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Takata Y, Yang JJ, Yu D, Smith-Warner SA, Blot WJ, White E, Robien K, Prizment A, Wu K, Sawada N, Lan Q, Park Y, Gao YT, Cai Q, Song M, Zhang X, Pan K, Agudo A, Panico S, Liao LM, Tsugane S, Chlebowski RT, Nøst TH, Schulze MB, Johannson M, Zheng W, Shu XO. Calcium Intake and Lung Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis of 12 Prospective Cohort Studies. J Nutr 2023; 153:2051-2060. [PMID: 36907443 PMCID: PMC10447606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on calcium intake and lung cancer risk reported inconsistent associations, possibly due to the differences in intake amounts and contributing sources of calcium and smoking prevalence. OBJECTIVES We investigated the associations of lung cancer risk with intake of calcium from foods and/or supplements and major calcium-rich foods in 12 studies. METHODS Data from 12 prospective cohort studies conducted in the United States, Europe, and Asia were pooled and harmonized. We applied the DRI to categorize calcium intake based on the recommendations and quintile distribution to categorize calcium-rich food intake. We ran multivariable Cox regression by each cohort and pooled risk estimates to compute overall HR (95% CI). RESULTS Among 1,624,244 adult men and women, 21,513 incident lung cancer cases were ascertained during a mean follow-up of 9.9 y. Overall, the dietary calcium intake was not significantly associated with lung cancer risk; the HRs (95% CI) were 1.08 (0.98-1.18) for higher (>1.5 RDA) and 1.01 (0.95-1.07) for lower intake (<0.5 RDA) comparing with recommended intake (EAR to RDA). Milk and soy food intake were positively or inversely associated with lung cancer risk [HR (95% CI) = 1.07 (1.02-1.12) and 0.92 (0.84-1.00)], respectively. The positive association with milk intake was significant only in European and North American studies (P-interaction for region = 0.04). No significant association was observed for calcium supplements. CONCLUSIONS In this largest prospective investigation, overall, calcium intake was not associated with risk of lung cancer, but milk intake was associated with a higher risk. Our findings underscore the importance of considering food sources of calcium in studies of calcium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumie Takata
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
| | - Jae Jeong Yang
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Danxia Yu
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Stephanie A Smith-Warner
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - William J Blot
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Emily White
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kimberly Robien
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anna Prizment
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yikyung Park
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathy Pan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Southern California Kaiser Permanente, Downey, CA, United States
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Nutrition and Cancer Group, Epidemiology, Public Health, Cancer Prevention and Palliative Care Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Linda M Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rowan T Chlebowski
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mattias Johannson
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyons, France
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Shareck M, Rousseau MC, Koushik A, Siemiatycki J, Parent ME. Inverse Association between Dietary Intake of Selected Carotenoids and Vitamin C and Risk of Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:23. [PMID: 28293540 PMCID: PMC5328985 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While diets rich in fruit and vegetables appear to reduce lung cancer risk, the evidence for individual carotenoid and vitamin intakes has been judged too limited to reach firm conclusions. Data from a case-control study of lung cancer (Montreal, QC, Canada, 1996-2002) were used to investigate the role of dietary intakes of β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and vitamin C in lung cancer risk. In-person interviews elicited dietary information from 1,105 incident cases and 1,449 population controls. Usual frequency of consumption of 49 fruits and vegetables 2 years prior to diagnosis/interview was collected. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between intake variables and lung cancer were estimated using logistic or polytomous regression, adjusting for potential confounding factors including a detailed smoking history. ORs associated with upper versus lower tertiles of intake were 0.66 (95% CI = 0.51-0.84) for β-carotene, 0.70 (95% CI = 0.55-0.90) for α-carotene, 0.65 (95% CI = 0.51-0.84) for β-cryptoxanthin, 0.75 (95% CI = 0.59-0.95) for lycopene, and 0.74 (95% CI = 0.58-0.96) for vitamin C. ORs suggestive of a protective effect were found for elevated intakes of β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene in male heavy smokers and of vitamin C in female heavy smokers. Selected antioxidants were also associated with a lower risk of lung cancer in female moderate smokers, and of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. These results suggest that several dietary antioxidants found in common food sources may protect against lung cancer, even among heavy smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Shareck
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Rousseau
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anita Koushik
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Mikkelsen TB, Olsen SF, Rasmussen SE, Osler M. Relative validity of fruit and vegetable intake estimated by the food frequency questionnaire used in the Danish National Birth Cohort*. Scand J Public Health 2016; 35:172-9. [PMID: 17454921 DOI: 10.1080/14034940600975625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To validate the fruit and vegetable intake estimated from the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) used in the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC). Subjects and setting: The DNBC is a cohort of 101,042 pregnant women in Denmark, who received a FFQ by mail in gestation week 25. A validation study with 88 participants was made. A seven-day weighed food diary (FD) and three different biomarkers were employed as comparison methods. Results: Significant correlations between FFQ and FD-based estimates were found for fruit (r=0.66); vegetables (r=0.32); juice (r=0.52); fruit and vegetables (F&V) (r=0.57); and fruit, vegetables, and juice (F&V&J) (r=0.62). Sensitivities of correct classification by FFQ into the two lowest and the two highest quintiles of F&V&J intake were 58—67% and 50— 74%, respectively, and specificities were 71—79% and 65—83%, respectively. F&V&J intake estimated from the FFQ correlated significantly with urinary flavonoids (r=0.39, p<0.005), plasma β-carotene (r=0.21, p<0.05) and erythrocyte folate (r=0.33, p<0.005); all average biomarker levels increased across increasing quintiles of F&V&J intake. Conclusion: Data on F&V&J recorded by FFQ in DNBC can be used in etiological analyses of associations between fruit and vegetable intake and health outcomes, provided that the potential misclassification of dietary exposure is kept in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B Mikkelsen
- Maternal Nutrition Group, Danish Epidemiology Science Centre, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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Guruvayoorappan C, Kuttan G. β-Carotene Inhibits Tumor-Specific Angiogenesis by Altering the Cytokine Profile and Inhibits the Nuclear Translocation of Transcription Factors in B16F-10 Melanoma Cells. Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 6:258-70. [PMID: 17761639 DOI: 10.1177/1534735407305978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels out of the preexisting vascular network and involves a sequence of events that are of key importance in a broad array of physiological and pathological processes. The growth of tumor and metastasis are dependent on the formation of new blood vessels. The present study therefore aims at evaluating the antiangiogenic effect of β-carotene using in vivo and in vitro models. Male C57BL/6 mice as well as B16F-10 cells were used for the experimental study. The in vivo study includes the inhibitory effect of β-carotene on the formation of tumor-directed capillaries. Rat aortic ring assay, human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation are used for assessing the in vitro antiangiogenic effect of β-carotene. The differential regulation of proinflammatory cytokines as well as the inhibitory effect of β-carotene on the activation and nuclear translocation of transcription factors are also assessed. β-Carotene treatment significantly reduces the number of tumor-directed capillaries accompanied by altered serum cytokine levels. β-Carotene is able to inhibit proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells. β-Carotene treatment downregulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)—2, MMP-9, prolyl hydroxylase, and lysyl oxidase gene expression and upregulates the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)—1 and TIMP-2. The study reveals that β-carotene treatment could alter proinflammatory cytokine production and could inhibit the activation and nuclear translocation of p65, p50, c-Rel subunits of nuclear factor-κ B, and other transcription factors such as c-fos, activated transcription factor-2, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element—binding protein in B16F-10 melanoma cells. These observations show that β -carotene exerts its antiangiogenic effect by altering the cytokine profile and could inhibit the activation and nuclear translocation of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guruvayoorappan
- Department of Immunology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Kerala State, India
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Nupur LNU, Vats A, Dhanda SK, Raghava GPS, Pinnaka AK, Kumar A. ProCarDB: a database of bacterial carotenoids. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:96. [PMID: 27230105 PMCID: PMC4882832 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carotenoids have important functions in bacteria, ranging from harvesting light energy to neutralizing oxidants and acting as virulence factors. However, information pertaining to the carotenoids is scattered throughout the literature. Furthermore, information about the genes/proteins involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids has tremendously increased in the post-genomic era. A web server providing the information about microbial carotenoids in a structured manner is required and will be a valuable resource for the scientific community working with microbial carotenoids. Results Here, we have created a manually curated, open access, comprehensive compilation of bacterial carotenoids named as ProCarDB- Prokaryotic Carotenoid Database. ProCarDB includes 304 unique carotenoids arising from 50 biosynthetic pathways distributed among 611 prokaryotes. ProCarDB provides important information on carotenoids, such as 2D and 3D structures, molecular weight, molecular formula, SMILES, InChI, InChIKey, IUPAC name, KEGG Id, PubChem Id, and ChEBI Id. The database also provides NMR data, UV-vis absorption data, IR data, MS data and HPLC data that play key roles in the identification of carotenoids. An important feature of this database is the extension of biosynthetic pathways from the literature and through the presence of the genes/enzymes in different organisms. The information contained in the database was mined from published literature and databases such as KEGG, PubChem, ChEBI, LipidBank, LPSN, and Uniprot. The database integrates user-friendly browsing and searching with carotenoid analysis tools to help the user. We believe that this database will serve as a major information centre for researchers working on bacterial carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N U Nupur
- Microbial Type Culture collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Asheema Vats
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dhanda
- Bioinformatics Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gajendra P S Raghava
- Bioinformatics Centre, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pinnaka
- Microbial Type Culture collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, 160036, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, 160036, Chandigarh, India.
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Association of Dietary Vitamin A and β-Carotene Intake with the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 19 Publications. Nutrients 2015; 7:9309-24. [PMID: 26569298 PMCID: PMC4663591 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether dietary β-carotene and vitamin A intake protect against lung cancer risk is not clear. Therefore, we performed this meta-analysis to investigate the association between them. The related articles were searched using the databases PubMed and the Web of Knowledge up to May 2015. We used the random-effect model to estimate the relative risk (RR) and their 95% CI. Small-study effect was assessed using Egger’s test. In total, 19 studies comprising 10,261 lung cancer cases met the inclusion criteria. The pooled RR and their 95% CI was 0.855 (0.739–0.989) for higher category of dietary vitamin A intake and lung cancer risk, especially among Asian populations and in the cohort studies. Evidence from 18 studies suggested that higher category of dietary β-carotene intake could reduce lung cancer risk (0.768 (0.675–0.874)).The associations were also significant in American and Asian populations. In conclusions, higher category of dietary β-carotene and vitamin A intakes could reduce the risk of lung cancer. However, the dose-response analysis was not performed due to the limited data in each individual study. Due to this limitation, further studies with detailed dose, cases and person-years for β-carotene and vitamin A of each category are wanted to assess this dose-response association.
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Lee DJ, Fleming LE, Leblanc WG, Arheart KL, Chung-Bridges K, Christ SL, Caban AJ, Pitman T. Occupation and lung cancer mortality in a nationally representative U.S. Cohort: The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). J Occup Environ Med 2007; 48:823-32. [PMID: 16902375 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000225137.19863.4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the risk of lung cancer mortality in a nationally representative sample of U.S. workers by occupation. METHODS National Death Index linkage identified 1812 lung cancer deaths among 143,863 workers who participated in the 1987, 1988, and 1990-1994 National Health Interview Surveys. RESULTS Current and former smoking status was predictive of lung cancer mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 15.1 and 3.8, respectively). Occupations with significantly higher risk for age- and smoking-adjusted lung cancer mortality included heating/air/refrigeration mechanics (HR = 3.0); not specified mechanics and repairers (HR = 2.8); financial records processing occupations (HR = 1.8); freight, stock, and materials handlers (HR = 1.5); and precision production occupations (HR = 1.4). CONCLUSION Although tobacco use continues to be the single most important risk factor for lung cancer mortality, occupational exposure to lung carcinogens should be targeted as well to further reduce the burden of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Lee
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, USA
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Meyerhardt JA, Heseltine D, Campos H, Holmes MD, Willett WC, Winer EP, Enzinger PC, Bunnell CA, Kulke MH, Fuchs CS. Assessment of a dietary questionnaire in cancer patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:8453-60. [PMID: 16293876 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.02.5460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have examined the influence of diet on survival and chemotherapy-associated toxicities in patients with cancer. Although several comprehensive dietary questionnaires have been validated and calibrated in healthy populations, similar studies have not been performed among cancer patients. METHODS Two hundred patients with colorectal, breast, or neuroendocrine cancer undergoing treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy completed a self-administered, 131-item, semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Using the questionnaire, we calculated dietary intakes of carotenoids, tocopherols, and fatty acids, and correlated these values with relevant biomarkers measured in simultaneously collected plasma specimens. RESULTS The Pearson correlation coefficients for various carotenoids as measured by the questionnaire, with the corresponding measurements in plasma specimens, ranged from 0.33 to 0.44 (all P < .001), adjusted for total energy intake, body mass index, age, sex, smoking status, and total plasma cholesterol. Similarly, the adjusted correlation between self-reported total vitamin E intake and plasma alpha-tocopherol was 0.34 (P < .001). Correlations between questionnaire and plasma measurements of trans-fat, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid were 0.55, 0.29, and 0.42 (all P < .001), respectively. These levels of correlation are consistent with those reported in similar studies of self-reported diet in otherwise healthy populations. CONCLUSION Among patients with cancer receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy, questionnaire-based measurements of various micronutrients and dietary factors appeared to predict meaningful differences in the corresponding measurements in plasma specimens. This dietary questionnaire could offer an informative and practical means for assessing the influence of diet in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Bodzioch M, Dembinska-Kiec A, Hartwich J, Lapicka-Bodzioch K, Banas A, Polus A, Grzybowska J, Wybranska I, Dulinska J, Gil D, Laidler P, Placha W, Zawada M, Balana-Nowak A, Sacha T, Kiec-Wilk B, Skotnicki A, Moehle C, Langmann T, Schmitz G. The microarray expression analysis identifies BAX as a mediator of beta-carotene effects on apoptosis. Nutr Cancer 2005; 51:226-35. [PMID: 15860445 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5102_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Beta-carotene is a ubiquitous compound rich in foods. However, there are conflicting reports regarding its role in carcinogenesis. We performed a microarray expression analysis in normal [human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)] and neoplastic (melanoma A375 and myelomonocytic leukemia U937) actively proliferating cells and found evidence that beta-carotene stimulated vital cellular functions in the former and suppressed them in the latter. These differential effects correlated with the expression of the proapoptotic BCL2-associated X protein (BAX), which was downregulated in HUVECs and upregulated in the two neoplastic cell lines. The quantitative expression analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction largely confirmed the inhibition of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) pathway-mediated apoptosis in HUVECs and its activation in melanoma and leukemic cells. The assays for apoptosis, detecting DNA breaks and caspase activation, showed consistent proapoptotic and antiapoptotic effects in U937 and HUVEC lines, respectively. However, beta-carotene-induced expression changes of BAX and other BCL2 pathway genes did not lead to the predicted induction of apoptosis in the A375 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bodzioch
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Ziemssen F, Warga M, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Wilhelm H. ["Do you have a remedy for macular degeneration?" A field study about the advice given on dietary supplementation in 60 German pharmacies]. Ophthalmologe 2005; 102:715-25. [PMID: 15912318 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-005-1231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since completion of the AREDS study, evidence has accumulated to suggest that some form of dietary supplementation may be of value in special individuals who are at risk of progressive age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). We wanted to find out which of the many supplements available are recommended in practice and which instructions, promises, and purchasing arguments are used by German pharmacies. METHODS A blinded consultation following a standardized protocol was carried out in 60 pharmacies. RESULTS In 36 pharmacies specific products for dietary supplementation were recommended, but the dosage never complied with the AREDS study, and in 24 pharmacies, the necessity for a medical examination or consultation with an ophthalmologist was not mentioned. Possible interactions with other drugs or side effects were generally excluded. CONCLUSIONS Potential risks of supplement intake were underestimated. Medical knowledge of the most frequent cause of blindness in the Western world was insufficient. A clear policy of recommendations according to evidence-based criteria is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ziemssen
- Abteilung I, Augenklinik, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen.
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Sacha T, Zawada M, Hartwich J, Lach Z, Polus A, Szostek M, Zdzi Owska E, Libura M, Bodzioch M, Dembińska-Kieć A, Skotnicki AB, Góralczyk R, Wertz K, Riss G, Moele C, Langmann T, Schmitz G. The effect of β-carotene and its derivatives on cytotoxicity, differentiation, proliferative potential and apoptosis on the three human acute leukemia cell lines: U-937, HL-60 and TF-1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1740:206-14. [PMID: 15949688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of beta-carotene (BC) and its derivatives on differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis in three human acute leukemia cell lines was studied. We investigated: (i) the cellular uptake of BC, (ii) the cytotoxicity, (iii) the effect on cell cycle progression and/or apoptosis. The dose- and time-dependent pattern of cellular BC uptake in all studied cell lines was seen. We did not observe any cytotoxic effect of BC and ATRA in the chosen concentrations. There was only limited effect of BC on gene expression. The microarrray analysis of U-937 cell line exposed to BC for 72 h showed an increased expression of BAX gene. This finding was confirmed by real-time Q-PCR analysis, and supported by a flow cytometry apoptosis tests. We did not observe any influence of studied components on cellular proliferation. The induction of differentiation after incubation with ATRA in HL-60 cells was noted. The induction of cellular apoptosis by BC was seen in all studied cell lines. We demonstrated that BC used in the concentrations achievable in vivo does not affect the proliferation and differentiation process of the studied leukemic cell lines, but can influence and enhance the apoptosis by modulating the expression of the regulatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sacha
- Chair and Department of Haematology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 17, 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
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Abstract
Pharmacologic or nutritional prevention of lung cancers is needed, especially for 60 million Americans who are former smokers. A portfolio of large-scale trials of beta-carotene, beta-carotene with and without vitamin E, and beta-carotene plus vitamin A demonstrated no benefit whatsoever from beta-carotene. The alpha-Tocopherol/beta-Carotene Trial and the beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial found significant increases in lung cancer risk and total mortality. Laboratory research soon identified multiple adverse molecular effects. Nevertheless, chemoprevention remains an active, promising strategy, with new hypotheses and new candidate agents, including many already approved as therapies. The most active area currently is focused on selective inhibition of arachidonic metabolism, both Cox-2 and Lox pathways.
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