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Gesley M, Puri R. A high throughput spectral image microscopy system. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:013705. [PMID: 29390702 DOI: 10.1063/1.4998725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A high throughput spectral image microscopy system is configured for rapid detection of rare cells in large populations. To overcome flow cytometry rates and use of fluorophore tags, a system architecture integrates sample mechanical handling, signal processors, and optics in a non-confocal version of light absorption and scattering spectroscopic microscopy. Spectral images with native contrast do not require the use of exogeneous stain to render cells with submicron resolution. Structure may be characterized without restriction to cell clusters of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gesley
- Spynsite LLC, 31 Rydal Court, Oakland, California 94611, USA
| | - R Puri
- Spynsite LLC, 31 Rydal Court, Oakland, California 94611, USA
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Crocker IP, Strachan BK, Lash GE, Cooper S, Warren AY, Baker PN. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor But Not Placental Growth Factor Promotes Trophoblast Syncytialization In Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760100800606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian P. Crocker
- School of Human Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Philip N. Baker
- Development Group, School of Human Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Li Y, Cooper A, Odibo IN, Ahmed A, Murphy P, Koonce R, Dajani NK, Lowery CL, Roberts DJ, Maroteaux L, Kilic F. Discrepancy in Insulin Regulation between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Platelets and Placenta. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9657-65. [PMID: 26921319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.713693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier findings have identified the requirement of insulin signaling on maturation and the translocation of serotonin (5-HT) transporter, SERT to the plasma membrane of the trophoblast in placenta. Because of the defect on insulin receptor (IR) in the trophoblast of the gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)-associated placenta, SERT is found entrapped in the cytoplasm of the GDM-trophoblast. SERT is encoded by the same gene expressed in trophoblast and platelets. Additionally, alteration in plasma 5-HT levels and the 5-HT uptake rates are associated with the aggregation rates of platelets. Therefore, here, we investigated a novel hypothesis that GDM-associated defects in platelet IR should change their 5-HT uptake rates, and this should be a leading factor for thrombosis in GDM maternal blood. The maternal blood and the placentas were obtained at the time of cesarean section from the GDM and non-diabetic subjects (n = 6 for each group), and the platelets and trophoblasts were isolated to determine the IR activity, surface level of SERT, and their 5-HT uptake rates.Interestingly, no significant differences were evident in IR tyrosine phosphorylation or the downstream elements, AKT and S6K in platelets and their aggregation rates in both groups. Furthermore, insulin stimulation up-regulated 5-HT uptake rates of GDM-platelets as it does in the control group. However, the phosphorylation of IR and the downstream elements were significantly lower in GDM-trophoblast and showed no response to the insulin stimulation while they showed 4-fold increase to insulin stimulation in control group. Similarly, the 5-HT uptake rates of GDM-trophoblast and the SERT expression on their surface were severalfold lower compared with control subjects. IR is expressed in all tissues, but it is not known if diabetes affects IR in all tissues equally. Here, for the first time, our findings with clinical samples show that in GDM-associated defect on IR is tissue type-dependent. While IR is impaired in GDM-placenta, it is unaffected in GDM-platelet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Li
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Anthonya Cooper
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Imelda N Odibo
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Asli Ahmed
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Pamela Murphy
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Ruston Koonce
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Nafisa K Dajani
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Curtis L Lowery
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Drucilla J Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, and
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- UMR-S839 INSERM, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut du Fer a' Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fusun Kilic
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
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GDM-associated insulin deficiency hinders the dissociation of SERT from ERp44 and down-regulates placental 5-HT uptake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5697-705. [PMID: 25512553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416675112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) regulates the level of 5-HT in placenta. Initially, we found that in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), whereas free plasma 5-HT levels were elevated, the 5-HT uptake rates of trophoblast were significantly down-regulated, due to impairment in the translocation of SERT molecules to the cell surface. We sought to determine the factors mediating the down-regulation of SERT in GDM trophoblast. We previously reported that an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, ERp44, binds to Cys200 and Cys209 residues of SERT to build a disulfide bond. Following this posttranslational modification, before trafficking to the plasma membrane, SERT must be dissociated from ERp44; and this process is facilitated by insulin signaling and reversed by the insulin receptor blocker AGL2263. However, the GDM-associated defect in insulin signaling hampers the dissociation of ERp44 from SERT. Furthermore, whereas ERp44 constitutively occupies Cys200/Cys209 residues, one of the SERT glycosylation sites, Asp208 located between the two Cys residues, cannot undergo proper glycosylation, which plays an important role in the uptake efficiency of SERT. Herein, we show that the decrease in 5-HT uptake rates of GDM trophoblast is the consequence of defective insulin signaling, which entraps SERT with ERp44 and impairs its glycosylation. In this regard, restoring the normal expression of SERT on the trophoblast surface may represent a novel approach to alleviating some GDM-associated complications.
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Stenqvist AC, Chen T, Hedlund M, Dimova T, Nagaeva O, Kjellberg L, Innala E, Mincheva-Nilsson L. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: An Efficient Optimized Method for Isolation of Villous Trophoblast Cells from Human Early Pregnancy Placenta Suitable for Functional and Molecular Studies. Am J Reprod Immunol 2008; 60:33-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2008.00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Frängsmyr L, Baranov V, Nagaeva O, Stendahl U, Kjellberg L, Mincheva-Nilsson L. Cytoplasmic microvesicular form of Fas ligand in human early placenta: switching the tissue immune privilege hypothesis from cellular to vesicular level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 11:35-41. [PMID: 15579659 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gah129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The local immune privilege of the fetus is created by the placenta. Fas ligand (FasL) expression in trophoblast has been implied as one of the mechanisms of fetal tolerance. However, the expression of membranal FasL by trophoblast has failed to explain this role of FasL. Two objections can be raised: (1) there have been contradictions considering which trophoblast cells, syncytiotrophoblast (ST) or cytotrophoblast, express FasL; (2) in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that the membranal form of FasL evokes inflammatory response and thus may promote fetal rejection. Using different assays and the FasL-specific antibody G247-4 we demonstrate beyond doubt that in vivo, (1) FasL is produced by and stored in the first trimester human ST only and (2) the human ST lacks surface membranal FasL. Instead, FasL, loaded in microvesicles, is stored in cytoplasmic granules. These results complement the recent in vitro studies of the microvesicular form of FasL secretion by cultured trophoblast cells, and suggest that placental FasL is synthesized by villous ST, stored in microvesicular form and secreted as exosomes. Secretion of the exosome-associated form of FasL may be one mechanism by which the placenta promotes a state of immune privilege. Additionally, FasL expression in Hofbauer cells is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Frängsmyr
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Umeå University, S-90185 Umeå, Sweden
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Rochaix P, Lacroix-Triki M, Lamant L, Pichereaux C, Valmary S, Puente E, Al Saati T, Monsarrat B, Susini C, Buscail L, Delsol G, Voigt JJ. PNL2, a new monoclonal antibody directed against a fixative-resistant melanocyte antigen. Mod Pathol 2003; 16:481-90. [PMID: 12748255 DOI: 10.1097/01.mp.0000067686.34489.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the production of a new monoclonal antibody, PNL2, directed against a fixative resistant melanocyte antigen. The analysis of PNL2 immunostaining on a broad range of normal or malignant human tissues and on various melanocytic lesions revealed its high specificity. PNL2 gave a strong cytoplasmic staining of skin and oral mucosae melanocytes, and staining of granulocytes when used at high concentration. PNL2 stained all intra-epidermal nevi irrespective of their histologic type, but common intradermal nevi and the dermal component of compound nevi were largely non-reactive as only scattered nevus cells in the papillary dermis were labeled. PNL2 labeled more than 70% of the neoplastic cells in all primary melanomas irrespective of their histologic type. However, PNL2 did not label desmoplastic melanomas. All metastatic melanomas were also stained but the percentage of labeled cells was occasionally lower than the primary tumor. PNL2, as anti-Melan A and HMB-45 antibodies, stained most of the clear cell sarcoma cells, and a few cells in angiomyolipomas and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. None of the other non-melanocytic lesions tested were labeled. Proteomic approaches showed that the immunoaffinity purified PNL2-binding complexes isolated from melanoma cell lines comprise at least TAP1, Clathrin 17 and prealbumin proteins, but not the gp100 recognized by HMB-45. In conclusion, this new monoclonal antibody, PNL2, is directed against a new fixative resistant melanocyte associated antigen. This antigen is chemically resistant and thus allows immunostaining after melanin bleaching or decalcification. We also demonstrate that it is different from Melan A and from gp100, even if PNL2 and HMB-45 staining patterns are sometimes similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Rochaix
- Laboratoire d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, Institut Claudius Regaud, Toulouse, France.
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Kudo Y, Boyd CA, Sargent IL, Redman CW. Tryptophan degradation by human placental indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase regulates lymphocyte proliferation. J Physiol 2001; 535:207-15. [PMID: 11507170 PMCID: PMC2288791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The physiological importance of human placental indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.42), the first and rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan metabolism, in regulating feto-maternal immunology has been studied. 2. Concentrations were measured in placental villous explant conditioned media of 14 amino acids that are known to be required for lymphocyte proliferation. In the absence of interferon-gamma only tryptophan and threonine were significantly lowered; in the presence of interferon-gamma (known to stimulate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) tryptophan but not threonine depletion was much greater. 3. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation determined by measuring thymidine incorporation into DNA following culture in the medium previously conditioned by culture of villous explants was markedly reduced when placental indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase was stimulated with interferon-gamma. Inhibition of placental indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by 1-methyl-tryptophan prevented inhibition of thymidine incorporation. Supplementation of the conditioned medium with tryptophan but no other amino acid completely reversed the inhibition of thymidine incorporation. 4. Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD4-positive T lymphocyte division was specifically suppressed by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan depletion. This inhibition of T cell proliferation was due to arrest of cell cycle progression. 5. To study the mechanism of tryptophan sensing we examined the ability of 11 L-tryptophan analogues to support lymphocyte proliferation. Only L-tryptophan methyl and ethyl esters were able to stimulate proliferation in tryptophan-free media. Since both of these molecules are readily degraded to tryptophan by intracellular esterases this suggests that the tryptophan sensor is intracellular. 6. Our results show that mechanisms are present in the human placenta which are able to regulate cellular proliferation of the maternal immune system. This mechanism is dependent both on placental indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan degradation and on tryptophan sensing systems within lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kudo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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Sacks GP, Clover LM, Bainbridge DR, Redman CW, Sargent IL. Flow cytometric measurement of intracellular Th1 and Th2 cytokine production by human villous and extravillous cytotrophoblast. Placenta 2001; 22:550-9. [PMID: 11440543 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2001.0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of cytokines are present at the maternal-fetal interface, but the extreme cellular complexity of the placenta has made it difficult to determine which cytokines are produced by which cells. Hence novel flow cytometric methods have been applied to determine intracellular cytokine production by specific cell-types in placental cell suspensions. Cell suspensions were prepared from first and third trimester chorionic villi and third trimester amniochorion by enzymatic digestion and Percoll density gradient centrifugation. After overnight incubation in the presence of monensin, cells were fixed, permeabilized and labelled with antibodies for villous cytotrophoblast (cytokeratin+, MHC class I-), extravillous cytotrophoblast (cytokeratin+, MHC class 1+) and leucocytes (CD45+). These cell types were further characterized by their expression of EGFR (proliferative cytotrophoblast) and c-erbB2 (invasive cytotrophoblast). Production of IL-4, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-12 was determined by simultaneous labelling with the appropriate monoclonal antibodies. Only IL-4 was detected consistently in all samples of cytotrophoblast. IL-10 was not detected but IL-10 mRNA was demonstrated in third trimester chorionic villus digests by RT-PCR. Although IL-4 secretion has not been demonstrated, these data suggest that, in vivo there may be a "Th2 type cytokine bias" orchestrated by the trophoblast. It is proposed that other cytokines (including IL-10 and TNF-alpha) are produced by decidual leukocytes, and not cytotrophoblast, at the maternal-fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Sacks
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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