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Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Linders R, Blokland MH, Sterk S. Occurrence of resorcyclic acid lactones in porcine urine: discrimination between illegal use and contamination. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37326477 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2222008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zeranol (α-zearalanol, α-ZAL), is a resorcyclic acid lactone (RAL). Its administration to farm animals to improve meat production has been prohibited in the European Union due to the potential risk to human health. However, it has been demonstrated that α-ZAL may be present in livestock animals due to Fusarium fungi that produce fusarium acid lactones contamination in feed. The fungi produce a small amount of zearalenone (ZEN), which is metabolized to zeranol. The potential endogenous origin of α-ZAL makes it difficult to correlate positive samples to a potential illicit treatment with α-ZAL. We present two experimental studies that investigated the origin of natural and synthetic RALs in porcine urine. Urine samples from pigs that were either fed with ZEN-contaminated feed or administered α-ZAL by injection were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, with the method validated according to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808. The data show that although the concentration of α-ZAL in the ZEN feed-contaminated samples is significantly lower than in the illicit administration samples, α-ZAL can occur in porcine urine via natural metabolism. Additionally, the feasibility of using the ratio of forbidden/fusarium RALs in porcine urine as a reliable biomarker for illicit treatment with α-ZAL administration was evaluated for the first time. This study demonstrated that the obtained ratio in the contaminated ZEN feed study was close to 1, while in the illegally administered α-ZAL samples the ratio is always higher than 1 (up to 135). Therefore, this study proves that the ratio criteria (already used when a forbidden RAL is detected in bovine urine) may also be used for porcine urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga
- Department of Growth Promotors, European Union Reference Laboratory, Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rachelle Linders
- Department of Growth Promotors, European Union Reference Laboratory, Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco H Blokland
- Department of Growth Promotors, European Union Reference Laboratory, Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Sterk
- Department of Growth Promotors, European Union Reference Laboratory, Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Jongedijk E, Fifeik M, Arrizabalaga-Larrañaga A, Polzer J, Blokland M, Sterk S. Use of high-resolution mass spectrometry for veterinary drug multi-residue analysis. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abushareeda W, Tienstra M, Lommen A, Blokland M, Sterk S, Kraiem S, Horvatovich P, Nielen M, Al-Maadheed M, Georgakopoulos C. Comparison of gas chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight and quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry in anti-doping analysis: I. Detection of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2018; 32:2055-2064. [PMID: 30216576 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) encourages drug-testing laboratories to develop screening methods that can detect as many doping substances as possible in urine. The use of full-scan high-resolution acquisition (FS/HR) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the detection of known and unknown trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) provides anti-doping testing bodies with a new analytical tool. METHODS The AAS were extracted from urine samples by generic liquid-liquid extraction, after enzymatic hydrolysis, and TMS derivatization. The extracted urine was analyzed by GC/Q-TOF and GC/Q-Orbitrap to compare the performance of the two instrument types for the detection of 46 AAS in human urine. The quantitation of endogenous anabolic steroids and the ability of the two analytical platforms to comply with the requirements for testing as part of the WADA Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) were also assessed. RESULTS The data presented show that the analytical performance for both instruments complies with the WADA specifications. The limits of detection (LODs) for both instruments are well below the WADA 50% Minimum Required Performance Levels. The mass errors in the current study for the GC/Q-Orbitrap platform are lower than those obtained for the GC/Q-TOF instrument. CONCLUSIONS The data presented herein proved that both molecular profiling platforms can be used for antidoping screening. The mass accuracies are excellent in both instruments; however, the GC/Q-Orbitrap performs better as it provides higher resolution than the GC/Q-TOF platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadha Abushareeda
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Sports City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marc Tienstra
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Lommen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Blokland
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Sterk
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Suhail Kraiem
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Sports City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Nielen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Al-Maadheed
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Sports City, Doha, Qatar
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Bergwerff A, Sterk S, van Ginkel L. Yet another angle, but residues nonetheless: 26 years of EuroResidue Conferences! Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:451-452. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1277106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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van den Broek I, Blokland M, Nessen MA, Sterk S. Current trends in mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins: Application to veterinary and sports-doping control. Mass Spectrom Rev 2015; 34:571-594. [PMID: 24375671 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Detection of misuse of peptides and proteins as growth promoters is a major issue for sport and food regulatory agencies. The limitations of current analytical detection strategies for this class of compounds, in combination with their efficacy in growth-promoting effects, make peptide and protein drugs highly susceptible to abuse by either athletes or farmers who seek for products to illicitly enhance muscle growth. Mass spectrometry (MS) for qualitative analysis of peptides and proteins is well-established, particularly due to tremendous efforts in the proteomics community. Similarly, due to advancements in targeted proteomic strategies and the rapid growth of protein-based biopharmaceuticals, MS for quantitative analysis of peptides and proteins is becoming more widely accepted. These continuous advances in MS instrumentation and MS-based methodologies offer enormous opportunities for detection and confirmation of peptides and proteins. Therefore, MS seems to be the method of choice to improve the qualitative and quantitative analysis of peptide and proteins with growth-promoting properties. This review aims to address the opportunities of MS for peptide and protein analysis in veterinary control and sports-doping control with a particular focus on detection of illicit growth promotion. An overview of potential peptide and protein targets, including their amino acid sequence characteristics and current MS-based detection strategies is, therefore, provided. Furthermore, improvements of current and new detection strategies with state-of-the-art MS instrumentation are discussed for qualitative and quantitative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene van den Broek
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Blokland
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A Nessen
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Sterk
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Institute of Food Safety, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fragkaki AG, Georgakopoulos C, Sterk S, Nielen MWF. Sports doping: emerging designer and therapeutic β2-agonists. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 425:242-58. [PMID: 23954776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-adrenergic agonists, or β2-agonists, are considered essential bronchodilator drugs in the treatment of bronchial asthma, both as symptom-relievers and, in combination with inhaled corticosteroids, as disease-controllers. The use of β2-agonists is prohibited in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to claimed anabolic effects, and also, is prohibited as growth promoters in cattle fattening in the European Union. This paper reviews the last seven-year (2006-2012) literature concerning the development of novel β2-agonists molecules either by modifying the molecule of known β2-agonists or by introducing moieties producing indole-, adamantyl- or phenyl urea derivatives. New emerging β2-agonists molecules for future therapeutic use are also presented, intending to emphasize their potential use for doping purposes or as growth promoters in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", Kifisias 37, 15123 Maroussi, Greece.
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Bergwerff A, van Ginkel L, Kennedy G, Schilt R, Stead S, Sterk S. The greatest risk of food is getting it! Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:919-20. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.806646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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De Brabander HF, Van Ginkel LA, Sterk S, Bergwerff A. Preface. Anal Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Poelmans S, De Wasch K, Noppe H, Van Hoof N, Van Cruchten S, Le Bizec B, Deceuninck Y, Sterk S, Van Rossum HJ, Hoffman MK, De Brabander HF. Endogenous occurrence of some anabolic steroids in swine matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:808-15. [PMID: 16192067 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500197805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Following findings of 17beta-19-nortestosterone (150-200 microg kg(-1)) in pigs of unspecified gender imported into the European Union, a study to determine steroid and hormone levels in swine from six age/gender categories (uncastrated 'old' boars, cryptorchids, one intersex, barrows, gilts and sows) was initiated. Indeed, for some hormones there has been a discussion about their being endo- or exogenous. Tissue and urine samples from swine from each of the six categories were obtained in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and the USA. Samples were analysed in three laboratories. Quantitation was obtained for norandrostenedione, 19-nortestosterone and boldenone. The results give a well-documented overview of the status of the presence of these hormones in swine. The data illustrate that uncastrated 'old' boars produce the highest percentage of 'positive' matrices, followed by the cryptorchids. Concentrations in the matrices of the barrows and the gilts are lower. Also, sow matrices contain low amounts of nor-steroids. Furthermore, urine samples from an intersex pig contains a higher concentration of nortestosterone than sows and can therefore be suspected for illegal use of these hormones. Veterinarians taking samples in pig farms for the analysis of hormones need to be aware of the presence and concentrations of these substances in the different categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Poelmans
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Research Group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Salisburylaan, 133 B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Sterk S, van Tricht F, Le B, van Ginkel L, Stephany R. Production and stability testing of incurred reference materials for the anabolic steroid trenbolone in bovine urine. Analyst 1998; 123:2563-6. [PMID: 10435300 DOI: 10.1039/a804944k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The production of stable reference materials with incurred residues of veterinary drugs is necessary for the validation of methods of analysis, including the determination of critical performance characteristics. A reference material for trenbolone in bovine urine was produced and the long-term stability was tested. From a pilot 16 week stability study on seven batches containing different additives it was concluded that the use of preservatives does not improve the stability of the residue. A final batch of reference material of 800 vials each containing 5 ml of urine with a target concentration of 5 micrograms l-1 was prepared. The homogeneity and long-term stability of the material were tested. The material was found to be homogeneous. Based on the results of a 52 week stability study it was concluded that the material is stable, using the current analytical methodology. For the development of reference materials, highly accurate and precise analytical methods are necessary. However, the current analytical methodology is not suitable for full evaluation and certification. Currently, a new LC-MS method is being developed. After validation of this method, the stability and homogeneity study will be repeated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sterk
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), European Union Community Reference Laboratory, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
For a number of species it is known that nortestosterone, either the alpha- or beta-epimer, can be of endogenous origin. For goats and mares similar results have not yet been published. As a follow-up on the experiments with cattle, a large number of urine samples per animal were collected from pregnant goats, sheep and mares. These samples were analysed for the presence of alpha- and beta-nortestosterone and alpha-estradiol using GC-MS. The results show that in the goats and mares studied alpha-nortestosterone is present during pregnancy. In this study no alpha-nortestosterone could be demonstrated in sheep. From our study and recently published data, however, it is proven that alpha-nortestosterone can occur endogenously.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sterk
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), European Union Community Reference Laboratory, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Sterk S, van Tricht F, van Soeren-Kieft A, Herbold H, Stephany R, van Ginkel L. Bank of reference samples of blank urine from livestock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s002160050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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