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Cazzolla AP, Brescia V, Lovero R, Fontana A, Giustino A, Dioguardi M, Di Comite MS, Di Serio F, Ciavarella D, Crincoli V. Evaluation of Biomarkers of Bone Metabolism on Salivary Matrix in the Remodeling of Periodontal Tissue during Orthodontic Treatment. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:209. [PMID: 39056996 PMCID: PMC11276302 DOI: 10.3390/dj12070209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the concentration of N-terminal type I collagen extension pro-peptide (PINP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAcP), and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in saliva during orthodontic treatment in order to evaluate whether changes in bone turnover marker (BTM) concentration can help highlight the effects of orthodontic mechanical loading in the absence of clinical evidence of tooth movement in terms of tooth movement. Saliva samples from 25 apparently healthy young subjects (10 females and 15 males) were collected using Salivette® (Sarstedt) with cotton swabs and the concentrations of PTHrP, TRAcP 5b, and PINP were analyzed at time 0 (T1), 25 days (T2), and at 45 days (T3). Differences in the median value of biomarker levels between baseline T1 and follow-up of the different groups (T2 and T3) were assessed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. Trough concentrations of P1NP, PTHrP, and TRAcP were 0.80 µg/L, 0.21 ng/mL, and 0.90 U/L above the method LOD. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test confirmed a statistically significant difference in T1 versus concentrations of T2 and T3. All subjects evaluated had a statistically significant difference between T1 vs. T3. when compared with the specific critical difference (RCV) for the analyte The results obtained demonstrate that the evaluation of BTM changes in saliva can help the evaluation of orthodontic procedures and the monitoring of biomechanical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pia Cazzolla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (M.D.); (D.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Brescia
- Clinical Pathology Unit, AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari—Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, 70124 Bari, Italy; (V.B.); (R.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Roberto Lovero
- Clinical Pathology Unit, AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari—Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, 70124 Bari, Italy; (V.B.); (R.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Antonietta Fontana
- Clinical Pathology Unit, AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari—Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, 70124 Bari, Italy; (V.B.); (R.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Arcangela Giustino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Mario Dioguardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (M.D.); (D.C.)
| | - Maria Severa Di Comite
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy Section, Aldo Moro, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Francesca Di Serio
- Clinical Pathology Unit, AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari—Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, 70124 Bari, Italy; (V.B.); (R.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Domenico Ciavarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (M.D.); (D.C.)
| | - Vito Crincoli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Aldo Moro, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
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Alshammari AK. Necrotic Pulp With Crown Discoloration Associated With Orthodontic Treatment: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e42420. [PMID: 37497310 PMCID: PMC10367121 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment may have iatrogenic consequences for the pulpal tissue. This study describes the endodontic treatment and internal bleaching that were used to treat a necrotic pulp with internal resorption caused by the dentist. This happened to the pulpal tissue after it had been treated with orthodontics. To prevent such iatrogenic consequences for pulpal tissue during orthodontic treatment, it is essential to maintain frequent radiological follow-ups. Regular radiographic examinations can help identify any potential complications early on, allowing for timely intervention and treatment. Additionally, employing light orthodontic force can help minimize the risk of trauma to the pulpal tissue, reducing the likelihood of necrosis and internal resorption.
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d’Apuzzo F, Nucci L, Delfino I, Portaccio M, Minervini G, Isola G, Serino I, Camerlingo C, Lepore M. Application of Vibrational Spectroscopies in the Qualitative Analysis of Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Periodontal Ligament during Orthodontic Tooth Movement. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071405. [PMID: 33915746 PMCID: PMC8036342 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical vibrational techniques show a high potentiality in many biomedical fields for their characteristics of high sensitivity in revealing detailed information on composition, structure, and molecular interaction with reduced analysis time. In the last years, we have used these techniques for investigating gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontic tooth treatment. The analysis with Raman and infrared signals of GCF and PDL samples highlighted that different days of orthodontic force application causes modifications in the molecular secondary structure at specific wavenumbers related to the Amide I, Amide III, CH deformation, and CH3/CH2. In the present review, we report the most relevant results and a brief description of the experimental techniques and data analysis procedure in order to evidence that the vibrational spectroscopies could be a potential useful tool for an immediate monitoring of the individual patient's response to the orthodontic tooth movement, aiming to more personalized treatment reducing any side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia d’Apuzzo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (L.N.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3384820462
| | - Ludovica Nucci
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (L.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Ines Delfino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Marianna Portaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (I.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Minervini
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (L.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy;
| | - Ismene Serino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (I.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Carlo Camerlingo
- CNR-SPIN, SuPerconductivity and Other INnovative Materials and Devices Institute, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Maria Lepore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Napoli, Italy; (M.P.); (I.S.); (M.L.)
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Aristizábal JF, Rios H, Rey D, Álvarez MA, Parra B, Ortiz M. Relationship between the polymorphism in the interleukin 1-β and the treatment time of patients subjected to a modified piezocision technique. Colomb Med (Cali) 2020; 51:e4141. [PMID: 32952230 PMCID: PMC7467119 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v51i1.4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to evaluate the correlation between the polymorphism of the interleukin 1-Beta (IL1-β, +3954 C>T) and tooth movement, in a group of Colombian patients undergoing surgically accelerated orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: The study was nested to a controlled clinical trial. Blood samples were taken from 11 women and 29 healthy Colombian male volunteers between 18 and 40 years old, after 1 year of starting orthodontic treatment. The patients presented malocclusion class I, with grade II or III. To detect the genetic polymorphism of the nucleotide +3954 C to T in the IL-1β gene, we used a real-time PCR assay. Results: Eleven individuals presented the allele 2 (T) heterozygous with the allele 1 (T/C) and 19 individuals were homozygous for the allele 1 (C/C). When analyzing the presence of the SNP, no significant differences were found in any of the variables. The best treatment was reflected in Group 3 (selective upper and lower alveolar decortication and 3D collagen matrix) and Group 4 (only selective alveolar decortication in the upper arch, with 3D collagen matrix), with 27% and 35% more speed respectively than in the control group. Conclusions: Our analyses indicated that a reduction in the total treatment time can be mostly potentiated by using decortication and collagen matrices and not for the presence of the allele 2 in the IL-1β. Nevertheless, it is important that further studies investigate if the polymorphism could be associated with the speed of tooth movement and analyze the baseline protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernando Aristizábal
- Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Odontología, Departamento de Ortodoncia, Cali. Colombia
| | - Héctor Rios
- University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine. Michigan, USA
| | - Diego Rey
- Universidad CES, Facultad de Odontología, Departmento de Ortodoncia. Medellin, Colombia
| | - María Antonia Álvarez
- Universidad CES, Facultad de Odontología, Departmento de Ortodoncia. Medellin, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Parra
- Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Microbiología. Cali. Colombia
| | - Mario Ortiz
- Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud, Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Departamento de Morfología, Cali. Colombia
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Westover L, Faulkner G, Flores-Mir C, Hodgetts W, Raboud D. Non-invasive evaluation of periodontal ligament stiffness during orthodontic tooth movement. Angle Orthod 2018; 89:228-234. [PMID: 30423255 DOI: 10.2319/031918-218.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the longitudinal changes in periodontal ligament (PDL) stiffness during orthodontic tooth movement using the Advanced System for Implant Stability Testing (ASIST). MATERIALS AND METHODS ASIST measurements of maxillary canines that were actively retracted into an extraction space were collected approximately once per month for 12 adolescent female patients. The ASIST Stability Coefficient (ASC) values, which are directly related to PDL stiffness, were determined for each visit to examine longitudinal changes for individual canines as they were exposed to different forces (approximately 80 and 150 g) during retraction. RESULTS The pattern of longitudinal changes in ASC was similar for both canines (regardless of the two force levels applied) in individual patients and across patients. All patients showed some decrease in ASC, with an average maximum reduction in stiffness of 73.4 ± 7.7%. Some recovery was observed for most patients; however, none of the patients had the PDL stiffness return to the pre-treatment value at the final measurement appointment which was some time close after space closure was completed. On average, the ASC value at the final measured visit was 48.1 ± 12.2% of the initial value. No measurements are available after removal of orthodontic appliances and during retention. CONCLUSIONS The ASIST was able to detect changes in PDL stiffness during orthodontic treatment, providing some insight into the mechanical changes that occur at the tooth root interface.
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Hutchinson EF, Farella M, Hoffman J, Kramer B. Variations in bone density across the body of the immature human mandible. J Anat 2017; 230:679-688. [PMID: 28256069 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During growth the mandible accommodates increases in biomechanical loading resulting from changes in the function of structures of the oral cavity. Biomechanical loads are thought to play an intricate and vital role in the modelling and remodelling of bone, with site-specific effects on bone mineral density. It is anticipated that the effects of this loading on bone mineral density are intensified during the functional transition from prenatal to postnatal stages. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate changes in bone mineral density across the body of the immature human mandible during the early stages of dental development. The study sample included 45 human mandibles, subdivided into three age groups: prenatal (30 gestational weeks to birth; n = 15); early postnatal (birth to 12 months; n = 18); and late postnatal (1-5 years; n = 12). Mandibles were scanned using X-ray micro-computed tomography. Eight landmarks were selected along the buccal/labial and lingual surfaces of each dental crypt for evaluation of the bone mineral density. Bone mineral density values were calculated using a reference standard and analysed using multivariate statistics. The bone mineral density of the lingual surface was found to be significantly higher (P ≤ 0.000) than that of the buccal/labial surface. Furthermore, bone mineral density in the alveolar region of the buccal/labial surface of the deciduous central incisor (P ≤ 0.001), the deciduous first molar (P ≤ 0.013) and lingual alveolar area of the deciduous second molar (P ≤ 0.032) were significantly greater in the early postnatal period than in the prenatal period. While changes in bone mineral density across the lingual surface were consistent with the progression of development and the biomechanical demand of the tongue as previously demonstrated, changes observed across the buccal/labial surface of the mandible appeared to accompany the advancing dental development. Thus, changes in bone mineral density across the mandible appear to be reflective of the stage of dental development and the level of biomechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F Hutchinson
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mauro Farella
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jakobus Hoffman
- Radiography and Tomography Division of Radiation Sciences, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, South Africa
| | - Beverley Kramer
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Alhadlaq AM. Biomarkers of Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Systematic Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:578-87. [PMID: 26329414 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may be an acceptable way to examine the ongoing biochemical processes associated with bone turnover during orthodontic tooth movement. If it is possible to biologically monitor and predict the outcome of orthodontic forces, then the management of appliances could be based on individual tissue responses, and the effectiveness of the treatment could be improved. METHODOLOGY A literature search was carried out in major databases, such as medline, EMBASE, cochrane library, web of science, google scholar and scopus for relevant studies. Publications in English between 2000 and 2014 which estimated GCF markers as indicators of orthodontic tooth movement were included. RESULTS The list of biomarkers available to date was compiled and presented in table format. Each biomarker is discussed separately based on the available evidence. CONCLUSION Several sensitive GCF markers are available to detect the biomechanical changes occurring during orthodontic tooth movement. Further focused research might help to analyze the sensitivity and reliability of these indicators, which in turn can lead to the development of chairside tests to assess the outcome of orthodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel M Alhadlaq
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box No. 60169 Riyadh-11545, Saudi Arabia, e-mail:
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Changes of substance P in the crevicular fluid in relation to orthodontic movement preliminary investigation. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:896874. [PMID: 23737731 PMCID: PMC3655686 DOI: 10.1155/2013/896874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a tachykinin released from both the central and the peripheral endings of primary afferent neurons and functions as a neurotransmitter. As a transmitter signaling pain, substance P is involved in nociception and is an extremely potent vasodilator. We found several studies about this neuropeptide especially in relation to parodontology and a few orthodontic reviews. This is because in the past the importance of this neuropeptide in dental element undergoing periodontal inflammation was observed. The aims of the present pilot study was to investigate whether the substance P was present in gingival crevicular fluid in dental elements undergoing orthodontic treatment with Invisalign technique compared to teeth belonging to the same series but not undergoing orthodontic movement. We analysed gengival crevicular fluid (GCF) collected from four young subjects, using a paper cone for a time of 60 seconds. The results showed that SP is present in the gengival sulcus in elements undergoing orthodontic forces during treatment with Invisalign technique and not in the control teeth. During the literature analysis, we have found a lot of papers describing involvement of SP in periodontitis and inflammatory diseases, but further studies are needed in order to demonstrate the role of this neuropeptide during teeth movement.
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Zainal Ariffin SH, Yamamoto Z, Zainol Abidin IZ, Megat Abdul Wahab R, Zainal Ariffin Z. Cellular and molecular changes in orthodontic tooth movement. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:1788-803. [PMID: 22125437 PMCID: PMC3201678 DOI: 10.1100/2011/761768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth movement induced by orthodontic treatment can cause sequential reactions involving the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone, resulting in the release of numerous substances from the dental tissues and surrounding structures. To better understand the biological processes involved in orthodontic treatment, improve treatment, and reduce adverse side effects, several of these substances have been proposed as biomarkers. Potential biological markers can be collected from different tissue samples, and suitable sampling is important to accurately reflect biological processes. This paper covers the tissue changes that are involved during orthodontic tooth movement such as at compression region (involving osteoblasts), tension region (involving osteoclasts), dental root, and pulp tissues. Besides, the involvement of stem cells and their development towards osteoblasts and osteoclasts during orthodontic treatment have also been explained. Several possible biomarkers representing these biological changes during specific phenomenon, that is, bone remodelling (formation and resorption), inflammation, and root resorption have also been proposed. The knowledge of these biomarkers could be used in accelerating orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the changes in gingival blood flow due to orthodontic forces. Eleven volunteers, with the maxillary canine in an ectopic position were tested. A Laser Doppler Flowmeter (LDF) with a gingival probe was used, registering both the blood flow and temperature of the gingivae. After baseline measurement, a fixed orthodontic appliance was bonded. Measurements were repeated monthly, after activation of the appliance. The study lasted 6 months. The baseline value was 338.7 ± 201.56 P.U. [Perfusion Unit (mean ± S.D.)] which decreased to 218.9 ± 74.83 P.U. (p < 0.05) after two months and the final value of 363.9 ± 194.86 P.U was not significantly different from that initially (p > 0.5). The results showed that application of a force of 75 g resulted in a decrease in gingival blood flow up to 50%, but this returned to previous values after a few months. The study supports this measurement technique as a useful tool for monitoring gingival blood flow in long-term studies as well.
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O’Hara AH, Sampson WJ, Dreyer CW, Pierce AM, Ferguson IA. Immunohistochemical detection of nerve growth factor and its receptors in the rat periodontal ligament during tooth movement. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:871-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ren Y, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Maltha JC. Immunohistochemical evaluation of osteoclast recruitment during experimental tooth movement in young and adult rats. Arch Oral Biol 2005; 50:1032-9. [PMID: 15963453 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orthodontic tooth movement starts slower in adults than in juveniles, but the rate of tooth movement in later phases is the same in both age groups. The hypotheses to be tested are that these phenomena are related to slower osteoclast recruitment in adults than in juveniles, but that in later phases the osteoclast numbers are the same in both age groups. DESIGN Standardized orthodontic tooth movement was performed in two groups of 30 rats, aged 6 weeks and 9-12 months, respectively. All maxillary molars at one side were together moved mesially by a continuous force of 10 cN. The other side served as a control. After 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, groups of animals were killed. After ED1 staining osteoclast numbers at the mesial and distal sides of selected roots were counted. RESULTS At the compression sides osteoclast numbers increased in both age groups. In young rats, a maximum was reached at 2 weeks, in adults at 4 weeks. In later phases of tooth movement, the number of osteoclasts in the adults was approximately twice as high as in the juveniles, while the rate of tooth movement was the same. A positive correlation between the rate of tooth movement and osteoclast numbers was found only in young rats. CONCLUSIONS Orthodontic forces induce faster osteoclast recruitment in young than in adult rats and more osteoclasts are needed to achieve a certain rate of tooth movement in adult than in young rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Groningen, Triade gebouw, Ingang 24, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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