cetin I, Gizurarson S, Huppertz B. Personalized Therapy Against Preeclampsia by Replenishing Placental Protein 13 (PP13) Targeted to Patients With Impaired PP13 Molecule or Function. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2017; 15:433-446. [PMID: 29034064 PMCID: PMC5633742 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive disorders affect about one third of all people aged 20 and above, and are treated with anti-hypertensive drugs. Preeclampsia (PE) is one form of such disorders that only develops during pregnancy. It affects ten million pregnant women globally and additionally causes fetal loss and major newborn disabilities. The syndrome's origin is multifactorial, and anti-hypertensive drugs are ineffective in treating it. Biomarkers are helpful for predict its development. Generic drugs, such as low dose aspirin, were proven effective in preventing preterm PE. However, it does not cure the majority of cases and many studies are underway for fighting PE with extended use of additional generic drugs, or through new drug development programs. This review focuses on placental protein 13 (PP13). This protein is only expressed in the placenta. Impaired PP13 DNA structure and/or its reduced mRNA expression leads to lower blood PP13 level that predict a higher risk of developing PE. Two polymorphic PP13 variants have been identified: (1) The promoter PP13 variant with an "A/A" genotype in the -98 position (versus "A/C" or "C/C"). Having the "A/A" genotype is coupled to lower PP13 expression, mainly during placental syncytiotrophoblast differentiation and, if associated with obesity and history of previous preeclampsia, it accurately predicts higher risk for developing the disorder. (2) A thymidine deletion at position 221 causes a frame shift in the open reading frame, and the formation of an early stop codon resulting in the formation of DelT221, a truncated variant of PP13. In pregnant rodents, both short- and long- term replenishment of PP13 causes reversible hypotension and vasodilation of uterine vessels. Long-term exposure is also accompanied by the development of larger placentas and newborns. Also, only w/t PP13 is capable of inducing leukocyte apoptosis, providing maternal immune tolerance to pregnancy. Based on published data, we propose a targeted PP13 therapy to fight PE, and consider the design and conduct of animal studies to explore this hypothesis. Accordingly, a new targeted therapy can be implemented in humans combining prediction and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamutal Meiri
- Hy Laboratories, Rehovot, and TeleMarpe, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - George Osol
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Irene Cetin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milano, Italy
- Department of Mother and Child, Hospital Luigi Sacco, and Center for Fetal Research “Giorgio Pardi”, Milano, Italy
| | - Sveinbjörn Gizurarson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology & Biobank Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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25
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Madar-Shapiro L, Karady I, Trahtenherts A, Syngelaki A, Akolekar R, Poon L, Cohen R, Sharabi-Nov A, Huppertz B, Sammar M, Juhasz K, Than NG, Papp Z, Romero R, Nicolaides KH, Meiri H. Predicting the Risk to Develop Preeclampsia in the First Trimester Combining Promoter Variant -98A/C of LGALS13 (Placental Protein 13), Black Ethnicity, Previous Preeclampsia, Obesity, and Maternal Age. Fetal Diagn Ther 2017; 43:250-265. [PMID: 28728156 PMCID: PMC5882584 DOI: 10.1159/000477933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LGALS13 (placental protein 13 [PP13]) promoter DNA polymorphisms was evaluated in predicting preeclampsia (PE), given PP13's effects on hypotension, angiogenesis, and immune tolerance. METHODS First-trimester plasma samples (49 term and 18 intermediate) of PE cases matched with 196 controls were collected from King's College Hospital, London, repository. Cell-free DNA was extracted and the LGALS13 exons were sequenced after PCR amplification. Expression of LGALS13 promoter reporter constructs was determined in BeWo trophoblast-like cells with luciferase assays. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) was calculated for the A/A genotype combined with maternal risk factors. RESULTS The A/A, A/C, and C/C genotypes in the -98 promoter position were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control but not in the PE group (p < 0.036). The dominant A/A genotype had higher frequency in the PE group (p < 0.001). The A/C and C/C genotypes protected from PE (p < 0.032). The ORs to develop term and all PE, calculated for the A/A genotype, previous PE, body mass index (BMI) >35, black ethnicity, and maternal age >40 were 15.6 and 11.0, respectively (p < 0.001). In luciferase assays, the "-98A" promoter variant had lower expression than the "-98C" variant in non-differentiated (-13%, p = 0.04) and differentiated (-26%, p < 0.001) BeWo cells. Forskolin-induced differentiation led to a larger expression increase in the "-98C" variant than in the "-98A" variant (4.55-fold vs. 3.85-fold, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Lower LGALS13 (PP13) expression with the "A" nucleotide in the -98 promoter region position (compared to "C") and high OR calculated for the A/A genotype in the -98A/C promoter region position, history of previous PE, BMI >35, advanced maternal age >40, and black ethnicity could serve to aid in PE prediction in the first trimester.
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26
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De Villiers CP, Hedley PL, Placing S, Wøjdemann KR, Shalmi AC, Carlsen AL, Rode L, Sundberg K, Tabor A, Christiansen M. Placental protein-13 (PP13) in combination with PAPP-A and free leptin index (fLI) in first trimester maternal serum screening for severe and early preeclampsia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 56:65-74. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Placental protein-13 (PP13) is involved in placental invasion and has been suggested as a maternal serum marker of preeclampsia (PE) development. However, the discriminatory ability of PP13 in first trimester has not been completely clarified.
Methods:
PP13 was measured in first trimester (week 10+3–13+6) maternal serum from 120 PE pregnancies and 267 control pregnancies and was correlated with clinical parameters. The population screening performance of PP13 in combination with the PE markers pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) and free leptin index (fLI) was assessed by Monte Carlo simulation.
Results:
In severe PE (including HELLP) cases (n=26) the median PP13 concentration was 35.8 pg/mL (range: 17.8–85.5 pg/mL) and in PE pregnancies (n=10) with birth prior to week 34, the median PP13 concentration was 30.6 pg/mL (13.1–50.1 pg/mL), compared to controls with a median of 54.8 pg/mL (range: 15.4–142.6 pg/mL) (p<0.04). The population screening detection rate (DR) for a false-positive rate of 10% for severe PE and HELLP was 26% for PP13, 28% for PP13+PAPP-A, 33% for PP13+fLI, and 40% for PP13+PAPP-A+fLI.
Conclusions:
PP13 is a marker of severe PE and HELLP syndrome. The screening performance of PP13 can be markedly improved by combining it with fLI and PAPP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin P. De Villiers
- Department for Congenital Disorders , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Stellenbosch , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Paula L. Hedley
- Department for Congenital Disorders , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Stellenbosch , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Sophie Placing
- Department for Congenital Disorders , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Karen R. Wøjdemann
- Department of Fetal Medicine , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anne-Cathrine Shalmi
- Department of Fetal Medicine , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hillerød Hospital , Hillerød , Denmark
| | - Anting L. Carlsen
- Department for Congenital Disorders , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Line Rode
- Department of Fetal Medicine , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Karin Sundberg
- Department of Fetal Medicine , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ann Tabor
- Department of Fetal Medicine , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut , 5 Artillerivej , 2300S Copenhagen , Denmark
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27
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Drobnjak T, Gizurarson S, Gokina NI, Meiri H, Mandalá M, Huppertz B, Osol G. Placental protein 13 (PP13)-induced vasodilation of resistance arteries from pregnant and nonpregnant rats occurs via endothelial-signaling pathways. Hypertens Pregnancy 2017; 36:186-195. [PMID: 28524718 DOI: 10.1080/10641955.2017.1295052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Placental protein 13 (PP13) induces hypotension in rats. This study aims to evaluate PP13 effects on isolated uterine arteries from nonpregnant and mid-pregnant rats. Vessels were isolated, cannulated, and pressurized to 50 mmHg within an arteriograph, preconstricted and exposed to increasing PP13 concentrations (10-13-10-8 M). PP13 elicited 38-50% arterial vasodilation with half-maximum response (EC50) = 1 pM. The relaxation was mediated by activating the endothelial-signaling pathways of prostaglandin and nitric oxide (NO). Accordingly, these results encourage evaluation of PP13 as a possible therapy for gestational diseases characterized by insufficient uteroplacental blood flow and/or maternal hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Drobnjak
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Health Science, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - Sveinbjörn Gizurarson
- a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Health Science, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - Natalia I Gokina
- b Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont , Burlington , Vermont , USA
| | - Hamutal Meiri
- c Hy Laboratories, Rehovot, and TeleMarpe , Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Maurizio Mandalá
- d Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences , University of Calabria , Rende , Italy
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- e Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology , Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - George Osol
- b Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont , Burlington , Vermont , USA
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28
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Wang T, Feugang JM, Crenshaw MA, Regmi N, Blanton JR, Liao SF. A Systems Biology Approach Using Transcriptomic Data Reveals Genes and Pathways in Porcine Skeletal Muscle Affected by Dietary Lysine. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040885. [PMID: 28430144 PMCID: PMC5412465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine crossbred finishing barrows (body weight 94.4 ± 6.7 kg) randomly assigned to three dietary treatments were used to investigate the effects of dietary lysine on muscle growth related metabolic and signaling pathways. Muscle samples were collected from the longissimus dorsi of individual pigs after feeding the lysine-deficient (4.30 g/kg), lysine-adequate (7.10 g/kg), or lysine-excess (9.80 g/kg) diet for five weeks, and the total RNA was extracted afterwards. Affymetrix Porcine Gene 1.0 ST Array was used to quantify the expression levels of 19,211 genes. Statistical ANOVA analysis of the microarray data showed that 674 transcripts were differentially expressed (at p ≤ 0.05 level); 60 out of 131 transcripts (at p ≤ 0.01 level) were annotated in the NetAffx database. Ingenuity pathway analysis showed that dietary lysine deficiency may lead to: (1) increased muscle protein degradation via the ubiquitination pathway as indicated by the up-regulated DNAJA1, HSP90AB1 and UBE2B mRNA; (2) reduced muscle protein synthesis via the up-regulated RND3 and ZIC1 mRNA; (3) increased serine and glycine synthesis via the up-regulated PHGDH and PSPH mRNA; and (4) increased lipid accumulation via the up-regulated ME1, SCD, and CIDEC mRNA. Dietary lysine excess may lead to: (1) decreased muscle protein degradation via the down-regulated DNAJA1, HSP90AA1, HSPH1, and UBE2D3 mRNA; and (2) reduced lipid biosynthesis via the down-regulated CFD and ME1 mRNA. Collectively, dietary lysine may function as a signaling molecule to regulate protein turnover and lipid metabolism in the skeletal muscle of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Wang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Jean M Feugang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Mark A Crenshaw
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Naresh Regmi
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - John R Blanton
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Shengfa F Liao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA.
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29
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The human fetoembryonic defense system hypothesis: Twenty years on. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 51:71-88. [PMID: 27349751 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Plasma PP13 and urinary GAGs/PGs as early markers of pre-eclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016; 294:959-965. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-016-4111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Prototype and Chimera-Type Galectins in Placentas with Spontaneous and Recurrent Miscarriages. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050644. [PMID: 27136536 PMCID: PMC4881470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are galactose binding proteins and, in addition, factors for a wide range of pathologies in pregnancy. We have analyzed the expression of prototype (gal-1, -2, -7, -10) and chimera-type (gal-3) galectins in the placenta in cases of spontaneous abortions (SPA) and recurrent abortions (RA) in the first trimester. Fifteen placental samples from healthy pregnancies were used as a control group. Nine placentas were examined for spontaneous abortions, and 12 placentas for recurrent abortions. For differentiation and evaluation of different cell types of galectin-expression in the decidua, immunofluorescence was used. For all investigated prototype galectins (gal-1, -2, -7, -10) in SPA and RA placenta trophoblast cells the expression is significantly decreased. In the decidua/extravillous trophoblast only gal-2 expression was significantly lowered, which could be connected to its role in angiogenesis. In trophoblasts in first-trimester placentas and in cases of SPA and RA, prototype galectins are altered in the same way. We suspect prototype galectins have a similar function in placental tissue because of their common biochemical structure. Expression of galectin 3 as a chimera type galectin was not found to be significantly altered in abortive placentas.
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32
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Placental Expression Patterns of Galectin-1, Galectin-2, Galectin-3 and Galectin-13 in Cases of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:523. [PMID: 27070577 PMCID: PMC4848979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins (gal) are members of the mammalian β-galactoside-binding proteins and recognize Galβ1-4GlcNAc and Galβ1-4GalNac (Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TF)) sequences of several cell surface oligosaccharides. In this study, gal-1, -2, -3 and -13 were investigated systematically in the trophoblast and decidua compartment of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) placentas and normal third trimester control placentas and stratified by fetal gender and gestational age. Within this study, 29 third trimester placentas after delivery were analyzed. Fetal gender was equally divided within both groups, and immunohistochemical staining was analyzed according to fetal gender and gestational age. Double immune-fluorescence with trophoblast-specific markers was used to identify galectin-expressing cells at the feto-maternal interface in the decidua. Gal-3 was significantly downregulated only in the extravillous trophoblast of IUGR placentas. In contrast, expressions of gal-2 and gal-13 were downregulated in both villous and extravillous trophoblast cells of IUGR placentas. In addition, gal-2 and gal-13 showed a highly correlated expression scheme in the placenta. There are significant gender-specific expression patterns for single prototype galectins with downregulation of gal-2 and gal-13 of male gender placentas in cases of IUGR. Gal-3 as the chimera type galectin shows only little gender-specific differences in expression, which disappear in IUGR cases.
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33
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Giaglis S, Stoikou M, Grimolizzi F, Subramanian BY, van Breda SV, Hoesli I, Lapaire O, Hasler P, Than NG, Hahn S. Neutrophil migration into the placenta: Good, bad or deadly? Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:208-25. [PMID: 26933824 PMCID: PMC4853040 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1148866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 2 decades have passed since the discovery that pregnancy is associated with a basal inflammatory state involving neutrophil activation, and that this is more overt in cases with preeclampsia, than in instances with sepsis. This pivotal observation paved the way for our report, made almost a decade ago, describing the first involvement of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in a non-infectious human pathology, namely preeclampsia, where an abundance of these structures were detected directly in the placental intervillous space. Despite these remarkable findings, there remains a paucity of interest among reproductive biologists in further exploring the role or involvement of neutrophils in pregnancy and related pathologies. In this review we attempt to redress this deficit by highlighting novel recent findings including the discovery of a novel neutrophil subset in the decidua, the interaction of placental protein 13 (PP13) and neutrophils in modulating spiral artery modification, as well as the use of animal model systems to elucidate neutrophil function in implantation, gestation and parturition. These model systems have been particularly useful in identifying key components implicated in recurrent fetal loss, preeclampsia or new signaling molecules such as sphingolipids. Finally, the recent discovery that anti-phospolipid antibodies can trigger NETosis, supports our hypothesis that these structures may contribute to placental dysfunction in pertinent cases with recurrent fetal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Giaglis
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,b Department Rheumatology , Cantonal Hospital Aarau , Aarau , Switzerland
| | - Maria Stoikou
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Franco Grimolizzi
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland.,c Polytechnic University Marche , Ancona , Italy
| | - Bibin Y Subramanian
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Shane V van Breda
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Irene Hoesli
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Olav Lapaire
- d Department of Obstetrics , University Women's Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Paul Hasler
- b Department Rheumatology , Cantonal Hospital Aarau , Aarau , Switzerland
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- e Lendulet Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology , Research Center for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Sinuhe Hahn
- a Department of Biomedicine , University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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34
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Timoshenko AV. Towards molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of galectins in cancer cells under microenvironmental stress conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4327-40. [PMID: 26245305 PMCID: PMC11113283 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins, a family of soluble β-galactoside-binding proteins, serve as mediators of fundamental biological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, migration, survival, and death. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the ways in which the expression of individual galectins differs in normal and transformed human cells exposed to various stimuli mimicking physiological and pathological microenvironmental stress conditions. A conceptual point is being made and grounded that the modulation of galectin expression profiles is a key aspect of cellular stress responses. Moreover, this modulation might be precisely regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in the context of non-overlapping transcription factors and miRNAs specific to galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Timoshenko
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Costa MA. The endocrine function of human placenta: an overview. Reprod Biomed Online 2015; 32:14-43. [PMID: 26615903 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, several tightly coordinated and regulated processes take place to enable proper fetal development and gestational success. The formation and development of the placenta is one of these critical pregnancy events. This organ plays essential roles during gestation, including fetal nourishment, support and protection, gas exchange and production of several hormones and other mediators. Placental hormones are mainly secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast, in a highly and tightly regulated way. These hormones are important for pregnancy establishment and maintenance, exerting autocrine and paracrine effects that regulate decidualization, placental development, angiogenesis, endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, immunotolerance and fetal development. In addition, because they are released into maternal circulation, the profile of their blood levels throughout pregnancy has been the target of intense research towards finding potential robust and reliable biomarkers to predict and diagnose pregnancy-associated complications. In fact, altered levels of these hormones have been associated with some pathologies, such as chromosomal anomalies or pre-eclampsia. This review proposes to revise and update the main pregnancy-related hormones, addressing their major characteristics, molecular targets, function throughout pregnancy, regulators of their expression and their potential clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Gizurarson S, Sigurdardottir ER, Meiri H, Huppertz B, Sammar M, Sharabi-Nov A, Mandalá M, Osol G. Placental Protein 13 Administration to Pregnant Rats Lowers Blood Pressure and Augments Fetal Growth and Venous Remodeling. Fetal Diagn Ther 2015; 39:56-63. [PMID: 26314825 DOI: 10.1159/000381914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reduced first-trimester concentrations of placental protein 13 (PP13) are associated with subsequent development of preeclampsia, a major pregnancy disorder. We previously showed that PP13 has a vasodilatory effect, reduces blood pressure and augments expansive remodeling of the uteroplacental vasculature in pregnant rats. In this study, slow-release osmotic pumps were implanted in gravid rats (on day 8) to provide 1 week of PP13 supplementation. Treatment was associated with a reversible blood pressure reduction that returned to normal on day 15. In addition, PP13 caused venous expansion that is larger in the venous branches closer to the placenta. Then, it increased placental and pup weights. Similar administration of a truncated PP13 variant (DelT221) that is unable to bind carbohydrates (a rare spontaneous mutation associated with a high frequency of severe early preeclampsia among Blacks in South Africa) produced a hypotensive effect similar to the full-length molecule, but without venous remodeling and increased placental and pup weights. These results indicate the importance of PP13 carbohydrate binding for inducing vascular remodeling and improving reproductive outcome. Future studies are needed to determine whether beneficial effects would be evident in animal models of preeclampsia or in women predisposed to the development of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sveinbjorn Gizurarson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Than NG, Romero R, Balogh A, Karpati E, Mastrolia SA, Staretz-Chacham O, Hahn S, Erez O, Papp Z, Kim CJ. Galectins: Double-edged Swords in the Cross-roads of Pregnancy Complications and Female Reproductive Tract Inflammation and Neoplasia. J Pathol Transl Med 2015; 49:181-208. [PMID: 26018511 PMCID: PMC4440931 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2015.02.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are an evolutionarily ancient and widely expressed family of lectins that have unique glycan-binding characteristics. They are pleiotropic regulators of key biological processes, such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, signal transduction, and pre-mRNA splicing, as well as homo- and heterotypic cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Galectins are also pivotal in immune responses since they regulate host-pathogen interactions, innate and adaptive immune responses, acute and chronic inflammation, and immune tolerance. Some galectins are also central to the regulation of angiogenesis, cell migration and invasion. Expression and functional data provide convincing evidence that, due to these functions, galectins play key roles in shared and unique pathways of normal embryonic and placental development as well as oncodevelopmental processes in tumorigenesis. Therefore, galectins may sometimes act as double-edged swords since they have beneficial but also harmful effects for the organism. Recent advances facilitate the use of galectins as biomarkers in obstetrical syndromes and in various malignancies, and their therapeutic applications are also under investigation. This review provides a general overview of galectins and a focused review of this lectin subfamily in the context of inflammation, infection and tumors of the female reproductive tract as well as in normal pregnancies and those complicated by the great obstetrical syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandor Gabor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
- Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hangary
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Karpati
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Salvatore Andrea Mastrolia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Sinuhe Hahn
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Offer Erez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Zoltan Papp
- Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hangary
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Blois SM, Dechend R, Barrientos G, Staff AC. A potential pathophysiological role for galectins and the renin-angiotensin system in preeclampsia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:39-50. [PMID: 25192660 PMCID: PMC11113509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses a potential role of galectins and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia (PE). Preeclampsia affects between 3 and 5 % of all pregnancies and is a heterogeneous disease, which may be caused by multiple factors. The only cure is the delivery of the placenta, which may result in a premature delivery and baby. Probably due to its heterogeneity, PE studies in human have hitherto only led to the identification of a limited number of factors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Animal models, particularly in mice and rats, have been used to gain further insight into the molecular pathology behind PE. In this review, we discuss the picture emerging from human and animal studies pointing to galectins and the RAS being associated with the PE syndrome and affecting a broad range of cellular signaling components. Moreover, we review the epidemiological evidence for PE increasing the risk of future cardiovascular disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Blois
- Charité Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,
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Blois SM, Conrad ML, Freitag N, Barrientos G. Galectins in angiogenesis: consequences for gestation. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 108:33-41. [PMID: 25622880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the galectin family have been shown to exert several roles in the context of reproduction. They contribute to placentation, maternal immune regulation and facilitate angiogenesis encompassing decidualisation and placenta formation during pregnancy. In the context of neo-vascularisation, galectins have been shown to augment signalling pathways that lead to endothelial cell activation, cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro in addition to angiogenesis in vivo. Angiogenesis during gestation ensures not only proper foetal growth and development, but also maternal health. Consequently, restriction of placental blood flow has major consequences for both foetus and mother, leading to pregnancy diseases. In this review we summarise both the established and the emerging roles of galectin in angiogenesis and discuss the possible implications during healthy and pathological gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Blois
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité-Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Melanie L Conrad
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité-Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nancy Freitag
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité-Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Psychosomatik, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Hospital Alemán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Burkova EE, Dmitrenok PS, Sedykh SE, Buneva VN, Soboleva SE, Nevinsky GA. Extremely stable soluble high molecular mass multi-protein complex with DNase activity in human placental tissue. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111234. [PMID: 25426722 PMCID: PMC4245193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human placenta is an organ which protects, feeds, and regulates the grooving of the embryo. Therefore, identification and characterization of placental components including proteins and their multi-protein complexes is an important step to understanding the placenta function. We have obtained and analyzed for the first time an extremely stable multi-protein complex (SPC, ∼1000 kDa) from the soluble fraction of three human placentas. By gel filtration on Sepharose-4B, the SPC was well separated from other proteins of the placenta extract. Light scattering measurements and gel filtration showed that the SPC is stable in the presence of NaCl, MgCl2, acetonitrile, guanidinium chloride, and Triton in high concentrations, but dissociates efficiently in the presence of 8 M urea, 50 mM EDTA, and 0.5 M NaCl. Such a stable complex is unlikely to be a casual associate of different proteins. According to SDS-PAGE and MALDI mass spectrometry data, this complex contains many major glycosylated proteins with low and moderate molecular masses (MMs) 4–14 kDa and several moderately abundant (79.3, 68.5, 52.8, and 27.2 kDa) as well as minor proteins with higher MMs. The SPC treatment with dithiothreitol led to a disappearance of some protein bands and revealed proteins with lower MMs. The SPCs from three placentas efficiently hydrolyzed plasmid supercoiled DNA with comparable rates and possess at least two DNA-binding sites with different affinities for a 12-mer oligonucleotide. Progress in study of placental protein complexes can promote understanding of their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya E. Burkova
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergey E. Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina N. Buneva
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana E. Soboleva
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
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Yalçin I, Taşkin S, Pabuçcu EG, Söylemez F. The value of placental protein 13, β-human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone in the prediction of miscarriages in threatened miscarriage patients. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2014; 35:283-6. [PMID: 25153203 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2014.948822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to investigate the levels of maternal serum placental protein13 (PP13), beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and progesterone in the prediction of miscarriages in threatened miscarriages. A total of 110 patients with a gestational age < 14 weeks were included in the study. A total of 42 patients were allocated as the study group (threatened miscarriage) and 68 patients were allocated as controls. A total of six miscarriages were observed in the study group. β-hCG levels were significantly lower in the group with threatened miscarriage when compared with controls (p = 0.018). There was no statistically significant difference in regard to progesterone and PP13 levels occurred between two groups (p = 0.653 and p = 0.062, respectively). Following receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the β-hCG parameter was found useful in differentiating miscarriages from the threatened miscarriage group (p = 0.031). PP13 and progesterone parameters in predicting miscarriages were not found as statistically significant (p = 0.084 and p = 0.914, respectively). This study suggests that β-hCG measurements could be useful in predicting spontaneous miscarriage in women presenting with threatened miscarriage. Even though PP13 seems unfeasible to be used as a predictive marker for miscarriage, factors affecting PP13 levels should be considered along with the need for comprehensive studies including larger patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yalçin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alaşehir State Hospital , Manisa , Turkey
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Than NG, Balogh A, Romero R, Kárpáti E, Erez O, Szilágyi A, Kovalszky I, Sammar M, Gizurarson S, Matkó J, Závodszky P, Papp Z, Meiri H. Placental Protein 13 (PP13) - A Placental Immunoregulatory Galectin Protecting Pregnancy. Front Immunol 2014; 5:348. [PMID: 25191322 PMCID: PMC4138504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are glycan-binding proteins that regulate innate and adaptive immune responses, and some confer maternal-fetal immune tolerance in eutherian mammals. A chromosome 19 cluster of galectins has emerged in anthropoid primates, species with deep placentation and long gestation. Three of the five human cluster galectins are solely expressed in the placenta, where they may confer additional immunoregulatory functions to enable deep placentation. One of these is galectin-13, also known as Placental Protein 13 (PP13). It has a "jelly-roll" fold, carbohydrate-recognition domain and sugar-binding preference resembling other mammalian galectins. PP13 is predominantly expressed by the syncytiotrophoblast and released from the placenta into the maternal circulation. Its ability to induce apoptosis of activated T cells in vitro, and to divert and kill T cells as well as macrophages in the maternal decidua in situ, suggests important immune functions. Indeed, mutations in the promoter and an exon of LGALS13 presumably leading to altered or non-functional protein expression are associated with a higher frequency of preeclampsia and other obstetrical syndromes, which involve immune dysregulation. Moreover, decreased placental expression of PP13 and its low concentrations in first trimester maternal sera are associated with elevated risk of preeclampsia. Indeed, PP13 turned to be a good early biomarker to assess maternal risk for the subsequent development of pregnancy complications caused by impaired placentation. Due to the ischemic placental stress in preterm preeclampsia, there is increased trophoblastic shedding of PP13 immunopositive microvesicles starting in the second trimester, which leads to high maternal blood PP13 concentrations. Our meta-analysis suggests that this phenomenon may enable the potential use of PP13 in directing patient management near to or at the time of delivery. Recent findings on the beneficial effects of PP13 on decreasing blood pressure due to vasodilatation in pregnant animals suggest its therapeutic potential in preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nándor Gábor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI , USA ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI , USA ; Maternity Private Department, Kútvölgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary ; Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI , USA
| | - Eva Kárpáti
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Offer Erez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva , Israel
| | - András Szilágyi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Marei Sammar
- Prof. Ephraim Katzir Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College , Karmiel , Israel
| | - Sveinbjorn Gizurarson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Science, University of Iceland , Reykjavik , Iceland
| | - János Matkó
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Péter Závodszky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Zoltán Papp
- Maternity Private Department, Kútvölgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Hamutal Meiri
- TeleMarpe Ltd. , Tel Aviv , Israel ; Hylabs Ltd. , Rehovot , Israel
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Sammar M, Nisamblatt S, Gonen R, Huppertz B, Gizurarson S, Osol G, Meiri H. The role of the carbohydrate recognition domain of placental protein 13 (PP13) in pregnancy evaluated with recombinant PP13 and the DelT221 PP13 variant. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102832. [PMID: 25079598 PMCID: PMC4117483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental protein 13 (PP13), a placenta specific protein, is reduced in the first trimester of pregnancy in women who subsequently develop preeclampsia. A naturally occurring PP13 deletion of thymidine at position 221 (DelT221 or truncated variant) is associated with increased frequency of severe preeclampsia. In this study we compared the full length (wildtype) PP13 and the truncated variant. METHODS Full length PP13 or its DelT221 variant were cloned, expressed and purified from E-Coli. Both variants were administrated into pregnant rats at day 8 of pregnancy for slow release (>5 days) through osmotic pumps and rat blood pressure was measured. Animals were sacrificed at day 15 or day 21 and their utero-placental vasculature was examined. RESULTS The DelT221 variant (11 kDA) lacked exon 4 and a part of exon 3, and is short of 2 amino acids involved in the carbohydrate (CRD) binding of the wildtype (18 kDA). Unlike the wildtype PP13, purification of DelT221 variant required special refolding. PP13 specific poly- clonal antibodies recognized both PP13 and DelT221 but PP13 specific monoclonal antibodies recognized only the wildtype, indicating the loss of major epitopes. Wildtype PP13 mRNA and its respective proteins were both lower in PE patients compared to normal pregnancies. The DelT221 mutant was not found in a large Caucasian cohort. Pregnant rats exposed to wildtype or DelT221 PP13 variants had significantly lower blood pressure compared to control. The wildtype but not the DelT221 mutant caused extensive vein expansion. CONCLUSION This study revealed the importance of PP13 in regulating blood pressure and expanding the utero-placental vasculature in pregnant rats. PP13 mutant lacking amino acids of the PP13 CRD domain fails to cause vein expansion but did reduce blood pressure. The study provides a basis for replenishing patients at risk for preeclampsia by the full length but not the truncated PP13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marei Sammar
- Prof. Ephraim Katzir Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, Karmiel, Israel
| | - Shahar Nisamblatt
- Prof. Ephraim Katzir Department of Biotechnology Engineering, ORT Braude College, Karmiel, Israel
| | - Ron Gonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology/Biobank Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sveinbjorn Gizurarson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Science, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - George Osol
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Hamutal Meiri
- Telemarpe Ltd, Tel Aviv, and Hy-Laboratories, Rehovot, Israel
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Clark GF. The role of glycans in immune evasion: the human fetoembryonic defence system hypothesis revisited. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 20:185-99. [PMID: 24043694 PMCID: PMC3925329 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gat064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data suggest that mechanisms to evade the human immune system may be shared by the conceptus, tumour cells, persistent pathogens and viruses. It is therefore timely to revisit the human fetoembryonic defense system (Hu-FEDS) hypothesis that was proposed in two papers in the 1990s. The initial paper suggested that glycoconjugates expressed in the human reproductive system inhibited immune responses directed against gametes and the developing human by employing their carbohydrate sequences as functional groups. These glycoconjugates were proposed to block specific binding interactions and interact with lectins linked to signal transduction pathways that modulated immune cell functions. The second article suggested that aggressive tumour cells and persistent pathogens (HIV, H. pylori, schistosomes) either mimicked or acquired the same carbohydrate functional groups employed in this system to evade immune responses. This subterfuge enabled these pathogens and tumour cells to couple their survival to the human reproductive imperative. The Hu-FEDS model has been repeatedly tested since its inception. Data relevant to this model have also been obtained in other studies. Herein, the Hu-FEDS hypothesis is revisited in the context of these more recent findings. Far more supportive evidence for this model now exists than when it was first proposed, and many of the original predictions have been validated. This type of subterfuge by pathogens and tumour cells likely applies to all sexually reproducing metazoans that must protect their gametes from immune responses. Intervention in these pathological states will likely remain problematic until this system of immune evasion is fully understood and appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F. Clark
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Reproductive and Perinatal Research and Division of Reproductive Medicine and Fertility, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Blois SM, Barrientos G. Galectin signature in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. J Reprod Immunol 2013; 101-102:127-134. [PMID: 23953090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the galectin family are expressed within the female reproductive tract and have been shown to be involved in multiple biological functions that support the progression of pregnancy. Specific expression patterns of different members of this family have been identified at the maternal decidua and on the placental side. In some cases, mechanisms by which galectins exert their functions have been delineated in adverse pregnancy outcomes. This review summarizes studies on galectins that have been documented to be important for pregnancy maintenance, either supporting the maternal adaptation to pregnancy or the placentation process. In addition, we focus our discussion on the role of galectins in preeclampsia, a specific life-threatening pregnancy disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Blois
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité-Center 12 Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Reproductive Medicine Research Group, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular Placentaria, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Expression and function of galectins in the endometrium and at the human feto-maternal interface. Placenta 2013; 34:863-72. [PMID: 23911101 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are classified as lectins that share structural similarities and bind β-galactosides via a conserved carbohydrate recognition domain. So far 16 out of 19 identified galectins were shown to be present in humans and numerous studies revealed galectins as pivotal modulators of cell death, differentiation and growth. Galectins were highlighted to interact with both the adaptive and innate immune response. In the field of reproductive medicine and placenta research different roles for galectins have been proposed. Several galectins, being abundantly present at the human feto-maternal interphase and endometrium, were hypothesized to significantly contribute to endometrial receptivity and pregnancy physiology. Hence, this review outlines selected aspects of galectin action within endometrial function and at the feto-maternal interphase. Further current knowledge on galectins in reproductive and pregnancy disorders like endometriosis, abortion or preeclampsia is summarized.
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Huppertz B, Meiri H, Gizurarson S, Osol G, Sammar M. Placental protein 13 (PP13): a new biological target shifting individualized risk assessment to personalized drug design combating pre-eclampsia. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 19:391-405. [PMID: 23420029 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-eclampsia affects 2-7% of all pregnant women and is a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The etiology of pre-eclampsia is still unknown but it is well documented that impaired placentation is a major contributor to its development. One of the placenta-specific proteins is placental protein 13 (PP13). Lower first trimester levels of maternal serum PP13 and its encoding placental mRNA are associated with the development of both early and late-onset severe pre-eclampsia. In cases where this protein is mutated, the frequency of pre-eclampsia is higher. METHODS 19 out of 68 studies on PP13, published between January 2006 and September 2012, were used to evaluate the value of maternal blood PP13 as a marker of pre-eclampsia. RESULTS A meta-analysis presented in this review shows that low serum levels of PP13 in the first trimester of pregnancy can predict the development of pre-eclampsia later in pregnancy. Although some functions of this protein have been assessed in in vitro experiments, the in vivo functions of PP13 are still unknown, especially when circulating in the maternal bloodstream. A recent pilot study has shown that in gravid rats PP13 causes significant vasodilatation, reduced blood pressure and increased maternal uterine artery remodeling. CONCLUSION Reviewing these effects of PP13, the authors propose the use of PP13 as a new drug candidate. Replenishing PP13 in those women with low serum levels early in pregnancy may help prepare their vasculature for pregnancy. This novel pharmacological approach to combat pre-eclampsia is presented as a new direction to transfer from individualized risk to personalized prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Huppertz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/7, Graz 8010, Austria.
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Masoura S, Kalogiannidis IA, Gitas G, Goutsioulis A, Koiou E, Athanasiadis A, Vavatsi N. Biomarkers in pre-eclampsia: a novel approach to early detection of the disease. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2013; 32:609-16. [PMID: 22943702 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2012.709290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is a unique disorder of human pregnancy with a great impact on maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide and especially in developing countries. The aetiology is still unknown and the pathophysiology of the disease is the subject of extensive investigation. Recently, much of the interest of the investigators for the prediction of pre-eclampsia has been aimed at measurable manifestations of abnormal placentation, endothelial dysfunction and feto-maternal unit perfusion. Biomarkers constitute a novel approach to an early detection of the disease. Low maternal serum levels of PAPP-A and PP13 early in pregnancy are predictive for emerging pre-eclampsia. On the other hand, increased levels of homocysteine, ADMA, sEng, leptin and sFlt-1 in the 1st trimester, signal the onset of the disease later in pregnancy. After the onset of pre-eclampsia, increased serum levels of PAPP-A, ADMA, homocysteine and sFlt-1 are associated with the severity of the disease. The identification of biomarkers which can contribute to the early detection of pre-eclampsia is essential. It could then be possible to apply better surveillance and treatment protocols in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Masoura
- 4th, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Schneuer FJ, Nassar N, Khambalia AZ, Tasevski V, Guilbert C, Ashton AW, Morris JM, Roberts CL. First trimester screening of maternal placental protein 13 for predicting preeclampsia and small for gestational age: in-house study and systematic review. Placenta 2012; 33:735-40. [PMID: 22748852 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe normative levels of PP13 in first trimester of pregnancy and determine the accuracy of PP13 in predicting preeclampsia and small for gestational age (SGA) infants. METHODS We measured PP13 in archived first trimester serum samples from an unselected maternal cohort of 2989 women. Associations of PP13 levels and diagnostic accuracy in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. Due to inadequate number of cases we then conducted a systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis of predictive accuracy. Structured searches including all languages were completed in electronic databases and supplemented by cross-checking reference lists of relevant publications. Characteristics, data extraction and quality assessment of studies was conducted by independent assessors. RESULTS Overall, 2678 women were included in the in-house study with 71 (2.7%) preeclampsia cases, 5 (0.2%) early-onset preeclampsia (≤34 weeks) cases; and 191 (7.1%) and 41 (1.5%) infants SGA<10th and <3rd centile. Median (IQR) normative level of PP13 in unaffected pregnancies was 53.5 (37.7-71.8) pg/ml. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for multivariate models was 0.72 (95%CI 0.66-0.78) for preeclampsia; 0.82 (95%CI 0.63-0.99) for early-onset preeclampsia; 0.73 (95%CI 0.69-0.77) for SGA<10th centile; and 0.83 (95%CI 0.78-0.88) for SGA<3rd centile. Eight studies were included in the systematic review, normative levels of PP13 were assessed in four studies but these were variable; and meta-analysis was performed on seven studies. Sensitivity rates of PP13 based on 5% fixed false positive rates were 24%, 45% and 26% for preeclampsia, for early-onset preeclampsia and SGA, respectively. There was no evidence of between-study heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS First trimester PP13, in combination with maternal characteristics and other serum biomarkers was inadequate for screening purposes and predicting women at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Schneuer
- Clinical and Population Perinatal Health Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Than NG, Romero R, Kim CJ, McGowen MR, Papp Z, Wildman DE. Galectins: guardians of eutherian pregnancy at the maternal-fetal interface. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:23-31. [PMID: 22036528 PMCID: PMC3640805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are multifunctional regulators of fundamental cellular processes. They are also involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, and play a functional role in immune-endocrine crosstalk. Some galectins have attracted attention in the reproductive sciences because they are highly expressed at the maternal-fetal interface, their functional significance in eutherian pregnancies has been documented, and their dysregulated expression is observed in the 'great obstetrical syndromes'. The evolution of these galectins has been linked to the emergence of eutherian mammals. Based on published evidence, galectins expressed at the maternal-fetal interface may serve as important proteins involved in maternal-fetal interactions, and the study of these galectins may facilitate the prediction, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandor Gabor Than
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Detroit, MI, USA.
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