1
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Yuan S, Almagro J, Fuchs E. Beyond genetics: driving cancer with the tumour microenvironment behind the wheel. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:274-286. [PMID: 38347101 PMCID: PMC11077468 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Cancer has long been viewed as a genetic disease of cumulative mutations. This notion is fuelled by studies showing that ageing tissues are often riddled with clones of complex oncogenic backgrounds coexisting in seeming harmony with their normal tissue counterparts. Equally puzzling, however, is how cancer cells harbouring high mutational burden contribute to normal, tumour-free mice when allowed to develop within the confines of healthy embryos. Conversely, recent evidence suggests that adult tissue cells expressing only one or a few oncogenes can, in some contexts, generate tumours exhibiting many of the features of a malignant, invasive cancer. These disparate observations are difficult to reconcile without invoking environmental cues triggering epigenetic changes that can either dampen or drive malignant transformation. In this Review, we focus on how certain oncogenes can launch a two-way dialogue of miscommunication between a stem cell and its environment that can rewire downstream events non-genetically and skew the morphogenetic course of the tissue. We review the cells and molecules of and the physical forces acting in the resulting tumour microenvironments that can profoundly affect the behaviours of transformed cells. Finally, we discuss possible explanations for the remarkable diversity in the relative importance of mutational burden versus tumour microenvironment and its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Yuan
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jorge Almagro
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Rezadoost MH, Kumleh HH, Farhadpour M, Ghasempour A, Surup F. In vitro antiproliferative activity of Parrotia persica exclusive gallotannin. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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3
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Arnal-Estapé A, Foggetti G, Starrett JH, Nguyen DX, Politi K. Preclinical Models for the Study of Lung Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapy Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:a037820. [PMID: 34518338 PMCID: PMC8634791 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental preclinical models have been a cornerstone of lung cancer translational research. Work in these model systems has provided insights into the biology of lung cancer subtypes and their origins, contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie tumor progression, and revealed new therapeutic vulnerabilities. Initially patient-derived lung cancer cell lines were the main preclinical models available. The landscape is very different now with numerous preclinical models for research each with unique characteristics. These include genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and three-dimensional culture systems ("organoid" cultures). Here we review the development and applications of these models and describe their contributions to lung cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Arnal-Estapé
- Department of Pathology
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | | | | | - Don X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology)
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Katerina Politi
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Medical Oncology)
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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4
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Chen J, Guanizo A, Luong Q, Jayasekara WSN, Jayasinghe D, Inampudi C, Szczepny A, Garama DJ, Russell PA, Ganju V, Cain JE, Watkins DN, Gough DJ. Lineage-restricted neoplasia driven by Myc defaults to small cell lung cancer when combined with loss of p53 and Rb in the airway epithelium. Oncogene 2021; 41:138-145. [PMID: 34675406 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine cancer characterized by loss of function TP53 and RB1 mutations in addition to mutations in other oncogenes including MYC. Overexpression of MYC together with Trp53 and Rb1 loss in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells of the mouse lung drives an aggressive neuroendocrine low variant subtype of SCLC. However, the transforming potential of MYC amplification alone on airway epithelium is unclear. Therefore, we selectively and conditionally overexpressed MYC stochastically throughout the airway or specifically in neuroendocrine, club, or alveolar type II cells in the adult mouse lung. We observed that MYC overexpression induced carcinoma in situ which did not progress to invasive disease. The formation of adenoma or SCLC carcinoma in situ was dependent on the cell of origin. In contrast, MYC overexpression combined with conditional deletion of both Trp53 and Rb1 exclusively gave rise to SCLC, irrespective of the cell lineage of origin. However, cell of origin influenced disease latency, metastatic potential, and the transcriptional profile of the SCLC phenotype. Together this reveals that MYC overexpression alone provides a proliferative advantage but when combined with deletion of Trp53 and Rb1 it facilitates the formation of aggressive SCLC from multiple cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Chen
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Aleks Guanizo
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Quinton Luong
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - W Samantha N Jayasekara
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Dhilshan Jayasinghe
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Chaitanya Inampudi
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Anette Szczepny
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Daniel J Garama
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Prudence A Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vinod Ganju
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Jason E Cain
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - D Neil Watkins
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Daniel J Gough
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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5
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Xiao M, Cui S, Zhang L, Yu T, Zhang G, Li L, Cai Y, Jin C, Yang J, Wu S, Li Q, Lu X. Benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-induced transformed cells identify the significance of hsa_circ_0051488, a ERCC1-derived circular RNA in pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:684-701. [PMID: 34320692 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
ERCC1 is a gene for repairing DNA damage whose function is related to carcinogenic-induced tumorigenesis and the effectiveness of platinum therapies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are products of posttranscriptional regulation with pleiotropic effects on the pathogenesis of lung cancer. We aim to identify that specific circRNAs derived from ERCC1 can regulate key biological processes involved in the development of lung cancer. We performed bioinformatics analysis, in vitro experiments, and analyzed clinical samples, to determine the biological features of a certain ERCC1-derived circRNA termed as hsa_circ_0051488 in benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-induced malignant transformed cell and lung cancer cell. The well-established model of transformed cells provided an ideal platform for analyzing the molecular characteristics of this circRNA in the malignant transformation of lung epithelial cell, which supports that hsa_circ_0051488 functions in the onset and growth of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC). Further analysis indicates that the absence of hsa_circ_0051488 promoted the proliferation of cells with the malignant phenotype. Extensive experiments confirm that hsa_circ_0051488 is present in the cytoplasm and functioned as a competing endogenous RNA. In particular, hsa_circ_0051488 binds to mir-6717-5p, thereby modulating the expression of SATB2 gene, a lung cancer suppressor. Furthermore, our in silico experiments indicate that SATB2 can inhibit multiple tumor pathways and its expression positively correlated with the tumor suppressor gene CRMP1. These findings suggest a possible regulatory mechanism of hsa_circ_0051488 in LUSC, and that the newly discovered hsa_circ_0051488/miR-6717-5p/SATB2 axis may be a potential route for therapeutic intervention of LUSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Xiao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Su Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery Ward 2, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guopei Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liuli Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qingchang Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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6
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Nakano-Narusawa Y, Yokohira M, Yamakawa K, Ye J, Tanimoto M, Wu L, Mukai Y, Imaida K, Matsuda Y. Relationship between Lung Carcinogenesis and Chronic Inflammation in Rodents. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122910. [PMID: 34200786 PMCID: PMC8230400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. There are various risk factors for lung cancer, including tobacco smoking, inhalation of dust particles, chronic inflammation, and genetic factors. Chronic inflammation has been considered a key factor that promotes tumor progression via production of cytokines, chemokines, cytotoxic mediators, and reactive oxygen species by inflammatory cells. Here, we review rodent models of lung tumor induced by tobacco, tobacco-related products, and pro-inflammatory materials as well as genetic modifications, and discuss the relationship between chronic inflammation and lung tumor. Through this review, we hope to clarify the effects of chronic inflammation on lung carcinogenesis and help develop new treatments for lung cancer. Abstract Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with an estimated 1.76 million deaths reported in 2018. Numerous studies have focused on the prevention and treatment of lung cancer using rodent models. Various chemicals, including tobacco-derived agents induce lung cancer and pre-cancerous lesions in rodents. In recent years, transgenic engineered rodents, in particular, those generated with a focus on the well-known gene mutations in human lung cancer (KRAS, EGFR, and p53 mutations) have been widely studied. Animal studies have revealed that chronic inflammation significantly enhances lung carcinogenesis, and inhibition of inflammation suppresses cancer progression. Moreover, the reduction in tumor size by suppression of inflammation in animal experiments suggests that chronic inflammation influences the promotion of tumorigenesis. Here, we review rodent lung tumor models induced by various chemical carcinogens, including tobacco-related carcinogens, and transgenics, and discuss the roles of chronic inflammation in lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoko Matsuda
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-87-891-2109; Fax: +81-87-891-2112
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7
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Leach SM, Finigan J, Vasu VT, Mishra R, Ghosh M, Foster D, Mason R, Kosmider B, Farias Hesson E, Kern JA. The Kinome of Human Alveolar Type II and Basal Cells, and Its Reprogramming in Lung Cancer. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 61:481-491. [PMID: 30917006 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0283oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mutant tyrosine kinases as oncogenic drivers of lung adenocarcinomas has changed the basic understanding of lung cancer development and therapy. Yet, expressed kinases (kinome) in lung cancer progenitor cells, as well as whether kinase expression and the overall kinome changes or is reprogrammed upon transformation, is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that the kinome differs between lung cancer progenitor cells, alveolar type II cells (ATII), and basal cells (BC) and that their respective kinomes undergo distinct lineage-specific reprogramming to adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas upon transformation. We performed RNA sequencing on freshly isolated human ATII, BC, and lung cancer cell lines to define the kinome in nontransformed cells and transformed cells. Our studies identified a unique kinome for ATII and BC and changes in their kinome upon transformation to their respective carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Leach
- Department of Biomedical Research.,Center for Genes, Environment and Health, and
| | - Jay Finigan
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Vihas T Vasu
- Department of Zoology, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India; and
| | - Rangnath Mishra
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Moumita Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Daniel Foster
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Robert Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Physiology.,Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, and.,Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jeffrey A Kern
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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8
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Grzeskowiak CL, Kundu ST, Mo X, Ivanov AA, Zagorodna O, Lu H, Chapple RH, Tsang YH, Moreno D, Mosqueda M, Eterovic K, Fradette JJ, Ahmad S, Chen F, Chong Z, Chen K, Creighton CJ, Fu H, Mills GB, Gibbons DL, Scott KL. In vivo screening identifies GATAD2B as a metastasis driver in KRAS-driven lung cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2732. [PMID: 30013058 PMCID: PMC6048166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic aberrations driving pro-oncogenic and pro-metastatic activity remain an elusive target in the quest of precision oncology. To identify such drivers, we use an animal model of KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma to perform an in vivo functional screen of 217 genetic aberrations selected from lung cancer genomics datasets. We identify 28 genes whose expression promoted tumor metastasis to the lung in mice. We employ two tools for examining the KRAS-dependence of genes identified from our screen: 1) a human lung cell model containing a regulatable mutant KRAS allele and 2) a lentiviral system permitting co-expression of DNA-barcoded cDNAs with Cre recombinase to activate a mutant KRAS allele in the lungs of mice. Mechanistic evaluation of one gene, GATAD2B, illuminates its role as a dual activity gene, promoting both pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic activities in KRAS-mutant lung cancer through interaction with c-MYC and hyperactivation of the c-MYC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin L Grzeskowiak
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Samrat T Kundu
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiulei Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Andrei A Ivanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Oksana Zagorodna
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hengyu Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Richard H Chapple
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yiu Huen Tsang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Daniela Moreno
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maribel Mosqueda
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Karina Eterovic
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jared J Fradette
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sumreen Ahmad
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fengju Chen
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zechen Chong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ken Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Don L Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA.
| | - Kenneth L Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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9
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Borlak J, Länger F, Chatterji B. Serum proteome mapping of EGF transgenic mice reveal mechanistic biomarkers of lung cancer precursor lesions with clinical significance for human adenocarcinomas. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3122-3144. [PMID: 29960043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) of the lung is a pre-invasive lesion (PL) with high risk of progression to lung cancer (LC). However, the pathways involved are uncertain. We searched for novel mechanistic biomarkers of AAH in an EGF transgenic disease model of lung cancer. Disease regulated proteins were validated by Western immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) of control and morphologically altered respiratory epithelium. Translational work involved clinical resection material. Collectively, 68 unique serum proteins were identified by 2DE-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 13 reached statistical significance (p < 0.05). EGF, amphiregulin and the EGFR endosomal sorting protein VPS28 were induced up to 5-fold while IHC confirmed strong induction of these proteins. Furthermore, ApoA1, α-2-macroglobulin, and vitamin-D binding protein were nearly 6- and 2-fold upregulated in AAH; however, ApoA1 was oppositely regulated in LC to evidence disease stage dependent regulation of this tumour suppressor. Conversely, plasminogen and transthyretin were highly significantly repressed by 3- and 20-fold. IHC confirmed induced ApoA1, Fetuin-B and transthyretin expression to influence calcification, inflammation and tumour-infiltrating macrophages. Moreover, serum ApoA4, ApoH and ApoM were 2-, 2- and 6-fold repressed; however tissue ApoM and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor expression was markedly induced to suggest a critical role of sphingosine-1-phosphate signalling in PL and malignant transformation. Finally, a comparison of three different LC models revealed common and unique serum biomarkers mechanistically linked to EGFR, cMyc and cRaf signalling. Their validation by IHC on clinical resection material established relevance for distinct human lung pathologies. In conclusion, we identified mechanistic biomarker candidates recommended for in-depth clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Borlak
- Hannover Medical School, Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Länger
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Pathology, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bijon Chatterji
- Hannover Medical School, Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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10
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Ciribilli Y, Singh P, Inga A, Borlak J. c-Myc targeted regulators of cell metabolism in a transgenic mouse model of papillary lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:65514-65539. [PMID: 27602772 PMCID: PMC5323172 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Myc's role in pulmonary cancer metabolism is uncertain. We therefore investigated c-Myc activity in papillary lung adenocarcinomas (PLAC). Genomics revealed 90 significantly regulated genes (> 3-fold) coding for cell growth, DNA metabolism, RNA processing and ribosomal biogenesis and bioinformatics defined c-Myc binding sites (TFBS) at > 95% of up-regulated genes. EMSA assays at 33 novel TFBS evidenced DNA binding activity and ChIP-seq data retrieved from public repositories confirmed these to be c-Myc bound. Dual-luciferase gene reporter assays developed for RNA-Terminal-Phosphate-Cyclase-Like-1(RCL1), Ribosomal-Protein-SA(RPSA), Nucleophosmin/Nucleoplasmin-3(NPM3) and Hexokinase-1(HK1) confirmed c-Myc functional relevance and ChIP assays with HEK293T cells over-expressing ectopic c-Myc demonstrated enriched c-Myc occupancy at predicted TFBS for RCL1, NPM3, HK1 and RPSA. Note, c-Myc recruitment on chromatin was comparable to the positive controls CCND2 and CDK4. Computational analyses defined master regulators (MR), i.e. heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1, nucleolin, the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1, triosephosphate-isomerase 1, folate transporter (SLC19A1) and nucleophosmin to influence activity of up to 90% of PLAC-regulated genes. Their expression was induced by 3-, 3-, 6-, 3-, 11- and 7-fold, respectively. STRING analysis confirmed protein-protein-interactions of regulated genes and Western immunoblotting of fatty acid synthase, serine hydroxyl-methyltransferase 1, arginine 1 and hexokinase 2 showed tumor specific induction. Published knock down studies confirmed these proteins to induce apoptosis by disrupting neoplastic lipogenesis, by endorsing uracil accumulation and by suppressing arginine metabolism and glucose-derived ribonucleotide biosynthesis. Finally, translational research demonstrated high expression of MR and of 47 PLAC up-regulated genes to be associated with poor survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients (HR 3.2 p < 0.001) thus, providing a rationale for molecular targeted therapies in PLACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yari Ciribilli
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy
| | - Prashant Singh
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alberto Inga
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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11
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Ciribilli Y, Borlak J. Oncogenomics of c-Myc transgenic mice reveal novel regulators of extracellular signaling, angiogenesis and invasion with clinical significance for human lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101808-101831. [PMID: 29254206 PMCID: PMC5731916 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Myc transcription factor is frequently deregulated in cancers. To search for disease diagnostic and druggable targets a transgenic lung cancer disease model was investigated. Oncogenomics identified c-Myc target genes in lung tumors. These were validated by RT-PCR, Western Blotting, EMSA assays and ChIP-seq data retrieved from public sources. Gene reporter and ChIP assays verified functional importance of c-Myc binding sites. The clinical significance was established by RT-qPCR in tumor and matched healthy control tissues, by RNA-seq data retrieved from the TCGA Consortium and by immunohistochemistry recovered from the Human Protein Atlas repository. In transgenic lung tumors 25 novel candidate genes were identified. These code for growth factors, Wnt/β-catenin and inhibitors of death receptors signaling, adhesion and cytoskeleton dynamics, invasion and angiogenesis. For 10 proteins over-expression was confirmed by IHC thus demonstrating their druggability. Moreover, c-Myc over-expression caused complete gene silencing of 12 candidate genes, including Bmp6, Fbln1 and Ptprb to influence lung morphogenesis, invasiveness and cell signaling events. Conversely, among the 75 repressed genes TNFα and TGF-β pathways as well as negative regulators of IGF1 and MAPK signaling were affected. Additionally, anti-angiogenic, anti-invasive, adhesion and extracellular matrix remodeling and growth suppressive functions were repressed. For 15 candidate genes c-Myc-dependent DNA binding and transcriptional responses in human lung cancer samples were confirmed. Finally, Kaplan-Meier survival statistics revealed clinical significance for 59 out of 100 candidate genes, thus confirming their prognostic value. In conclusion, previously unknown c-Myc target genes in lung cancer were identified to enable the development of mechanism-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yari Ciribilli
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Povo (TN), Italy
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Small molecule selectively suppresses MYC transcription in cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3497-3502. [PMID: 28292893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702663114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stauprimide is a staurosporine analog that promotes embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation by inhibiting nuclear localization of the MYC transcription factor NME2, which in turn results in down-regulation of MYC transcription. Given the critical role the oncogene MYC plays in tumor initiation and maintenance, we explored the potential of stauprimide as an anticancer agent. Here we report that stauprimide suppresses MYC transcription in cancer cell lines derived from distinct tissues. Using renal cancer cells, we confirmed that stauprimide inhibits NME2 nuclear localization. Gene expression analysis also confirmed the selective down-regulation of MYC target genes by stauprimide. Consistent with this activity, administration of stauprimide inhibited tumor growth in rodent xenograft models. Our study provides a unique strategy for selectively targeting MYC transcription by pharmacological means as a potential treatment for MYC-dependent tumors.
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13
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Ciribilli Y, Singh P, Spanel R, Inga A, Borlak J. Decoding c-Myc networks of cell cycle and apoptosis regulated genes in a transgenic mouse model of papillary lung adenocarcinomas. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31569-92. [PMID: 26427040 PMCID: PMC4741625 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Myc gene codes for a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper transcription factor protein and is reported to be frequently over-expressed in human cancers. Given that c-Myc plays an essential role in neoplastic transformation we wished to define its activity in lung cancer and therefore studied its targeted expression to respiratory epithelium in a transgenic mouse disease model. Using histological well-defined tumors, transcriptome analysis identified novel c-Myc responsive cell cycle and apoptosis genes that were validated as direct c-Myc targets using EMSA, Western blotting, gene reporter and ChIP assays.Through computational analyses c-Myc cooperating transcription factors emerged for repressed and up-regulated genes in cancer samples, namely Klf7, Gata3, Sox18, p53 and Elf5 and Cebpα, respectively. Conversely, at promoters of genes regulated in transgenic but non-carcinomatous lung tissue enriched binding sites for c-Myc, Hbp1, Hif1 were observed. Bioinformatic analysis of tumor transcriptomic data revealed regulatory gene networks and highlighted mortalin and moesin as master regulators while gene reporter and ChIP assays in the H1299 lung cancer cell line as well as cross-examination of published ChIP-sequence data of 7 human and 2 mouse cell lines provided strong evidence for the identified genes to be c-Myc targets. The clinical significance of findings was established by evaluating expression of orthologous proteins in human lung cancer. Taken collectively, a molecular circuit for c-Myc-dependent cellular transformation was identified and the network analysis broadened the perspective for molecularly targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yari Ciribilli
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Mattarello, Italy
| | - Prashant Singh
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Spanel
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, 41747 Viersen, Germany
| | - Alberto Inga
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, 38123 Mattarello, Italy
| | - Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Lehman HL, Stairs DB. Single and Multiple Gene Manipulations in Mouse Models of Human Cancer. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:1-15. [PMID: 26380553 PMCID: PMC4558888 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of human cancer play a critical role in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Advances continue to be made in modeling human disease in a mouse, though the relevance of a mouse model often relies on how closely it is able to mimic the histologic, molecular, and physiologic characteristics of the respective human cancer. A classic use of a genetically engineered mouse in studying cancer is through the overexpression or deletion of a gene. However, the manipulation of a single gene often falls short of mimicking all the characteristics of the carcinoma in humans; thus a multiple gene approach is needed. Here we review genetic mouse models of cancers and their abilities to recapitulate human carcinoma with single versus combinatorial approaches with genes commonly involved in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Lehman
- Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Douglas B Stairs
- Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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15
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Preclinical Murine Models for Lung Cancer: Clinical Trial Applications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:621324. [PMID: 26064932 PMCID: PMC4433653 DOI: 10.1155/2015/621324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Murine models for the study of lung cancer have historically been the backbone of preliminary preclinical data to support early human clinical trials. However, the availability of multiple experimental systems leads to debate concerning which model, if any, is best suited for a particular therapeutic strategy. It is imperative that these models accurately predict clinical benefit of therapy. This review provides an overview of the current murine models used to study lung cancer and the advantages and limitations of each model, as well as a retrospective evaluation of the uses of each model with respect to accuracy in predicting clinical benefit of therapy. A better understanding of murine models and their uses, as well as their limitations may aid future research concerning the development and implementation of new targeted therapies and chemotherapeutic agents for lung cancer.
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16
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Abstract
To date a variety of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) mouse models have been developed that mimic human lung cancer. Chemically induced or spontaneous lung cancer in susceptible inbred strains has been widely used, but the more recent genetically engineered somatic mouse models recapitulate much better the genotype-phenotype correlations found in human lung cancer. Additionally, improved orthotopic transplantation of primary human cancer tissue fragments or cells into lungs of immune-compromised mice can be valuable tools for preclinical research such as antitumor drug tests. Here we give a short overview of most somatic mouse models for lung cancer that are currently in use. We accompany each different model with a description of its practical use and application for all major lung tumor types, as well as the intratracheal injection or direct injection of fresh or freeze-thawed tumor cells or tumor cell lines into lung parenchyma of recipient mice. All here presented somatic mouse models are based on the ability to (in) activate specific alleles at a time, and in a tissue-specific cell type, of choice. This spatial-temporal controlled induction of genetic lesions allows the selective introduction of main genetic lesions in an adult mouse lung as found in human lung cancer. The resulting conditional somatic mouse models can be used as versatile powerful tools in basic lung cancer research and preclinical translational studies alike. These distinctively advanced lung cancer models permit us to investigate initiation (cell of origin) and progression of lung cancer, along with response and resistance to drug therapy. Cre/lox or FLP/frt recombinase-mediated methods are now well-used techniques to develop tissue-restricted lung cancer in mice with tumor-suppressor gene and/or oncogene (in)activation. Intranasal or intratracheal administration of engineered adenovirus-Cre or lentivirus-Cre has been optimized for introducing Cre recombinase activity into pulmonary tissues, and we discuss here the different techniques underlying these applications. Concomitant with Cre/Flp recombinase-based models are the tetracycline (Tet)-inducible bitransgenic systems in which presence or absence of doxycycline can turn the expression of a specific oncogene on or off. The use of several Tet-inducible lung cancer models for NSCLC is presented here in which the reversal of oncogene expression led to complete tumor regression and provided us with important insight of how oncogene dependence influence lung cancer survival and growth. As alternative to Tet-inducible models, we discuss the application of reversible expressed, transgenic mutant estrogen receptor (ER) fusion proteins, which are regulated via systemic tamoxifen administration. Most of the various lung cancer models can be combined through the generation of transgenic compound mice so that the use of these somatic mouse models can be even more enhanced for the study of specific molecular pathways that facilitate growth and maintenance of lung cancer. Finally, this description of the practical application and methodology of mouse models for lung cancer should be helpful in assisting researchers to make the best choices and optimal use of (existing) somatic models that suits the specific experimental needs in their study of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghaiyeh Safari
- Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Cumhuriyet Bulvari No: 144 35210, Alsancak, Izmir, Turkey
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17
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Morton JP, Sansom OJ. MYC-y mice: from tumour initiation to therapeutic targeting of endogenous MYC. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:248-58. [PMID: 23523308 PMCID: PMC5528411 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is one of the best-studied oncogenes in terms of mouse models of malignancy. MYC overexpression has been targeted to several tissues using transgenic constructs, and more recently as mouse models have evolved, conditional systems have been developed to allow the regulation of MYC expression or activity in vivo. The ability to target MYC expression to specific tissues and cell lineages, as well as the ability to regulate that expression, has made genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) a valuable resource for studying the importance of MYC in the process of tumourigenesis. Here we review how these models have been used to address the role of MYC in tumour initiation and maintenance, how subtle changes in levels of MYC can influence tumourigenesis, and finally the ongoing efforts to target endogenous MYC genetically and with novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Morton
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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18
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Rodt T, Luepke M, Boehm C, Hueper K, Halter R, Glage S, Hoy L, Wacker F, Borlak J, von Falck C. Combined micro-PET/micro-CT imaging of lung tumours in SPC-raf and SPC-myc transgenic mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44427. [PMID: 23028537 PMCID: PMC3448619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction SPC-raf and SPC-myc transgenic mice develop disseminated and circumscribed lung adenocarcinoma respectively, allowing for assessment of carcinogenesis and treatment strategies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical feasibility, the correlation of initial findings to histology and the administered radiation dose of combined micro-PET/micro-CT in these animal models. Material and Methods 14 C57BL/6 mice (4 nontransgenic, 4 SPC-raf transgenic, 6 SPC-myc transgenic) were examined using micro-CT and 18F-Fluoro-deoxyglucose micro-PET in-vivo. Micro-PET data was corrected for random events and scatter prior to reconstruction with a 3D-FORE/2D-OSEM iterative algorithm. Rigid micro-PET/micro-CT registration was performed. Tumour-to-non-tumour ratios were calculated for different lung regions and focal lesions. Diffuse tumour growth was quantified using a semiautomated micro-CT segmentation routine reported earlier. Regional histologic tumour load was assessed using a 4-point rating scale. Gamma radiation dose was determined using thermoluminescence dosimeters. Results Micro-CT allowed visualisation of diffuse and circumscribed tumours in SPC-raf and SPC-myc transgenic animals along with morphology, while micro-PET provided information on metabolism, but lacked morphologic detail. Mean tumour-to-non-tumour ratio was 2.47 for circumscribed lesions. No significant correlation could be shown between histological tumour load and tumour-to-nontumour ratio for diffuse tumours in SPC-raf transgenic animals. Calculation of the expected dose based on gamma dosimetry yielded approximately 140 mGy/micro-PET examination additional to approximately 200 mGy due to micro-CT. Conclusions Combined micro-PET/micro-CT imaging allows for in-vivo assessment of lung tumours in SPC-raf and SPC-myc transgenic mice. The technique has potential for the evaluation of carcinogenesis and treatment strategies in circumscribed lung tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rodt
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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TIP30 loss enhances cytoplasmic and nuclear EGFR signaling and promotes lung adenocarcinogenesis in mice. Oncogene 2012; 32:2273-81, 2281e.1-12. [PMID: 22733137 PMCID: PMC3460142 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma, the most common type of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), frequently overexpresses EGFR. However, the mechanisms underlying EGFR overexpression are not completely understood. Recent studies have identified that decreased expression of TIP30 is associated with the metastasis of human NSCLCs, but a causative relationship between TIP30 deficiency and NSCLC development remains unclear. We show here that Tip30 deletion leads to spontaneous development of lung adenomas and adenocarcinomas in mice. Lung tumor development was preceded by aberrant expansion of bronchioalveolar stem/progenitor and alveolar type II cells, as well as increased expression of EGFR and its downstream signaling factors in the lung of Tip30−/− mice. Moreover, TIP30 knockdown in human lung adenocarcinoma cells resulted in prolonged EGFR activity in early endosomes, delayed EGFR degradation, increased EGFR nuclear localization, leading to up-regulated pAKT and pERK1/2 expression. Importantly, in human lung adenocarcinomas, low TIP30 expression correlates with prolonged patient overall and post-progression survival times. Together, these results suggest that TIP30 functions as a tumor suppressor to inhibit EGFR cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling and suppress adenocarcinogenesis in the lung and highlight the potential of therapeutic strategies aiming at inhibiting EGFR signaling for patients with low TIP30 expression lung adenocarcinoma.
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Nomori H, Mori T, Iyama K, Okamoto T, Kamakura M. Risk of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I): case-control study results. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 17:19-23. [PMID: 21587123 DOI: 10.5761/atcs.oa.09.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) causes not only adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) but also HTLV-I associated T-cell bronchioloalveolitis, which is often chronic and subclinical. We have experienced eight HTVL-I carriers with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, which is known to arise from bronchioloalveolar pneumocytes. This case-control study clarified the risk of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in HTLV-I carriers. MATERIALS AND METHODS During the past four years, 212 lung cancer patients were examined for serum anti-HTLV-I antibody. They underwent surgical treatment for lung cancer at Kumamoto University Hospital. Of these, 8 (4%) were HTLV-I carriers. As controls for this case-control study, we selected 24 HTLV-I negative-lung cancer patients (1:3 case-control ratio) matched for sex, age, and smoking status. The distributions of histological types of lung cancer were compared between the case (HTLV-I positive) and control (HTLV-I negative) groups. RESULTS Histological types of the 8 HTLV-I carriers were bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in 6 patients and adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma component in 2. The prevalence of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in HTLV-I carriers, 6 of 8 (75%), was significantly higher than the 6 of 24 (25%) in HTLV-I negative patients (p = 0.02). The prevalence of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma or adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma component in HTLV-I carriers, 8 of 8 (100%), was also significantly higher than the 13 of 24 (54%) in HTLV-I negative patients (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION HTLV-I might be one risk of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, probably because of inflammatory and/or immunologic responses involving bronchioloalveolar pneumocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nomori
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Albihn A, Johnsen JI, Henriksson MA. MYC in oncogenesis and as a target for cancer therapies. Adv Cancer Res 2010; 107:163-224. [PMID: 20399964 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(10)07006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MYC proteins (c-MYC, MYCN, and MYCL) regulate processes involved in many if not all aspects of cell fate. Therefore, it is not surprising that the MYC genes are deregulated in several human neoplasias as a result from genetic and epigenetic alterations. The near "omnipotency" together with the many levels of regulation makes MYC an attractive target for tumor intervention therapy. Here, we summarize some of the current understanding of MYC function and provide an overview of different cancer forms with MYC deregulation. We also describe available treatments and highlight novel approaches in the pursuit for MYC-targeting therapies. These efforts, at different stages of development, constitute a promising platform for novel, more specific treatments with fewer side effects. If successful a MYC-targeting therapy has the potential for tailored treatment of a large number of different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Albihn
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Bauer AK, Fostel J, Degraff LM, Rondini EA, Walker C, Grissom SF, Foley J, Kleeberger SR. Transcriptomic analysis of pathways regulated by toll-like receptor 4 in a murine model of chronic pulmonary inflammation and carcinogenesis. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:107. [PMID: 19925653 PMCID: PMC2785769 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic strategies exist for human pulmonary neoplasia, however due to the heterogeneity of the disease, most are not very effective. The innate immunity gene, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), protects against chronic pulmonary inflammation and tumorigenesis in mice, but the mechanism is unclear. This study was designed to identify TLR4-mediated gene expression pathways that may be used as prognostic indicators of susceptibility to lung tumorigenesis in mice and provide insight into the mechanism. Methods Whole lung mRNA was isolated from C.C3H-Tlr4Lps-d (BALBLps-d; Tlr4 mutant) and BALB/c (Tlr4 normal) mice following butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-treatment (four weekly ip. injections; 150-200 mg/kg/each; "promotion"). mRNA from micro-dissected tumors (adenomas) and adjacent uninvolved tissue from both strains were also compared 27 wks after a single carcinogen injection (3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), 10 μg/g; "control") or followed by BHT (6 weekly ip. injections; 125-200 mg/kg/each; "progression"). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for inflammatory cell content and total protein determination, a marker of lung hyperpermeability; inflammation was also assessed using immunohistochemical staining for macrophages (F4/80) and lymphocytes (CD3) in mice bearing tumors (progression). Results During promotion, the majority of genes identified in the BALBLps-d compared to BALB/c mice (P < 0.05) were involved in epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling (e.g. epiregulin (Ereg)), secreted phosphoprotein 1(Spp1)), which can lead to cell growth and eventual tumor development. Inflammation was significantly higher in BALBLps-d compared to BALB/c mice during progression, similar to the observed response during tumor promotion in these strains. Increases in genes involved in signaling through the EGFR pathway (e.g. Ereg, Spp1) were also observed during progression in addition to continued inflammation, chemotactic, and immune response gene expression in the BALBLps-d versus BALB/c mice (P < 0.05), which appears to provide more favorable conditions for cell growth and tumor development. In support of these findings, the BALB/c mice also had significantly reduced expression of many immune response and inflammatory genes in both the tumors and uninvolved tissue. Conclusion This transcriptomic study determined the protective effect of TLR4 in lung carcinogenesis inhibition of multiple pathways including EGFR (e.g. Ereg), inflammatory response genes (e.g. Cxcl5), chemotaxis (e.g. Ccr1) and other cell proliferation genes (e.g. Arg1, Pthlh). Future studies will determine the utility of these pathways as indicators of immune system deficiencies and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison K Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Chatterji B, Borlak J. A 2-DE MALDI-TOF study to identify disease regulated serum proteins in lung cancer of c-myc transgenic mice. Proteomics 2009; 9:1044-56. [PMID: 19180532 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported targeted overexpression of c-myc to alveolar epithelium to cause lung cancer. We now extended our studies to the serum proteome of tumor bearing mice. Proteins were extracted with a thiourea-containing lysis buffer and separated by 2-DE at pH 4-7 and 3-10 followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis. Forty-six proteins were identified in tumor bearing mice of which n = 9 were statistically significant. This included disease regulated expression of orosomucoid-8, alpha-2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein-A1, apolipoprotein-C3, glutathione peroxidase-3, plasma retinol-binding protein, and transthyretin, while expression of apolipoprotein-E was decreased at late stages of disease. Moreover, serum amyloid P component was uniquely expressed at late stages of cancer. It is of considerable importance that most disease regulated proteins carried the E-Box sequence (CACGTG) in the promoter of the coding gene, therefore providing evidence for their regulation by c-myc. Notably, expression of alpha-2-macroglobulin, transthyretin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and properdin was in common in different lung tumor models, but regulation of orosomucoid-8, apolipoprotein-A1, apolipoprotein-C3, apolipoprotein-E, glutathione peroxidase-3, plasma retinol-binding protein, and serum amyloid P component was unique when the serum proteomes of c-myc and c-raf tumor bearing mice were compared. Therefore, candidate biomarkers to differentiate between atypical adenomatous hyperplasias (AAH) and bronchiolo-alveolar carcinomas (BAC)/papillary adenocarcinomas (PLAC) can be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijon Chatterji
- Department of Drug Research and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Reamon-Buettner SM, Borlak J. Epigenetic Silencing of Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 in Different Cancer Progenitor Cells of Transgenic c-Myc and c-Raf Mouse Lung Tumors. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7587-96. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Götz R. Inter-cellular adhesion disruption and the RAS/RAF and beta-catenin signalling in lung cancer progression. Cancer Cell Int 2008; 8:7. [PMID: 18492263 PMCID: PMC2427011 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-8-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin cell adhesion molecules play an essential role in creating tight intercellular association and their loss has been correlated with poor prognosis in human cancer. Mutational activation of protein kinases and loss of cell adhesion occur together in human lung adenocarcinoma but how these two pathways interconnect is only poorly understood. Mouse models of human lung adenocarcinoma with oncogene expression targeted to subtypes of lung epithelial cells led to formation of adenomas or adenocarcinomas that lacked metastatic potential. Conditional genetic abrogation of epithelial tumour cell adhesion in mice with benign lung tumours induced by oncogenic RAF kinase has been demonstrated to induce intratumourous vascularization (angiogenic switch), progression to invasive adenocarcinoma and micrometastasis. Importantly, breaking cell adhesion in benign oncogene-driven lung tumour cells activated beta-catenin signalling and induced the expression of several genes that are normally expressed in intestine rather than the lung. I will discuss potential routes to nuclear beta-catenin signalling in cancer and how nuclear beta-catenin may epigenetically alter the plasticity of tumour cells during malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Götz
- Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), Universität Würzburg, Germany.
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BAC Consensus Conference, November 4???6, 2004: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Preclinical Models. J Thorac Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01243894-200611001-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Christiani DC, Pao W, DeMartini JC, Linnoila RI, Malkinson AM, Onn A, Politi KA, Sharp M, Kim K. BAC Consensus Conference, November 4–6, 2004: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Preclinical Models. J Thorac Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1556-0864(15)30002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Human lung cancer is responsible for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths worldwide with >160,000 deaths in the United States alone annually. Recent advances in the identification of novel mutations relevant to lung cancer from a myriad of genomic studies might translate into meaningful diagnostic and therapeutic progress. Towards this end, a genetic model animal system that can validate the oncogenic roles of these mutations in vivo would facilitate the understanding of the pathogenesis of lung cancer as well as provide ideal preclinical models for targeted therapy testing. The mouse is a promising model system, as complex human genetic traits causal to lung cancer, from inherited polymorphisms to somatic mutations, can be recapitulated in its genome via genetic manipulation. We present here a brief overview of the existing mouse models of lung cancers and the challenges and opportunities for building the next generation of lung cancer mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dutt
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Abstract
Elucidation of the biology of stem cells of the lung parenchyma could revolutionise treatment of patients with lung disorders such as cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome, emphysema, and fibrotic lung disease. How close is this goal? Despite remarkable observations and ensuing advances, more questions than answers have been generated. Progenitors of the alveolar epithelium remain largely mysterious, so the prospect of isolating enough of these cells and delivering them effectively to cure disease remains remote. Similarly, the bone-marrow-derived cell that might most effectively engraft the lung remains unknown. If this mechanism is an important process for lung repair, why will the administration of additional cells be more effective? Finally, there is an issue of control of multipotent cells to avoid the generation of multiple teratomas, longevity of the graft, and possible immunological reactions to gene products inserted to replace a deficiency. The biology is exciting but not yet well enough understood to support therapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J D Griffiths
- Unit of Critical Care, Imperial College London at National Heart and Lung Institute and Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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30
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Abstract
In recent years several new mouse models for lung cancer have been described. These include models for both non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Tumorigenesis in these conditional mouse tumor models can be initiated in adult mice through Cre-recombinase-induced activation of oncogenic mutations in a subset of the cells. They present a marked improvement over mouse models that depend on carcinogen induction of tumors. These models permit us to study the consecutive steps involved in initiation and progression and allow us to address questions like the cell of origin, and the role of cancer stem cells in the maintenance of these tumors. They now need to be validated as suitable preclinical models for intervention studies in which questions with respect to therapy response and resistance can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Meuwissen
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Center of Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Cho YY, Bode AM, Mizuno H, Choi BY, Choi HS, Dong Z. A novel role for mixed-lineage kinase-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase alpha in neoplastic cell transformation and tumor development. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3855-64. [PMID: 15172994 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously, no member of the mixed-lineage kinase (MLK) protein family was known to function as an oncogene. Here, we demonstrate that MLK-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase (MLTK)-alpha, a member of the MLK family, induced neoplastic cell transformation and tumorigenesis in athymic nude mice. Introduction of small interference RNA (siRNA)-MLTK-alpha into MLTK-alpha-overexpressing cells dramatically suppressed cell transformation. Nuclear accumulation of the pHisG-MLTK-alpha fusion protein was observed after epidermal growth factor or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment. Phosphorylation of downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase-targeted transcription factors including c-Myc, Elk-1, c-Jun, and activating transcription factor (ATF) 2 was also differentially enhanced in MLTK-alpha-overexpressing cells exposed to epidermal growth factor or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate stimulation compared with cells expressing mock vector or siRNA-MLTK-alpha. Very importantly, MLTK-alpha-overexpressing cells formed fibrosarcomas when injected s.c. into athymic nude mice, whereas almost no tumor formation was observed in mice that received injections of mock or siRNA-MLTK-alpha stably transfected cells. These results are the first to indicate that MLTK-alpha plays a key role in neoplastic cell transformation and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yeon Cho
- Hormel Institute University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota 55912, USA
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32
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Kim MJ, Park BJ, Kang YS, Kim HJ, Park JH, Kang JW, Lee SW, Han JM, Lee HW, Kim S. Downregulation of FUSE-binding protein and c-myc by tRNA synthetase cofactor p38 is required for lung cell differentiation. Nat Genet 2003; 34:330-6. [PMID: 12819782 DOI: 10.1038/ng1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2003] [Accepted: 05/19/2003] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
p38 is associated with a macromolecular tRNA synthetase complex. It has an essential role as a scaffold for the complex, and genetic disruption of p38 in mice causes neonatal lethality. Here we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying lethality of p38-mutant mice. p38-deficient mice showed defects in lung differentiation and respiratory distress syndrome. p38 was found to interact with FUSE-binding protein (FBP), a transcriptional activator of c-myc. Binding of p38 stimulated ubiquitination and degradation of FBP, leading to downregulation of c-myc, which is required for differentiation of functional alveolar type II cells. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) induced p38 expression and promoted its translocation to nuclei for the regulation of FBP and c-myc. Thus, this work identified a new activity of p38 as a mediator of TGF-beta signaling and its functional importance in the control of c-myc during lung differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for ARS Network, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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33
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Danesi R, de Braud F, Fogli S, de Pas TM, Di Paolo A, Curigliano G, Del Tacca M. Pharmacogenetics of anticancer drug sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55:57-103. [PMID: 12615954 DOI: 10.1124/pr.55.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the process of malignant transformation is characterized by the loss or down-regulation of tumor-suppressor genes and/or the mutation or overexpression of proto-oncogenes, whose products promote dysregulated proliferation of cells and extend their life span. Deregulation in intracellular transduction pathways generates mitogenic signals that promote abnormal cell growth and the acquisition of an undifferentiated phenotype. Genetic abnormalities in cancer have been widely studied to identify those factors predictive of tumor progression, survival, and response to chemotherapeutic agents. Pharmacogenetics has been founded as a science to examine the genetic basis of interindividual variation in drug metabolism, drug targets, and transporters, which result in differences in the efficacy and safety of many therapeutic agents. The traditional pharmacogenetic approach relies on studying sequence variations in candidate genes suspected of affecting drug response. However, these studies have yielded contradictory results because of the small number of molecular determinants of drug response examined, and in several cases this approach was revealed to be reductionistic. This limitation is now being overcome by the use of novel techniques, i.e., high-density DNA and protein arrays, which allow genome- and proteome-wide tumor profiling. Pharmacogenomics represents the natural evolution of pharmacogenetics since it addresses, on a genome-wide basis, the effect of the sum of genetic variants on drug responses of individuals. Development of pharmacogenomics as a new field has accelerated the progress in drug discovery by the identification of novel therapeutic targets by expression profiling at the genomic or proteomic levels. In addition to this, pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics provide an important opportunity to select patients who may benefit from the administration of specific agents that best match the genetic profile of the disease, thus allowing maximum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Danesi
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Ehrhardt A, Bartels T, Klocke R, Paul D, Halter R. Increased susceptibility to the tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in transgenic mice overexpressing c-myc and epidermal growth factor in alveolar type II cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 129:71-5. [PMID: 12669230 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-002-0400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2002] [Accepted: 11/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As previously described, SPC/myc transgenic mice developed bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinomas derived from alveolar type II (AT II) cells within 10-14 months, whereas SPC/IgEGF transgenic mice developed hyperplasias. Our purpose was to determine the potential interplay of environmental and genetic factors in lung tumorigenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-week-old SPC/myc and SPC/IgEGF transgenic mice, overexpressing c-myc and a secretable form of the epidermal growth factor (IgEGF) under the control of the surfactant protein C (SPC) promoter, were treated with a single dose of the tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). As control groups, SPC/myc and SPC/IgEGF transgenic mice were treated with NaCl and non-transgenic littermates were treated with NNK or NaCl, respectively. RESULTS After 6 months, none of the NaCl-treated transgenic littermates showed bronchioloalveolar hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma formation, whereas 100% of the NNK-treated SPC/myc transgenic mice did. The effect of NNK on SPC/IgEGF transgenic mice was less pronounced, inducing hyperplasia in the lung in only 16.7% of them. In 90% of the NNK-treated non-transgenic littermates no neoplastic changes were detected in the lung. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the progression of pulmonary bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinomas, induced by expression of c-myc as a transgene, was accelerated by NNK, suggesting that c-myc cooperates with NNK-induced mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ehrhardt
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Herzig M, Christofori G. Recent advances in cancer research: mouse models of tumorigenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1602:97-113. [PMID: 12020798 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(02)00039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, cancer research has gained major insights into the complexity of tumor development, in particular into the molecular mechanisms that underlie the progressive transformation of normal cells into highly malignant derivatives. It is estimated that the transformation of a normal cell to a malignant tumor cell is dependent upon a small number of genetic alterations, estimated to be within the range of four to seven rate-limiting events. Critical events in the evolution of neoplastic disease include the loss of proliferative control, the failure to undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis), the onset of neoangiogenesis, tissue remodeling, invasion of tumor cells into surrounding tissue and, finally, metastatic dissemination of tumor cells to distant organs. In patients, the molecular analysis of these multiple steps is hampered by the unavailability of tumor biopsies from all tumor stages. In contrast, mouse models of tumorigenesis allow the reproducible isolation of all tumor stages, including normal tissue, which are then amenable to pathological, genetic and biochemical analyses and, hence, have been instrumental in investigating cancer-related genes and their role in carcinogenesis. In this review, we discuss mouse tumor models that have contributed substantially to the identification and characterization of novel tumor pathways. In particular, we focus on transgenic and knockout mouse models that closely mimic human cancer and thus can be used as model systems for cancer research.
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36
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Zajac-Kaye M. Myc oncogene: a key component in cell cycle regulation and its implication for lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2001; 34 Suppl 2:S43-6. [PMID: 11720740 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(01)00343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Myc gene family which includes c-Myc, N-Myc and L-Myc, are transcription factors that play a role in cell proliferation, apoptosis and in the development of human tumors. Myc amplification and overexpression has been detected in lung cancer of different histologic subtypes. Although the mechanism of Myc action is not yet fully understood, Myc has been proposed to play a role in growth control and cell cycle progression by stimulating and repressing the expression of key cell cycle regulators. This review will focus on the role of Myc in stimulating the G1/S transition of the cell cycle by regulating the levels and activity of cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases (cdk), cdk inhibitors and the pRb-binding transcription factor E2F. It is proposed that both the overexpression of Myc and the deregulation of the pRB/E2F pathway promotes the G1 to S transition in parallel by activating cyclinE/cdk2 complexes in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zajac-Kaye
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Navy Oncology Branch, Naval Hospital, Building 8, R 5101, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA.
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