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Fertala J, Steplewski A, Kostas J, Beredjiklian P, Williams G, Arnold W, Abboud J, Bhardwaj A, Hou C, Fertala A. Engineering and characterization of the chimeric antibody that targets the C-terminal telopeptide of the α2 chain of human collagen I: a next step in the quest to reduce localized fibrosis. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54:187-96. [PMID: 23586407 PMCID: PMC3896972 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2013.778839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the extracellular process of collagen fibril formation represents a new approach to limiting posttraumatic or postsurgical localized fibrosis. It has been demonstrated that employing a monoclonal antibody that targets the C-terminal telopeptide of the α2 chain of collagen I blocks critical collagen I-collagen I interaction, thereby reducing the amount of collagen deposits in vitro and in animal models. Here, we developed a chimeric variant of a prototypic inhibitory antibody of mouse origin. The structure of this novel antibody was analyzed by biochemical and biophysical methods. Moreover, detailed biochemical and biological studies were employed to test its antigen-binding characteristics. The ability of the chimeric variant to block formation of collagen fibrils was tested in vitro and in high-density cultures representing fibrotic processes occurring in the skin, tendon, joint capsule, and gingiva. The potential toxicity of the novel chimeric antibody was analyzed through its impact on the viability and proliferation of various cells and by testing its tissue cross-reactivity in sets of arrays of human and mouse tissues. Results of the presented studies indicate that engineered antibody-based blocker of localized fibrosis is characterized by the following: (1) a correct IgG-like structure, (2) high affinity and high specificity for a defined epitope, (3) a great potential to limit the accumulation of collagen-rich deposits, and (4) a lack of cytotoxicity and nonspecific tissue reactivity. Together, the presented study shows the great potential of the novel chimeric antibody to limit localized fibrosis, thereby setting ground for critical preclinical tests in a relevant animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Andrzej Steplewski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - James Kostas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Pedro Beredjiklian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Gerard Williams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - William Arnold
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Joseph Abboud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Anshul Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Cheryl Hou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A,Correspondence to Andrzej Fertala, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Curtis Building, Room 501, 1015 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S.A. Tel: 215-503-0113,
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Zhang A, Xue H, Ling X, Gao Y, Yang F, Cheng L, Liu J, Wu Q. Anti-HER-2 engineering antibody ChA21 inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of SK-OV-3 cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2010; 29:23. [PMID: 20214830 PMCID: PMC2846882 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Anti-HER-2 antibodies targeting distinct epitopes have different biological functions on cancer cells. In a previous study, we demonstrated that anti-HER-2 engineering antibody ChA21 was able to bind to subdomain I of HER-2 extracellular domain. In this study, The effects of ChA21 on growth and apoptosis against ovarian carcinoma cell SK-OV-3 over-expressing HER-2 in vitro and in vivo were investigated. Methods Cell growth inhibition was evaluated by MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL stain, transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry on cultured cells and tissue sections from nude mice xenografts. The apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results We found that treatment of ChA21 caused a dose-dependent decrease of cell proliferation in vitro and a significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. ChA21 therapy led to a significant increase in the induction of apoptosis, and up-regulated the expression of Bax, while the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated. Conclusion These data suggest that ChA21 inhibits the growth and induces apoptosis of SK-OV-3 via regulating the balance between Bax and Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anli Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, 69# Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, PR China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current evidence regarding hypersensitivity reactions related to the administration of biological drugs in the management of cancer, and to provide the nurse with appropriate interventions related to the management of hypersensitivity reactions. DATA SOURCES Review articles and research studies from the medical and nursing literature. CONCLUSION Current evidence is available regarding the types of reactions that are associated with the administration of biological drugs in the management of cancer. Medical and nursing studies that review the most effective management of hypersensitivity reactions related to the administration of biological drugs. A review of "best practice" is offered in this article regarding the management of hypersensitivity reactions related to the administration of biological drugs. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Nurses play a key role in the early identification of hypersensitivity reactions. Management of hypersensitivity reactions must be rapid for optimal patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Holmes Gobel
- Northwestern Memorial Hospital, 251 E. Huron-Feinberg Pavilion 4-508, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Kovtun YV, Audette CA, Ye Y, Xie H, Ruberti MF, Phinney SJ, Leece BA, Chittenden T, Blättler WA, Goldmacher VS. Antibody-drug conjugates designed to eradicate tumors with homogeneous and heterogeneous expression of the target antigen. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3214-21. [PMID: 16540673 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conjugates of the anti-CanAg humanized monoclonal antibody huC242 with the microtubule-formation inhibitor DM1 (a maytansinoid), or with the DNA alkylator DC1 (a CC1065 analogue), have been evaluated for their ability to eradicate mixed cell populations formed from CanAg-positive and CanAg-negative cells in culture and in xenograft tumors in mice. We found that in culture, conjugates of either drug killed not only the target antigen-positive cells but also the neighboring antigen-negative cells. Furthermore, we showed that, in vivo, these conjugates were effective in eradicating tumors containing both antigen-positive and antigen-negative cells. The presence of antigen-positive cells was required for this killing of bystander cells. This target cell-activated killing of bystander cells was dependent on the nature of the linker between the antibody and the drug. Conjugates linked via a reducible disulfide bond were capable of exerting the bystander effect whereas equally potent conjugates linked via a nonreducible thioether bond were not. Our data offer a rationale for developing optimally constructed antibody-drug conjugates for treating tumors that express the target antigen either in a homogeneous or heterogeneous manner.
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Beacham DA, Cukierman E. Stromagenesis: the changing face of fibroblastic microenvironments during tumor progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2005; 15:329-41. [PMID: 15970443 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During tumorigenesis, reciprocal changes in stromal fibroblasts and tumor cells induce changes to the neoplastic microenvironmental landscape. In stromagenesis, both the complex network of bi-directional stromal fibroblastic signaling pathways and the stromal extracellular matrix are modified. The presence of a 'primed' stroma during the early, reversible stage of tumorigenesis is optimal for stromal-directed therapeutic intervention. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems have been developed that mimic the in vivo microenvironment. These systems provide unique experimental tools to identify early alterations in stromagenesis that are supportive of tumor progression with the ultimate goal of blocking neoplastic permissiveness and restoring normal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Beacham
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Basic Science/Tumor Cell Biology, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-2497, USA
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Khalili P, Arakelian A, Chen G, Singh G, Rabbani SA. Effect of Herceptin on the development and progression of skeletal metastases in a xenograft model of human breast cancer. Oncogene 2005; 24:6657-66. [PMID: 16091754 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of Herceptin, a bioengineered monoclonal antibody directed against Her-2/neu oncogene on skeletal metastasis using a xenograft model of breast cancer. Treatment of Her-2 overexpressing human breast cancer cells BT-474 with Herceptin caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation. In in vivo studies, BT-474 cells (1 x 10(5)) were injected into the left ventricle of female BALB/c nu/nu mice. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) infusion of Herceptin (1 mg/kg twice a week for 5 weeks) from the day of tumor cell inoculation or at the time of radiologically detectable skeletal metastasis either slowed the development or prevented the progression of skeletal metastasis as compared to control groups of animals receiving nonspecific IgG. Bone histological analysis of long bones showed the ability of Herceptin to reduce the ratio of tumor volume to bone volume as well as mitotic index, effects that were more pronounced when Herceptin treatment was initiated from the day of tumor cell inoculation. While immunohistochemical analysis of long bones showed no difference in the production of Her-2, phosphorylated (P) Her-2 and MAPK, a significantly lower level of P-MAPK was seen in bones of Herceptin treated animals. These studies demonstrate the ability of Herceptin to inhibit the development and abrogate the progression of skeletal metastases associated with breast cancer by blocking the HER-2-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Khalili
- Department of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Manske JM, Hanson SE. Substance-P-mediated immunomodulation of tumor growth in a murine model. Neuroimmunomodulation 2005; 12:201-10. [PMID: 15990451 DOI: 10.1159/000085652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Substance P (SP) has been reported to have immunoregulatory properties including effects on many of the mediators involved in anti-tumor immunity. In this study, we investigated the effect of SP on tumor development in a murine model of melanoma. In addition, we examined the role of natural killer (NK) and T cells in SP-mediated modulation of tumor growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were implanted with mini-osmotic pumps that delivered a continuous infusion of either SP or PBS over a 14-day period. Five days following implantation, animals received K1735 melanoma cells and tumor growth was monitored. The role of NK and T cells in SP-mediated protection was examined by antibody depletion studies. To determine if cells from SP-treated animals could delay tumor growth in animals in the absence of exogenous SP infusion, splenocytes from mice treated with SP were adoptively transferred into SCID mice. RESULTS In vivoSP treatment led to a significant delay in tumor growth. When animals were depleted of NK or T cells, this protective effect was lost. Adoptive transfer of cells from SP-treated animals led to a significant protective effect on tumor growth in SCID mice. CONCLUSION Pretreatment of mice with SP provides protection against K1735 tumor growth, and this protection requires both T cells and NK cells. SP-mediated tumor protection can be transferred by the adoptive transfer of cells from SP-treated animals into animals that do not receive exogenous SP. These studies suggest a model in which in vivo SP treatment prior to tumor challenge primes immune mediators to prevent or delay tumor establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Manske
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA.
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Abstract
Proteomics is more than just a list-generating exercise where increases or decreases in protein expression are identified. Proteomic technologies will ultimately characterize information-flow through the protein circuitry that interconnects the extracellular microenvironment to the serum or plasma macroenvironment through intracellular signaling systems and their control of gene transcription. The nature of this information can be a cause or a consequence of disease processes and how patients respond to therapy. Analysis of human cancer as a model for how proteomics can have an impact at the bedside can take advantage of several promising new proteomic technologies. These technologies are being developed for early detection and risk assessment, therapeutic targeting and patient-tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel F Petricoin
- FDA-NCI, Clinical Proteomics Program, Building 29A, Room 2D12, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Petricoin E, Wulfkuhle J, Espina V, Liotta LA. Clinical proteomics: revolutionizing disease detection and patient tailoring therapy. J Proteome Res 2004; 3:209-17. [PMID: 15113096 DOI: 10.1021/pr049972m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolving discipline of Clinical Proteomics is more than simply describing and enumerating the systematic changes in the protein constituency of a cell, or just generating lists of proteins that increase or decrease in expression as a cause or consequence of disease. Clinical applications of proteomics involve the use of proteomic technologies at the bedside with the ultimate goal to characterize the information flow through the intra- and extracellular molecular protein networks that interconnect organ and circulatory systems together. These networks are both new targets for therapeutics themselves as well as underpin the dynamic changes that give rise to cascades of new diagnostic biomarkers. The analysis of human cancer can be used as a model for how clinical proteomics is having an impact at the bedside for early detection, rational therapeutic targeting, and patient-tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Petricoin
- NCI/FDA Clinical Proteomics Program, Office of Cell and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1959-1961. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i8.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
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Abstract
Proteomics, the systematic evaluation of changes in the protein constituency of a cell, is more than just the generation of lists of proteins that increase or decrease in expression as a cause or consequence of disease. The ultimate goal is to characterize the information flow through protein pathways that interconnect the extracellular microenvironment with the control of gene transcription. The nature of this information can be a cause or a consequence of disease processes. Clinical applications of proteomics involve the use of proteomic technologies at the bedside. The analysis of human cancer as a model for how proteomics can have an impact at the bedside is now employing several new proteomic technologies that are being developed for early detection, therapeutic targeting and finally, patient-tailored therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel F Petricoin
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration-National Cancer Institute Clinical Proteomics Program, Center for Biologic Evaluation and Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Lev A, Novak H, Segal D, Reiter Y. Recruitment of CTL activity by tumor-specific antibody-mediated targeting of single-chain class I MHC-peptide complexes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2988-96. [PMID: 12218113 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I-restricted CD8 CTL effector arm of the adaptive immune response is uniquely equipped to recognize tumor cells as foreign and consequently initiates the cascade of events resulting in their destruction. However, tumors have developed sophisticated strategies to escape immune effector mechanisms; their most well-known strategy is down-regulation of MHC class I molecules. To overcome this and develop new approaches for immunotherapy, we have constructed a recombinant molecule in which a single-chain MHC is specifically targeted to tumor cells through its fusion to cancer-specific recombinant Ab fragments. As a model we used a single-chain HLA-A2 molecule genetically fused to the variable domains of an anti-IL-2Ralpha subunit-specific humanized Ab, anti-Tac. The construct, termed B2M-aTac(dsFv), was expressed in Escherichia coli, and functional molecules were produced by in vitro refolding in the presence of HLA-A2-restricted antigenic peptides. Flow cytometry studies revealed the ability to decorate Ag-positive, HLA-A2-negative human tumor cells with HLA-A2-peptide complexes in a manner that was entirely dependent upon the specificity of the targeting Ab fragment. Most importantly, the B2M-aTac(dsFv)-mediated coating of the target tumor cells made them susceptible for efficient and specific HLA-A2-restricted, melanoma gp100 peptide-specific CTL-mediated lysis. These results demonstrate the concept that Ab-guided, Ag-specific targeting of MHC-peptide complexes on tumor cells can render them susceptible and more receptive and thus potentiate CTL killing. This type of approach may open the way for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies based on Ab targeting of natural cognate MHC ligands and CTL-based cytotoxic mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Binding Sites, Antibody/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Genetic Vectors/chemical synthesis
- Genetic Vectors/isolation & purification
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors/pharmacology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/genetics
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemical synthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
- beta 2-Microglobulin/immunology
- beta 2-Microglobulin/metabolism
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Lev
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Petricoin EF, Zoon KC, Kohn EC, Barrett JC, Liotta LA. Clinical proteomics: translating benchside promise into bedside reality. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002; 1:683-95. [PMID: 12209149 DOI: 10.1038/nrd891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of proteomics is to characterize the information flow through protein networks. This information can be a cause, or a consequence, of disease processes. Clinical proteomics is an exciting new subdiscipline of proteomics that involves the application of proteomic technologies at the bedside, and cancer, in particular, is a model disease for studying such applications. Here, we describe proteomic technologies that are being developed to detect cancer earlier, to discover the next generation of targets and imaging biomarkers, and finally to tailor the therapy to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel F Petricoin
- FDA-NCI Clinical Proteomics Program, Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Biologic Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Zheng N, Ye SL, Sun RX, Zhao Y, Tang ZY. Effects of cryopreservation and phenylacetate on biological characters of adherent LAK cells from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:233-6. [PMID: 11925598 PMCID: PMC4658357 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i2.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To improve the preparation of adherent lymphokine-activated killer (A-LAK) cells and to study the effects of cryopreservation and phenylacetate (PA) on biological characters of A-LAK cells.
METHODS: A-LAK cells were obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by using L-phenylalanine methyl ester (PME) to deplete immunosuppressive monocytes. Proliferative activity of SMMC7721 cell line after treatment with phenylacetate (PA) was observed. A-LAK cells were treated with the supernatant of SMMC7721 cells that had been pretreated with PA. The changes of proliferation, cytotoxicity and phenotype of A-LAK cells were investigated after cryopreservation.
RESULTS: The expansion of A-LAK cells (96.79 ± 69.10 folds on Day 14) was significantly higher than that of non-adherent LAK (NA-LAK) cells (22.77 ± 13.20) as well as conventional LAK cells (4.64 ± 0.91). PA significantly suppressed the growth of SMMC7721 cells, and the inhibitor ratio was 46%. The supernatant of cultured tumor cells intensively suppressed the proliferation and cytotoxicity of A-LAK cells, but the suppressive effect of the supernatant was previously decreased after treatment with PA. Impairments in proliferation and cytotoxicity of A-LAK cells immediately after thawing of cryopreservation and recovery after reincubation with IL-2 were observed. The cytotoxicity of thawed A-LAK cells on Day 5 was significantly higher than that of fresh A-LAK before freezing (54.8% ± 10.2% vs 40.5% ± 6.4%). No significant change in the percentage of lymphocyte subsets was identified in frozen A-LAK cells as compared with that in the fresh control cells.
CONCLUSION: A-LAK cells can be simply prepared by using PME, and showed a synergistic anti-tumor effect with the combination of PA. Cryopreservation can increase the immunoactivities of A-LAK cells from the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zheng
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Zheng N, Ye SL, Sun RX, Zhao Y, Tang ZY. The effect of phenylacetate on the expansion and cytotoxic activity of adherent lak cells from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin J Cancer Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-002-0001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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