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Steel R, Botteon A, Timms M. Techniques for improving the specificity of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based drug screening. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38956951 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
ELISA assays are commonly used for drug screening by racing laboratories but are known to suffer from limited specificity. Inaccurate ELISA screening results are typically produced by non-specific antibody interactions or by the retention of chromogenic material in the sample well due to sample degradation. While confirmation of drug positives can be achieved by mass spectrometry, the follow-up of inaccurate ELISA screening results represents an unnecessary cost in staff time and reagents. This is particularly true in the case of rhEPO screening using sandwich ELISA assays, where the confirmation method requires up to 3 days to perform. While most racing laboratories purchase commercial ELISA kits, these products can be customised to provide increased specificity for enhanced screening of positive samples. The specificity of commercial sandwich ELISA kits can be improved by a variety of mechanisms including the addition of competing analyte specific antibodies, substitution of capture antibodies or by performing ELISA analysis with and without capture antibodies. Non-specific signals in difficult matrices such as canine urine can also be reduced by the addition of BSA solutions to the ELISA plate prior to the addition of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Steel
- Biological Research Unit, Racing Analytical Services Ltd, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Botteon
- Biological Research Unit, Racing Analytical Services Ltd, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Timms
- Biological Research Unit, Racing Analytical Services Ltd, Flemington, Victoria, Australia
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2
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From targeted methods to metabolomics based strategies to screen for growth promoters misuse in horseracing and livestock: A review. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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3
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Johansson L, Ringmark S, Skiöldebrand E, Bergquist J, Jansson A. Reduced high-intensity training distance in growing horses had no effect on IGF-1 concentrations, but training onset interrupted time-dependent IGF-1 decline. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/cep210036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated plasma insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1 concentrations in 16 young Standardbred horses introduced to systematic high-intensity training at two different levels of intensity. Growth and locomotion asymmetry and correlations between these and plasma IGF-1 concentrations were also examined. From September as 1-year olds to March as 2-year olds (Period 1), all horses were subjected to the same submaximal training program. In March (start of Period 2), the horses were divided into two groups (n=8) and one group was introduced to regular high-intensity training. The other group was introduced to a program where the high-intensity exercise distances were reduced by 30%. These two training programs were maintained for the remaining 21 months of the study (Periods 2, 3, and 4). There was no effect of training group on plasma IGF-1 concentrations. A continuous decline in IGF-1 levels was observed throughout the study (P<0.0001), with one notable interruption in Period 2 when the IGF-1 concentration remained at the level seen at the start of Period 1. Growth rate of body length was equally high in Periods 1 and 2 (P>0.05). Front and hind limb asymmetry was elevated in Period 2 compared with Period 1. There were positive correlations between IGF-1 concentrations and changes in body condition score, and a negative correlation between IGF-1 concentration and weight. These results indicate that introduction to high-intensity training induces IGF-1 release in horses, but that a 30% difference in the distances used in high-intensity training does not affect IGF-1 levels. The temporary interruption in decline in IGF-1 release with the onset of high-intensity training may influence growth pattern and locomotion asymmetry, but further studies are needed to assess causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Johansson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - S. Ringmark
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - E. Skiöldebrand
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - J. Bergquist
- Uppsala University, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and Neurochemistry, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
| | - A. Jansson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Ulls väg 26, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
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4
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ferlazzo A, Cravana C, Fazio E, Medica P. The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses. Vet World 2020; 13:847-859. [PMID: 32636578 PMCID: PMC7311877 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.847-859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The review discusses the hormonal changes during exercise stress. The exercise generally produces a rise of adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, arginine vasopressine, etc., and a drop of insulin. The hormonal events during reestablishment of homeostasis due to exercise stress can be divided into a catabolic phase, with decreased tolerance of effort, and reversible biochemical, hormonal and immunological changes, and an anabolic phase, with a higher adaptive capacity, and enhanced performance. The two main hormonal axes activated in the catabolic phase are sympathetic–adrenal–medullary system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, while in the anabolic phase, growth hormone-insulin-like factor I axis, and gonadal axes. The hormonal responses during exercise and recovery can be regarded as regulatory and integrated endocrine responses. The increase of catecholamines and ACTH is dependent on the intensity of exercise; a marked increase in plasma A occurs during exercises with high emotional content. The response of cortisol is correlated with the duration of exercise, while the effect of exercise duration on b-endorphin changes is highly dependent on the type of exercise performed. Cortisol and b-endorphin changes usually occur in phase, but not during exercises with high emotional content. Glucocorticoids and iodothyronines are involved in meeting immediate energy demands, and a model of functional interactions between HPA axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during exercise stress is proposed. A modulation of coping responses to different energy demanding physical activities required for sport activities could be hypothesized. This review supports the proposed regulation of hypophysiotropic TRHergic neurons as metabolic integrators during exercise stress. Many hormonal systems (ghrelin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol) are activated to control substrate mobilizations and utilization. The cardiovascular homeostasis, the fluid and electrolyte balance during exercise are highly dependent on vasoactive hormones (antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone, and prostaglandins) control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ferlazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Cravana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Baskerville CL, Bamford NJ, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Comparison and validation of ELISA assays for plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 in the horse. Open Vet J 2017; 7:75-80. [PMID: 28540255 PMCID: PMC5443403 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays several important physiological roles, and
IGF-related pathways have been implicated in developmental osteochondral disease and
endocrinopathic laminitis. This factor is also a downstream marker of growth hormone
activity and its peptide mimetics. Unfortunately, previously used assays for
measuring equine IGF-1 (radioimmunoassays and ELISAs) are no longer commercially
available, and many of the kits on the market give poor results when used on horse
samples. The aim of the present study was to compare three different ELISA assays
(two human and one horse-specific). Plasma samples from six Standardbreds, six ponies
and six Andalusians were used. The human IGF-1 ELISA kit from Immunodiagnostic
Systems (IDS) proved to be the most accurate and precise of the three kits; the other
two assays gave apparently much lower concentrations, with poor recovery of spiked
recombinant human IGF-1 and unacceptably poor intra-assay coefficients of variation
(CV). The IDS assay gave an intra-assay CV of 3.59 % and inter-assay CV of
7.31%. Mean percentage recovery of spiked IGF-1 was 88.82%, and
linearity and dilutional parallelism were satisfied. The IGF-1 plasma concentrations
were 123.21 ±8.24 ng/mL for Standardbreds, 124.95 ±3.69 ng/mL for
Andalusians and 174.26 ±1.94 ng/mL for ponies. Therefore of the three assays
assessed, the IGF-1 ELISA manufactured by IDS was the most suitable for use with
equine plasma samples and may have many useful applications in several different
research areas. However, caution should be used when comparing equine studies where
different analytical techniques and assays may have been used to measure this growth
factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtnay L Baskerville
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Bamford
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Simon R Bailey
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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Cawley AT, Keledjian J. Intelligence-based anti-doping from an equine biological passport. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1441-1447. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - John Keledjian
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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8
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Simultaneous detection of recombinant growth hormones in equine plasma by liquid chromatography/high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry for doping control. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1478:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Menzies-Gow NJ, Harris PA, Elliott J. Prospective cohort study evaluating risk factors for the development of pasture-associated laminitis in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:300-306. [PMID: 27363591 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain individuals appear to be predisposed to recurrent pasture-associated laminitis. Previous studies have predominantly investigated risk factors only after disease occurrence. OBJECTIVES To investigate risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis prior to disease occurrence. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Non-laminitic ponies aged ≥7 years were recruited. Body condition score (BCS), height, weight, crest height and thickness were measured and an overnight dexamethasone suppression test performed. Plasma or serum adiponectin, leptin, triglyceride, basal insulin, insulin post-dexamethasone, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), IGFBP-3, C-reactive protein, von Willebrand's factor, soluble E-selectin and P-selectin concentrations were assayed. Follow-up data were obtained from owners annually for 3 years to ascertain occurrences of veterinarian-diagnosed pasture-associated laminitis. Data were analysed by multivariate logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis was performed for significant risk factors and cut-off values determined. RESULTS A total of 446 animals with a median (interquartile range) age of 15 (10-20) years were recruited. Of these, 50.4% were mares and 49.6% were geldings. The most common breeds were Welsh (36.4%), Shetland (17.0%) and cob (9.4%). Overall, 72.2% of animals were overweight/obese (BCS 7-9/9), 27.3% were of ideal weight (BCS 4-6/9) and 0.5% were underweight (BCS 1-3/9). After 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively, 18 (4.0%), 30 (6.7%) and 44 (9.9%) animals were reported to have had laminitis. Plasma adiponectin, and serum basal (insulin) and (insulin) post-dexamethasone levels were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with laminitis occurrence cumulatively after 1, 2 and 3 years. Use of the area under the ROC curves to distinguish animals that did and did not develop laminitis showed good (basal [insulin] after 1 year), fair (all others) or poor ([insulin] post-dexamethasone) levels of accuracy. MAIN LIMITATIONS Animals were evaluated at a single time point and biomarkers were assayed using single assays. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for future laminitis prior to disease occurrence include low plasma adiponectin and high serum basal insulin or insulin post-dexamethasone concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Menzies-Gow
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - P A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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10
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van den Broek I, Blokland M, Nessen MA, Sterk S. Current trends in mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins: Application to veterinary and sports-doping control. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:571-594. [PMID: 24375671 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Detection of misuse of peptides and proteins as growth promoters is a major issue for sport and food regulatory agencies. The limitations of current analytical detection strategies for this class of compounds, in combination with their efficacy in growth-promoting effects, make peptide and protein drugs highly susceptible to abuse by either athletes or farmers who seek for products to illicitly enhance muscle growth. Mass spectrometry (MS) for qualitative analysis of peptides and proteins is well-established, particularly due to tremendous efforts in the proteomics community. Similarly, due to advancements in targeted proteomic strategies and the rapid growth of protein-based biopharmaceuticals, MS for quantitative analysis of peptides and proteins is becoming more widely accepted. These continuous advances in MS instrumentation and MS-based methodologies offer enormous opportunities for detection and confirmation of peptides and proteins. Therefore, MS seems to be the method of choice to improve the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptide and proteins with growth-promoting properties. This review aims to address the opportunities of MS for peptide and protein analysis in veterinary control and sports-doping control with a particular focus on detection of illicit growth promotion. An overview of potential peptide and protein targets, including their amino acid sequence characteristics and current MS-based detection strategies is, therefore, provided. Furthermore, improvements of current and new detection strategies with state-of-the-art MS instrumentation are discussed for qualitative and quantitative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene van den Broek
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Blokland
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A Nessen
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Sterk
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mendoza F, Estepa J, Gonzalez-De Cara C, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Toribio R, Perez-Ecija A. Energy-related parameters and their association with age, gender, and morphometric measurements in healthy donkeys. Vet J 2015; 204:201-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Filipović N, Stojević Z, Plevnik N, Mašek T, Prvanović N, Tuček Z. The influence of age on bone metabolism in mares during late pregnancy and lactation. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:194-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Salazar-Ortiz J, Camous S, Briant C, Lardic L, Chesneau D, Guillaume D. Effects of nutritional cues on the duration of the winter anovulatory phase and on associated hormone levels in adult female Welsh pony horses (Equus caballus). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:130. [PMID: 21958120 PMCID: PMC3195710 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mares have an annual reproductive rhythm, with a phase of inactivity in midwinter. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of food restriction on physiological and metabolic hallmarks of this rhythm. METHODS Over three successive years, 3 groups of 10 mares were kept under natural photoperiod. A 'well-fed' group was fed to maintain the mares in good body condition; a 'restricted' group received a diet calculated to keep the mares thin and a 'variable' group was fed during some periods like the 'restricted' group and during some other periods like the 'well-fed' group, with the aim of mimicking the natural seasonal variation of pasture availability, but a few months in advance of this natural rhythm. RESULTS Winter ovarian inactivity always occurred and was long in the restricted group. In contrast, in the 'well-fed' group, 40% of mares showed this inactivity, which was shorter than in the other groups. Re-feeding the 'variable' group in autumn and winter did not advance the first ovulation in spring, compared with the 'restricted' group. Measurements of glucose and insulin concentrations in mares from the 'restricted' group during two 24 h periods of blood sampling, revealed no post-prandial peaks. For GH (Growth hormone), IGF-1 and leptin levels, large differences were found between the 'well-fed' group and the other groups. The glucose, insulin, GH and leptin levels but not melatonin level are highly correlated with the duration of ovulatory activity. CONCLUSIONS The annual rhythm driven by melatonin secretion is only responsible for the timing of the breeding season. The occurrence and length of winter ovarian inactivity is defined by metabolic hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Salazar-Ortiz
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR6175 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvaine Camous
- INRA, UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- ENVA, F-94704 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Christine Briant
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR6175 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Lionel Lardic
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR6175 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Didier Chesneau
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR6175 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Daniel Guillaume
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS, UMR6175 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, F-37041 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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Boyard-Kieken F, Dervilly-Pinel G, Garcia P, Paris AC, Popot MA, le Bizec B, Bonnaire Y. Comparison of different liquid chromatography stationary phases in LC-HRMS metabolomics for the detection of recombinant growth hormone doping control. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3493-501. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Metabolism of anabolic steroids and their relevance to drug detection in horseracing. Bioanalysis 2011; 2:1085-107. [PMID: 21083210 DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against doping in sport using analytical chemistry is a mature area with a history of approximately 100 years in horseracing. In common with human sport, anabolic/androgenic steroids (AASs) are an important group of potential doping agents. Particular issues with their detection are extensive metabolism including both phase I and phase II. A number of the common AASs are also endogenous to the equine. A further issue is the large number of synthetic steroids produced as pharmaceutical products or as 'designer' drugs intended to avoid detection or for the human supplement market. An understanding of the metabolism of AASs is vital to the development of effective detection methods for equine sport. The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge of the metabolism of appropriate steroids, the current approaches to their detection in equine sport and future trends that may affect equine dope testing.
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Fortier LA, Kornatowski MA, Mohammed HO, Jordan MT, O'Cain LC, Stevens WB. Age-related changes in serum insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-I binding protein-3 and articular cartilage structure in Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 2010; 37:37-42. [PMID: 15651732 DOI: 10.2746/0425164054406838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Structural changes in articular cartilage associated with the ageing process require definition for investigators performing developmental and age-related studies, for which information is lacking. OBJECTIVES To 1) determine the onset and end of puberty as defined by serum insulin like growth factor (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) concentrations and 2) correlate articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex structural changes with the onset and end of puberty. METHODS IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were measured in serum samples from normal female and male horses age 9-715 days to determine peak and steady-state values for horses transitioning through puberty. Osteochondral tissue sections were obtained from horses age 120-840 days (4-28 months) and examined histologically for cartilage canals and tidemark formation. RESULTS In male and female horses, serum IGF-I/IGFBP-3 concentrations peaked at approximately 225 days, defining the onset of puberty. Cartilage canals were absent from articular cartilage just prior to this time point. IGF-I/IGFBP-3 concentrations declined to steady-state levels at approximately age 450 days, signalling exit from puberty and therefore the beginning of ageing. This time point correlated to initial formation of a tidemark in the osteochondral tissue sections. CONCLUSIONS Horses may be considered pubescent at age 225-450 days, and post pubescent and ageing after age 450 days. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Defining the normal post natal to post pubescent concentrations for serum IGF-I and serum IGFBP-3 establishes subsets of animals for age-related studies and may be used to monitor horses for abnormally high IGF-I concentrations due to natural disease or subsequent to systemic growth hormone administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Fortier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Thevis M, Bredehöft M, Kohler M, Schänzer W. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of IGF-1 and hGH. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2010:201-207. [PMID: 20020366 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric approaches have been used to determine various peptide hormones in sports drug testing. While insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its synthetic analogs are qualitatively and/or quantitatively measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after immunoaffinity purification, methods of uncovering doping rule violations with illegal applications of human growth hormone (hGH) have not yet been established using mass spectrometry-based assays. However, substantial information on the heterogeneity of hGH, splice variants and post-translational modifications with respective locations as elucidated by mass spectrometry are of utmost importance for improving currently employed immunological procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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de Graaf-Roelfsema E, Back W, Stout TAE, van der Kolk JH, Keizer HA. Normal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary growth axis in three dwarf Friesian foals. Vet Rec 2009; 165:373-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.13.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. de Graaf-Roelfsema
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan 114 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - W. Back
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan 114 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - T. A. E. Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan 114 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. H. van der Kolk
- Department of Equine Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Yalelaan 114 3584 CM Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - H. A. Keizer
- Department of Human Physiology and Sports Medicine; Free University of Brussels; Brussels Belgium
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Abstract
The fight against doping in sport using analytical chemistry is a mature area with a history of approximately 100 years in horse racing and at least 40 years in human sport. Over that period, the techniques used and the breadth of coverage have developed significantly. These improvements in the testing methods have been matched by the increased sophistication of the methods, drugs and therapies available to the cheat and, as a result, testing has been a reactive process constantly adapting to meet new threats. Following the inception of the World Anti-Doping Agency, research into the methods and technologies available for human doping control have received coordinated funding on an international basis. The area of biomarker research has been a major beneficiary of this funding. The aim of this article is to review recent developments in the application of biomarkers to doping control and to assess the impact this could make in the future.
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20
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Development of a metabonomic approach based on LC-ESI-HRMS measurements for profiling of metabolic changes induced by recombinant equine growth hormone in horse urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:2119-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Bailly-Chouriberry L, Pinel G, Garcia P, Popot MA, Le Bizec B, Bonnaire Y. Identification of Recombinant Equine Growth Hormone in Horse Plasma by LC−MS/MS: A Confirmatory Analysis in Doping Control. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8340-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801234f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Bailly-Chouriberry
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Gaud Pinel
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Yves Bonnaire
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques (LCH), 15 Rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières le Buisson, France, and Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ENVN), Route de Gachet BP 50707, 44307 Nantes, France
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22
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Determination of IGF-I in horse plasma by LC electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1843-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bailly-Chouriberry L, Chu-Van E, Pinel G, Garcia P, Popot MA, André-Fontaine G, Bonnaire Y, Le Bizec B. Detection of secondary biomarker of met-eGH as a strategy to screen for somatotropin misuse in horseracing. Analyst 2008; 133:270-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b713712e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Noble GK, Houghton E, Roberts CJ, Faustino-Kemp J, de Kock SS, Swanepoel BC, Sillence MN. Effect of exercise, training, circadian rhythm, age, and sex on insulin-like growth factor-1 in the horse1. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:163-71. [PMID: 17179552 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 could be a useful marker in the horse for diagnostic, selection, or forensic purposes, provided its physiological regulation is well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate factors, such as acute exercise, fitness training, time of day, sex, and age, that may influence serum IGF-1 in normal, healthy horses. Throughout a 9-wk training program, 6 geldings maintained a mean (+/- SEM) IGF-1 concentration of 302 +/- 29 ng/mL. Moderate or high intensity exercise had no effect on IGF-1 concentrations, when pre- and postexercise values were compared. Over a 24-h period, there was some variation in IGF-1 concentrations but no clear diurnal rhythm. Concentrations of IGF-1 were measured in a large population of thoroughbred horses (1,880) on 3 continents. The population deviated slightly from a normal distribution (P < 0.001) because of large IGF-1 concentrations in 10 horses. The global mean IGF-1 concentration was 310 +/- 2.2 ng/mL, with a greater mean value (P < 0.001) in gonad-intact males (336 +/- 5.6 ng/mL) than in females (303 +/- 3.2 ng/mL) or geldings (302 +/- 3.2 ng/mL). However, the greatest IGF-1 concentrations observed for all stallions, mares, and geldings were 627, 676, and 709 ng/mL, respectively. In mares and geldings, IGF-1 concentrations showed a gradual decrease with advancing age (P < 0.001), but the effect was much less marked in stallions. This study confirms that IGF-1 concentrations are stable, compared with GH concentrations, in the horse and that a meaningful measure of IGF-1 status can be obtained from a daily serum sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Noble
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
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de Graaf‐Roelfsema E, Keizer H, van Breda E, Wijnberg I, van der Kolk J. Hormonal responses to acute exercise, training and overtraining a review with emphasis on the horse. Vet Q 2007; 29:82-101. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2007.9695232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Jackson BF, Blumsohn A, Goodship AE, Wilson AM, Price JS. Circadian variation in biochemical markers of bone cell activity and insulin-like growth factor-I in two-year-old horses. J Anim Sci 2004; 81:2804-10. [PMID: 14601884 DOI: 10.2527/2003.81112804x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans have found circadian changes to be one of the most important sources of controllable preanalytical variability when evaluating bone cell activity using biochemical markers. It remains unclear whether similar circadian changes influence bone marker concentrations in the horse. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in serum concentrations of three biochemical markers of bone cell activity over a 24-h period in six 2-yr-old Thoroughbred mares, and to determine circadian variability in IGF-I, which regulates bone turnover. Three bone markers were measured in serum: osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, the carboxy-terminal propeptide of type-I collagen (a marker of bone formation), and the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen (a marker of bone resorption). Data were analyzed using the cosinor technique, which fits a 24-h cycle to each dataset. A significant circadian rhythm was observed for osteocalcin (P = 0.028), with an estimated amplitude of 7.6% of the mean (95% confidence interval 1.3% to 16.3%), and an estimated peak time of 0900. However, the observed rhythm for the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen (amplitude = 7.4%) was not significant (P = 0.067), and there were no significant changes in concentrations of the carboxy-terminal propeptide of type-I collagen over the 24-h study period (P = 0.44). There was a small but significant circadian rhythm for IGF-I (P = 0.04), with an estimated amplitude of 3.4% (95% confidence interval 0.2 to 7.1%) and peak at 1730. Further studies are now required to determine the potential association between circadian changes in IGF-I and osteocalcin in the horse. Although no significant circadian variation was found in concentrations of the car-boxy-terminal propeptide of type-I collagen and the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen, this may in part be a result of the age of the animals that were still skeletally immature. Future studies should aim to determine whether these markers develop a circadian rhythm at a later age when growth is complete. In the meantime, consistency in time of sampling should continue to be considered best practice when measuring biochemical markers of bone turnover in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Jackson
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
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Pinel G, André F, Le Bizec B. Discrimination of recombinant and pituitary-derived bovine and porcine growth hormones by peptide mass mapping. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:407-414. [PMID: 14759125 DOI: 10.1021/jf030536e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Somatotropins, which are used in cattle for growth and lactating performances, are difficult to reliably detect because no direct method exists. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HLC) coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) has been developed to separate and characterize the N-terminal peptides resulting from tryptic cleavage of natural and recombinant growth hormones from different species (bovine, porcine, and human) and suppliers. Conditions for tryptic digestion were optimized. This technique was found to be optimal to cleave efficiently the N-terminal peptide of the proteins without releasing too much noise from the matrix. Characterization of the peptides through ESI(+)-MS allowed natural and recombinant growth hormones from bovine and porcine species with N-terminal amino acid sequences differing from one amino acid residue to be discriminated. However, the studied human growth hormones had similar primary sequences that did not permit any discrimination between recombinant and natural forms, thus confirming the known identity of these hormones. Protein digestions with pepsin and chymotrypsin were also compared but were not conclusive due to the too small N-terminal peptides released after proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaud Pinel
- LABERCA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Route de Gachet, B.P. 50707, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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Dart AJ, Little CB, Hughes CE, Chu O, Dowling BA, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, Johnson KA. Recombinant equine growth hormone administration: effects on synovial fluid biomarkers and cartilage metabolism in horses. Equine Vet J 2003; 35:302-7. [PMID: 12755435 DOI: 10.2746/042516403776148165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Recombinant equine growth hormone (reGH) has recently been evaluated for effects on body condition and wound healing. It has the potential to influence articular cartilage via stimulation of IGF-1. OBJECTIVES To investigate effects of administration on synovial joint metabolism. METHODS Six mature horses were given 20 microg/kg bwt reGH daily for 8 weeks by i.m. injection. Three control horses were injected with sterile water. Serum and synovial fluid samples were collected at 6, 8, 11 and 16 weeks for GH and IGF-1 assays. Articular cartilage harvested at week 16 was evaluated by Western analysis using monoclonal antibodies BC-13, BC-4, 8-A-4 and CH-3. RESULTS Concentrations of IGF-1 in serum and synovial fluid were significantly elevated (P < 0.05) at 6 and 8 weeks in the reGH group. Glycosaminoglycan concentrations in synovial fluid were significantly less than controls at these time points, suggesting that reGH may modulate proteoglycan metabolism in articular cartilage. In the reGH group, there were not any alterations in synovial fluid content of 3B3(-) epitope or aggrecan metabolite, or in aggrecan or link protein catabolites retained within cartilage, that might be expected with development of osteoarthritis. CONCLUSIONS Intramuscular administration of reGH may be a more efficient means of delivery of IGF-1 to joints for cartilage resurfacing initiatives. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE We found no alterations in cartilage metabolism indicative of development of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Dart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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