1
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He M, He Q, Cai X, Chen Z, Lao S, Deng H, Liu X, Zheng Y, Liu X, Liu J, Xie Z, Yao M, Liang W, He J. Role of lymphatic endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment-a narrative review of recent advances. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:2252-2277. [PMID: 34164274 PMCID: PMC8182726 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background As lymphatic vessel is a major route for solid tumor metastasis, they are considered an essential part of tumor drainage conduits. Apart from forming the walls of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) have been found to play multiple other roles in the tumor microenvironment, calling for a more in-depth review. We hope that this review may help researchers gain a detailed understanding of this fast-developing field and shed some light upon future research. Methods To achieve an informative review of recent advance, we carefully searched the Medline database for English literature that are openly published from the January 1995 to December 2020 and covered the topic of LEC or lymphangiogenesis in tumor progression and therapies. Two different authors independently examined the literature abstracts to exclude possible unqualified ones, and 310 papers with full texts were finally retrieved. Results In this paper, we discussed the structural and molecular basis of tumor-associated LECs, together with their roles in tumor metastasis and drug therapy. We then focused on their impacts on tumor cells, tumor stroma, and anti-tumor immunity, and the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. Special emphasis on lung cancer and possible therapeutic targets based on LECs were also discussed. Conclusions LECs can play a much more complex role than simply forming conduits for tumor cell dissemination. Therapies targeting tumor-associated lymphatics for lung cancer and other tumors are promising, but more research is needed to clarify the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihua He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuyu Cai
- Department of VIP Region, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zisheng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Shen Lao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongsheng Deng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanhong Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maojin Yao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,The First People Hospital of Zhaoqing, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Jianxing He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Reck M, Luft A, Bondarenko I, Shevnia S, Trukhin D, Kovalenko NV, Vacharadze K, Andrea F, Hontsa A, Choi J, Shin D. A phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study to compare the efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity between SB8 (proposed bevacizumab biosimilar) and reference bevacizumab in patients with metastatic or recurrent nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2020; 146:12-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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3
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The role of tumor-derived exosomes in tumor angiogenesis and tumor progression. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2019-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Exosomes, belonging to the group of extracellular bodies, are released by healthy as well as cancerous cells and serve as a communication pathway. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) possess the capacity to reprogram the function of normal cells owing to their genetic and molecular cargo. Such exosomes target endothelial cells (among others) in the tumor microenvironment to promote angiogenesis. Blood supply is essential in solid tumor growth and metastasis. The potential of pro-angiogenic changes is enhanced by an increased amount of circulating tumor-derived exosomes in the body fluids of cancer patients. A vascular network is important, since the proliferation, as well as the metastatic spread of cancer cells depends on an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients, and the removal of waste products. New blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are formed through processes called angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, respectively. Angiogenesis is regulated by both activator and inhibitor molecules. Thousands of patients have received anti-angiogenic therapy to date. Despite their theoretical efficacy, anti-angiogenic treatments have not proved beneficial in terms of long-term survival. Tumor-derived exosomes carrying pro-angiogenic factors might be a target for new anti-cancer therapy.
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4
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Saw PE, Song EW. Phage display screening of therapeutic peptide for cancer targeting and therapy. Protein Cell 2019; 10:787-807. [PMID: 31140150 PMCID: PMC6834755 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-0639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, phage display technology has been announced as the recipient of Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018. Phage display technique allows high affinity target-binding peptides to be selected from a complex mixture pool of billions of displayed peptides on phage in a combinatorial library and could be further enriched through the biopanning process; proving to be a powerful technique in the screening of peptide with high affinity and selectivity. In this review, we will first discuss the modifications in phage display techniques used to isolate various cancer-specific ligands by in situ, in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo screening methods. We will then discuss prominent examples of solid tumor targeting-peptides; namely peptide targeting tumor vasculature, tumor microenvironment (TME) and over-expressed receptors on cancer cells identified through phage display screening. We will also discuss the current challenges and future outlook for targeting peptide-based therapeutics in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Er-Wei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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5
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Tang KD, Liu J, Russell PJ, Clements JA, Ling MT. Gamma-Tocotrienol Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by Targeting the Ang-1/Tie-2 Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019. [PMID: 30866453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051164,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that gamma-tocotrienol (γ-T3), a vitamin E isomer, has potent anti-cancer properties against a wide-range of cancers. γ-T3 not only inhibited the growth and survival of cancer cells in vitro, but also suppressed angiogenesis and tumour metastasis under in vivo conditions. Recently, γ-T3 was found to target cancer stem cells (CSCs), leading to suppression of tumour formation and chemosensitisation. Despite its promising anti-cancer potential, the exact mechanisms responsible for the effects of γ-T3 are still largely unknown. Here, we report the identification of Ang-1 (Angiopoietin-1)/Tie-2 as a novel γ-T3 downstream target. In prostate cancer cells, γ-T3 treatment leads to the suppression of Ang-1 at both the mRNA transcript and protein levels. Supplementing the cells with Ang-1 was found to protect them against the anti-CSC effect of γ-T3. Intriguingly, inactivation of Tie-2, a member receptor that mediates the effect of Ang-1, was found to significantly enhance the cytotoxic effect of γ-T3 through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and subsequent interruption of autophagy. Our results highlighted the therapeutic potential of using γ-T3 in combination with a Tie-2 inhibitor to treat advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dun Tang
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Ji Liu
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Pamela J Russell
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Judith A Clements
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Ming-Tat Ling
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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6
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Gamma-Tocotrienol Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by Targeting the Ang-1/Tie-2 Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051164. [PMID: 30866453 PMCID: PMC6429150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that gamma-tocotrienol (γ-T3), a vitamin E isomer, has potent anti-cancer properties against a wide-range of cancers. γ-T3 not only inhibited the growth and survival of cancer cells in vitro, but also suppressed angiogenesis and tumour metastasis under in vivo conditions. Recently, γ-T3 was found to target cancer stem cells (CSCs), leading to suppression of tumour formation and chemosensitisation. Despite its promising anti-cancer potential, the exact mechanisms responsible for the effects of γ-T3 are still largely unknown. Here, we report the identification of Ang-1 (Angiopoietin-1)/Tie-2 as a novel γ-T3 downstream target. In prostate cancer cells, γ-T3 treatment leads to the suppression of Ang-1 at both the mRNA transcript and protein levels. Supplementing the cells with Ang-1 was found to protect them against the anti-CSC effect of γ-T3. Intriguingly, inactivation of Tie-2, a member receptor that mediates the effect of Ang-1, was found to significantly enhance the cytotoxic effect of γ-T3 through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and subsequent interruption of autophagy. Our results highlighted the therapeutic potential of using γ-T3 in combination with a Tie-2 inhibitor to treat advanced prostate cancer.
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7
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Xu S, Yang J, Xu S, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Liu L, Liu H, Dong Y, Teng Z, Xing X. Lymphatic vessel density as a prognostic indicator in Asian NSCLC patients: a meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:128. [PMID: 30081883 PMCID: PMC6091207 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the association of lymphatic vessel density (LVD) with the prognosis of Asian non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients via a meta-analysis. METHODS Eligible studies were selected by searching PubMed and EMBASE from inception to July 25, 2017. The reference lists of the retrieved articles were also consulted. The information was independently screened by two authors. When heterogeneity was significant, a random-effects model was used to determine overall pooled risk estimates. RESULTS A total of 15 studies with 1075 patients were finally included in the meta-analysis. LVD was positively associated with the prognosis of NSCLC in the overall analysis (hazard ratio (HR) 1.14, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.02-1.27, p = 0.000, I2 = 73.2%). Subgroup analyses were performed on 5 VEGFR-3 groups (p = 0.709, I2 = 0.0%), 3 LYVE-1 groups (p = 0.01, I2 = 86.4%), 5 D2-40 groups (p = 0.019, I2 = 66.2%), and 2 podoplanin groups (p = 0.094, I2 = 64.5%). Sensitivity analysis indicated robust results. There was no publication bias. CONCLUSIONS LVD is an indicator of poor prognosis in Asian NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglan Xu
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, No. 245, East Renmin Road, Kunming, 650051, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuangyan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- The People's Hospital of Yuxi City, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, No. 245, East Renmin Road, Kunming, 650051, Yunnan, China
| | - Liqiong Liu
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, No. 245, East Renmin Road, Kunming, 650051, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Liu
- The People's Hospital of Yuxi City, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunlong Dong
- The People's Hospital of Yuxi City, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhaowei Teng
- The People's Hospital of Yuxi City, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiqian Xing
- First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, No. 245, East Renmin Road, Kunming, 650051, Yunnan, China.
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8
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Lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic systemomics, and cancer: context, advances and unanswered questions. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:419-424. [PMID: 29808352 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ever since it was discovered that endothelial cells line lymphatic vessels, investigators have been working on unraveling the mechanisms that control the growth of this distinctive endothelium and its role in normal physiology and human disease. Recent technological advances have ushered in a new era of "omics" research on the lymphatic system. Research on the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of lymphatics has increased our understanding of the biology of the lymphatic vasculature. Here, we introduce the context-lymphatic "systemomics," then briefly review some of the latest advances in research on tumor-associated lymphatic vessels highlighting several "omic" studies that have shed light on mechanisms controlling the growth and function of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels. We conclude by returning, with unanswered questions, to the larger context of cancer and the lymphatic system as a vasculature, circulation, route of entry and transport, and control center of the immune network.
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9
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Dematei A, Fernandes R, Soares R, Alves H, Richter J, Botelho MC. Angiogenesis in Schistosoma haematobium-associated urinary bladder cancer. APMIS 2017; 125:1056-1062. [PMID: 28960560 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma haematobium, a parasitic flatworm that infects more than 100 million people, mostly in the developing world, is the causative agent of urogenital schistosomiasis, and is associated with a high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the bladder. During infection, eggs are deposited in the bladder causing an intense inflammatory reaction. Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting ones and is recognized as a key event in cell proliferation and carcinogenesis and spread of malignant lesions. A growing amount of evidence points to angiogenesis playing a key role in schistosomiasis-associated bladder cancer. Thus, identifying biomarkers of this process plays an important role in the study of cancer. Here, we review recent findings on the role of angiogenesis in bladder cancer and the growth factors that induce and assist in their development, particularly SCC of the bladder associated to urogenital schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Dematei
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Biomedicina, Unidade de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Alves
- Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, INSA - National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.,Fundação Professor Ernesto Morais, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joachim Richter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monica C Botelho
- I3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Diseases, INSA - National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
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Xu T, Li D, Wang H, Zheng T, Wang G, Xin Y. MUC1 downregulation inhibits non-small cell lung cancer progression in human cell lines. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4443-4447. [PMID: 29104655 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is aberrantly unregulated in numerous types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and serves a key role as an oncogene in the tumorigenesis of various human adenocarcinomas. Studies have indicated that MUC1 is involved in cell proliferation, invasion and migration. However, the role of MUC1 in NSCLC progression remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of MUC1 in stable MUC1-low-expression NSCLC cell lines that were generated by transfection with MUC1-siRNA. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was preformed to determine the proliferation ability of NSCLC cells, while cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of MUC1 were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. Western blot analysis was also used for detection of other associated proteins. The results demonstrated that, compared with the control group, the cell proliferation ability was significantly declined in the MUC1 inhibition group, and the cell apoptosis rate was markedly increased. Inhibition of MUC1 gene in NCI-H1650 cells suppressed cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. In addition, the protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-C were notably decreased by MUC1 inhibition, indicating the anti-angiogenic effect of MUC1 downregulation. Furthermore, inhibition of MUC1 gene with MUC1-siRNA significantly suppressed the phosphorylation of protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In conclusion, the findings indicated that silencing of MUC1 gene may inhibit the development of NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Daowei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Taohua Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Guangqiang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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11
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Butera G, Pacchiana R, Donadelli M. Autocrine mechanisms of cancer chemoresistance. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 78:3-12. [PMID: 28751251 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of studies highlight the role of cancer secretome in the modification of tumour microenvironment and in the acquisition of cancer cell resistance to therapeutic drugs. The knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between cancer cell-secreted factors and chemoresistance is becoming fundamental for the identification of novel anticancer therapeutic strategies overcoming drug resistance and novel prognostic secreted biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the novel findings concerning the regulation of secreted molecules by cancer cells compromising drug sensitivity. In particular, we highlight data from available literature describing the involvement of cancer cell-secreted molecules determining chemoresistance in an autocrine manner, including: i) growth factors; ii) glycoproteins; iii) inflammatory cytokines; iv) enzymes and chaperones; and v) tumor-derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Butera
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pacchiana
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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12
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Association between VEGF-A, C and D expression and lymph node involvement in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2016; 31:e235-44. [PMID: 26954069 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is the primary cause of death in patients with breast cancer. Although VEGF-A, C and D are considered to be prime factors in lymph node metastasis in breast cancer, the published studies have conflicting conclusions. METHODS To resolve this conflict, we conducted a meta-analysis of 37 studies (n = 5,001 patients) evaluating the correlation between VEGF-A, C and D immunohistochemical expression and lymph node metastasis (LNM). The meta-analysis included 22 studies of VEGF-A, 17 of VEGF-C, and 6 of VEGF-D. The relationships between VEGF-A, C and D and clinicopathological parameters were also examined. RESULTS The results showed a significant association between VEGF-A or VEGF-C overexpression and LNM (risk ratio [RR] = 1.28 [95% CI 1.04-1.58], p = 0.02; and RR = 1.36 [95% CI 1.07-1.72], p = 0.01, respectively). Subgroup evaluation showed a significant association between VEGF-A, C and D overexpression and LNM when analyses were limited to Asian patients (RR = 1.78 [95% CI 1.28-2.46], p = 0.0005; RR = 1.38 [95% CI 1.04-1.84], p = 0.03, and RR = 2.62 [95% CI 1.35-5.09], p = 0.004, respectively). VEGF-A overexpression was significantly associated with lymph vessel invasion (RR = 1.86 [95% CI 1.33-2.60], p = 0.0003). Overexpression of VEGF-C or VEGF-D was significantly associated with HER-2 positivity (RR = 1.30 [95% CI 1.06-1.59], p = 0.01; and RR = 1.75 [95% CI 1.01-3.03], p = 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS With some limitations, our meta-analysis indicated that VEGF-A and C could predict LNM in patients with breast cancer, particularly Asian patients.
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13
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Sun H, Tang F, Zhou S, Li X, Wang S, Huang K, Jia Y, Tian X, Ma D, Li S. Association between vascular endothelial growth factor expression and lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer: A meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:1310-1316. [PMID: 27334572 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by cancer cells has been identified as a factor that is associated with lymph node metastasis (LNM) in some cancers, but an accurate description of the relation between VEGF and LNM in cervical cancer is lacking. We conducted a concurrent meta-analysis to investigate this issue. METHODS We searched PubMed and EMBASE for articles addressing the association between VEGF and cervical cancer. We used stata 12.0 and calculated the crude odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity between the studies included was assessed by Cochran's Q-test. RESULTS Overall, 16 relevant studies with 426 cases and 751 controls were included in our study. The results demonstrated that cervical cancer patients with VEGF-positive expression had a 2.87-fold higher risk of LNM than patients without VEGF-positive expression (95%CI = 1.85-4.44, P < 0.001). Furthermore, subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed that VEGF-positive expression could increase the risk of LNM in cervical cancer among Asian populations (OR = 2.55, 95%CI = 1.61-4.03, P < 0.001) and Caucasian populations (OR = 8.81, 95%CI = 2.78-27.88, P < 0.001). Moreover, subgroup analysis by country revealed that VEGF-positive expression could increase the risk of LNM in cervical cancer among Chinese populations (OR = 3.38, 95%CI = 2.18-5.25, P < 0.001) but not among Korean populations (P = 0.84) or Japanese populations (P = 0.06). Subgroup analysis based on sample size proved that VEGF-positive expression was statistically associated with LNM in a large sample group. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that VEGF-positive expression is related with higher risk of LNM in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangxu Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoshuai Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kecheng Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xun Tian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Zheng CL, Qiu C, Shen MX, Qu X, Zhang TH, Zhang JH, Du JJ. Prognostic impact of elevation of vascular endothelial growth factor family expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: an updated meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:1881-95. [PMID: 25773840 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.5.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vascular endothelial growth factor family has been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis. The prognostic value of each vascular endothelial growth factor family member, particular VEGF/ VEGFR co-expression, in patients with non-small lung cancer remains controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant literature was identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Studies evaluating expression of VEGFs and/or VEGFRs by immunohistochemistry or ELISA in lung cancer tissue were eligible for inclusion. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from individual study were pooled by using a fixed- or random-effect model, heterogeneity and publication bias analyses were also performed. RESULTS 74 studies covering 7,631 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Regarding pro-angiogenesis factors, the expression of VEGFA (HR=1.633, 95%CI: 1.490-1.791) and VEGFR1 (HR=1.924, 95%CI: 1.220-3.034) was associated separately with poor survival. Especially, VEGFA over-expression was an independent prognostic factor in adenocarcinoma (ADC) (HR=1.775, 95%CI: 1.384-2.275) and SCC (HR=2.919, 95%CI: 2.060-4.137). Co-expression of VEGFA/VEGFR2 (HR=2.011, 95%CI: 1.405-2.876) was also significantly associated with worse survival. For lymphangiogenesis factors, the expression of VEGFC (HR=1.611, 95%CI: 1.407-1.844) predicted a poor prognosis. Co-expression of VEGFC/VEGFR3 (HR=2.436, 95%CI: 1.468-4.043) emerged as a preferable prognostic marker. CONCLUSIONS The expression of VEGFA (particularly in SCC and early stage NSCLC), VEGFC, VEGFR1 indicates separately an unfavorable prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Co-expression VEGFA/ VEGFR2 is comparable with VEGFC/VEGFR3, both featuring sufficient discrimination value as preferable as prognostic biologic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Long Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China E-mail :
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15
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Kilvaer TK, Paulsen EE, Hald SM, Wilsgaard T, Bremnes RM, Busund LT, Donnem T. Lymphangiogenic Markers and Their Impact on Nodal Metastasis and Survival in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer--A Structured Review with Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132481. [PMID: 26305218 PMCID: PMC4549062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), nodal metastasis is an adverse prognostic factor. Several mediating factors have been implied in the development of nodal metastases and investigated for predictive and prognostic properties in NSCLC. However, study results differ. In this structured review and meta-analysis we explore the published literature on commonly recognized pathways for molecular regulation of lymphatic metastasis in NSCLC. Methods A structured PubMed search was conducted for papers reporting on the expression of known markers of lymhangiogenesis in NSCLC patients. Papers of sufficient quality, presenting survival and/or correlation data were included. Results High levels of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C, HR 1.57 95% CI 1.34–1.84) and high lymphatic vascular density (LVD, HR 1.84 95% CI 1.18–2.87) were significant prognostic markers of poor survival and high expression of VEGF-C, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) and LVD was associated with lymph node metastasis in NSCLC. Conclusion Lymphangiogenic markers are prognosticators of survival and correlate with lymph node metastasis in NSCLC. Their exact role and clinical implications should be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K. Kilvaer
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Erna-Elise Paulsen
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Sigurd M. Hald
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Tom Wilsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Roy M. Bremnes
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Lill-Tove Busund
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
- Institute of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Tom Donnem
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Lee SH, Jeong D, Han YS, Baek MJ. Pivotal role of vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor angiogenesis. Ann Surg Treat Res 2015; 89:1-8. [PMID: 26131438 PMCID: PMC4481026 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2015.89.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The shaping of new blood vessels is a significant event in cancer growth and metastasis. Therefore, the molecular system of cancer angiogenesis has garnered considerable interest in cancer research. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor pathway are recognized as the key regulators of the angiogenic process. Activation of the VEGF/VEGF-receptor pathway initiates signaling cascades that promote endothelial cell growth, migration, and differentiation. Recently, VEGF was shown to play a role in the recruitment of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells to neovascularization sites. The role of VEGF in promoting tumor angiogenesis and the occurrence of human cancers has led to the rational design and development of agents that selectively target this pathway. Moreover, these anti-VEGF/VEGF receptor agents show therapeutic potential by inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth in preclinical models. In this review, we summarize the role of the VEGF pathway during tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dongjun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Han
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moo Jun Baek
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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Popper HH, Ryska A, Tímár J, Olszewski W. Molecular testing in lung cancer in the era of precision medicine. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2015; 3:291-300. [PMID: 25806314 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2014.10.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The clinical expectations how pathologists should submit lung cancer diagnosis have changed dramatically. Until mid 90-ties a clear separation between small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) was mostly sufficient. With the invention of antiangiogenic treatment a differentiation between squamous and non-squamous NSCLC was requested. When epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation was detected in patients with pulmonary adenocarcinomas and subsequent specific treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) was invented, sub-classification of NSCLC and molecular analysis of the tumor tissue for mutations was asked for. Pathologists no longer submit just a diagnosis, but instead are involved in a multidisciplinary team for lung cancer patient management. After EGFR several other driver genes such as echinoderm microtubule associated protein like 4-AL-Kinase 1 (EML4-ALK1), c-ros oncogene 1, receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1), discoidin domain receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (DDR2), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) were discovered, and more to come. Due to new developments in bronchology (EUS, EBUS) the amount of tissue submitted for diagnosis and molecular analysis is decreasing, however, the genes to be analyzed are increasing. Many of these driver gene aberrations are inversions or translocations and thus require FISH analysis. Each of these analyses requires a certain amount of tumor cells or one to two tissue sections from an already limited amount of tissues or cells. In this respect new genetic test systems have been introduced such as next generation sequencing, which enables not only to detect multiple mutations in different genes, but also amplifications and fusion genes. As soon as these methods have been validated for routine molecular analysis this will enable the analysis of multiple genetic changes simultaneously. In this review we will focus on genetic aberrations in NSCLC, resistance to new target therapies, and also to methodological requirements for a meaningful evaluation of lung cancer tissue and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut H Popper
- 1 Research Unit for Molecular Lung & Pleura Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria ; 2 The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic ; 3 Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Molecular Oncology Research Group, HAS-SU, Budapest, Hungary ; 4 Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, 5 Roentgen Str. 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ales Ryska
- 1 Research Unit for Molecular Lung & Pleura Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria ; 2 The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic ; 3 Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Molecular Oncology Research Group, HAS-SU, Budapest, Hungary ; 4 Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, 5 Roentgen Str. 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - József Tímár
- 1 Research Unit for Molecular Lung & Pleura Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria ; 2 The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic ; 3 Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Molecular Oncology Research Group, HAS-SU, Budapest, Hungary ; 4 Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, 5 Roentgen Str. 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz Olszewski
- 1 Research Unit for Molecular Lung & Pleura Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria ; 2 The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and Faculty Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic ; 3 Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Molecular Oncology Research Group, HAS-SU, Budapest, Hungary ; 4 Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, 5 Roentgen Str. 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
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WANG ZHAOXIA, LV JIYUAN, ZHANG TIANTIAN. Combination of IL-24 and cisplatin inhibits angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis of cervical cancer xenografts in a nude mouse model by inhibiting VEGF, VEGF-C and PDGF-B. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2468-76. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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19
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Yu FX, Hu WJ, He B, Zheng YH, Zhang QY, Chen L. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promote osteosarcoma cell proliferation and invasion. World J Surg Oncol 2015; 13:52. [PMID: 25890096 PMCID: PMC4334855 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-015-0465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) are locally adjacent to the tumor tissues and may interact with tumor cells directly. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of BMSCs on the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and the possible mechanism involved. Methods BMSCs were co-cultured with osteosarcoma cells, and CCK-8 assay was used to measure cell proliferation. The ELISA method was used to determine the concentration of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in the supernatants. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the expression of CXCR4 in osteosarcoma cells and BMSCs. Matrigel invasion assay was performed to measure tumor cell invasion. Results SDF-1 was detected in the supernatants of BMSCs, but not in osteosarcoma cells. Higher CXCR4 mRNA levels were detected in the osteosarcoma cell lines compared to BMSCs. In addition, conditioned medium from BMSCs can promote the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells, and AMD3100, an antagonist for CXCR4, can significantly downregulate these growth-promoting effects. Conclusions BMSCs can promote the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells, which may involve the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xiang Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325002, China.
| | - Wei-Jian Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325002, China.
| | - Bin He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325002, China.
| | - Yi-Hu Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325002, China.
| | - Qi-Yu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325002, China.
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Nan Bai Xiang Street, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325002, China.
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20
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Kotsakis A, Kentepozidis N, Emmanouilidis C, Polyzos A, Agelidou A, Vaslamatzis M, Chandrinos V, Agelaki S, Vamvakas L, Kalbakis K, Katsaounis P, Stoltidis D, Nintos G, Hatzidaki D, Vetsika EK, Mavroudis D, Georgoulias V. Sequential administration of vinorelbine plus cisplatin and bevacizumab followed by docetaxel plus gemcitabine and bevacizumab compared to docetaxel plus cisplatin and bevacizumab regimen as first-line therapy for advanced or metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer: A multicenter randomized phase II trial of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG). Lung Cancer 2015; 88:57-62. [PMID: 25662596 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the activity and tolerance of the consecutive administration of four active chemotherapeutic agents in combination with bevacizumab to a bevacizumab- and platinum-based chemotherapy doublet as front-line treatment in patients with non-squamous NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced/metastatic NSCLC, performance status of 0-2 and normal organ function were randomized to receive either 3 cycles every 3 weeks of cisplatin 80 mg/m(2) (day 1), oral vinorelbine 60 mg/m(2) (days 1 and 8) and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg (day 1) every 3 weeks (VCB regimen) followed by 3 cycles of docetaxel (75 mg/m(2), day 1), gemcitabine (1100 mg/m(2), days 1 and 8) and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg (day 1) (DGB regimen) (arm A) or 6 cycles of cisplatin 80 mg/m(2), docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg on day 1 (DCB regimen; arm B) every 3 weeks. RESULTS Thirty-eight and 39 patients were enrolled in arm A and B, respectively. The study did not meet its primary endpoint since, the ORR was 39.5% (95% CI: 23.9-55.0%; 1CR and 14 PR) and 46.2% (95% CI: 30.5-61.8%; 2 CR and 16 PR) in arm A and B, respectively (p=0.554). There was no significant difference in terms of response duration (7.4 versus 4.7 months in arm A and B, respectively; p=0.697), progression-free survival (5.8 versus 5.5 months, respectively; p=0.540) and overall survival (16.9 versus 10.9 months; p=0.390). No difference was recorded between the two arms regarding the toxicity profile. There were two drug-related deaths in arm B. CONCLUSION Sequential therapy of VCB followed by DGB is a feasible and well-tolerated regimen but failed to show any superiority over the standard DCB regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kotsakis
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece.
| | - N Kentepozidis
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - Ch Emmanouilidis
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - A Polyzos
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - A Agelidou
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - M Vaslamatzis
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - V Chandrinos
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - S Agelaki
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - L Vamvakas
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - K Kalbakis
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - P Katsaounis
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - D Stoltidis
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - G Nintos
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - D Hatzidaki
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - E K Vetsika
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - D Mavroudis
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
| | - V Georgoulias
- On behalf of the Lung Cancer Working Group of the Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 55 Lomvardou Street, 11471, Athens, Greece
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21
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Radiation-induced VEGF-C expression and endothelial cell proliferation in lung cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 2014; 190:1154-62. [PMID: 24989178 PMCID: PMC4240909 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-014-0708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was undertaken to investigate whether radiation induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) through activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway,subsequently affecting endothelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radiotherapy-induced tumor micro-lymphatic vessel density (MLVD) was determined in a lung cancer xenograft model established in SCID mice. The protein expression and phosphorylation of members of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and VEGF-C secretion and mRNA expression in irradiated lung cancer cells were assessed by Western blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Moreover, specific chemical inhibitors were used to evaluate the role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Conditioned medium (CM) from irradiated control-siRNA or VEGF-C-siRNA-expressing A549 cells was used to evaluate the proliferation of endothelial cells by the MTT assay. RESULTS Radiation increased VEGF-C expression in a dose-dependent manner over time at the protein but not at the mRNA level. Radiation also up-regulated the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, 4EBP, and eIF4E, but not of p70S6K. Radiation-induced VEGF-C expression was down-regulated by LY294002 and rapamycin (both p < 0.05). Furthermore, CM from irradiated A549 cells enhanced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) proliferation, which was not observed with CM from irradiated VEGF-C-siRNA-expressing A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS Radiation-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway increases VEGF-C expression in lung cancer cells, thereby promoting endothelial cell proliferation.
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Watari K, Shibata T, Kawahara A, Sata KI, Nabeshima H, Shinoda A, Abe H, Azuma K, Murakami Y, Izumi H, Takahashi T, Kage M, Kuwano M, Ono M. Tumor-derived interleukin-1 promotes lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis through M2-type macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99568. [PMID: 24924428 PMCID: PMC4055709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors formed by a highly metastatic human lung cancer cell line are characterized by activated signaling via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C through its receptor (VEGFR-3) and aggressive lymph node metastasis. In this study, we examined how these highly metastatic cancers acquired aggressive lymph node metastasis. Compared with their lower metastatic counterparts, the highly metastatic tumors formed by this cell line expressed higher amounts of interleukin (IL)-1α, with similarly augmented expression of IL-1α and IL-1β by tumor stromal cells and of VEGF-A and VEGF-C by tumor-associated macrophages. These tumor-associated macrophages were mainly of the M2 type. Administration of a macrophage-targeting drug suppressed the production of these potent angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors, resulting in decreased tumor growth, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and lymph node metastasis. In Matrigel plug assays, the highly metastatic cells formed tumors that were extensively infiltrated by M2-type macrophages and exhibited enhanced angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. All of these responses were suppressed by the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) antagonist anakinra. Thus, the IL-1α-driven inflammatory activation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis seems to provide a highly metastatic tumor microenvironment favorable for lymph node metastasis through cross-talk with macrophages. Accordingly, the IL-1R/M2-type macrophage axis may be a good therapeutic target for patients with this form of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Watari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawahara
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Sata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nabeshima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ai Shinoda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Abe
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Koichi Azuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yuichi Murakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroto Izumi
- Department of Occupational Pneumology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kage
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Michihiko Kuwano
- Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ono
- Department of Pharmaceutical Oncology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Cho HJ, Kim IK, Park SM, Baek KE, Nam IK, Park SH, Ryu KJ, Choi J, Ryu J, Hong SC, Jeong SH, Lee YJ, Ko GH, Kim J, Won Lee C, Soo Kang S, Yoo J. VEGF-C mediates RhoGDI2-induced gastric cancer cell metastasis and cisplatin resistance. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:1553-63. [PMID: 24585459 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2) expression is correlated with tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance in gastric cancer. However, the mechanisms by which RhoGDI2 promotes tumor cell survival and metastasis remain unclear. In this study, we clearly demonstrate that RhoGDI2 upregulates VEGF-C expression and RhoGDI2 expression is positively correlated with VEGF-C expression in human gastric tumor tissues as well as parental gastric cancer cell lines. VEGF-C depletion suppressed RhoGDI2-induced gastric cancer metastasis and sensitized RhoGDI2-overexpressing cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Secreted VEGF-C enhanced gastric cancer cell invasion and conferred cisplatin resistance to RhoGDI2-overexpressing cells. We also show that RhoGDI2 positively regulates Rac1 activity in gastric cancer cells. Inhibition of Rac1 expression suppressed RhoGDI2-induced VEGF-C expression, and this inhibition was associated with decreased invasiveness and increased sensitivity to cisplatin in RhoGDI2-overexpressing cells. Our results indicate that RhoGDI2 might be a potential therapeutic target for simultaneously reducing metastasis risk and enhancing chemotherapy efficacy in gastric cancer.
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Wang Z, Wu XL, Wang X, Tian HX, Chen ZH, Li YQ. The biophysical property of A549 cells transferred by VEGF-D. SCANNING 2014; 36:202-208. [PMID: 23526563 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) together with VEGF-C is considered to be associated with lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis and involve in tumorization. This study aims to investigate the influence of exogenous VEGF-D gene on the biophysical property of cell surface of lung adenocarcinoma cell line. A panel of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines were examined the expression of VEGF-D and VEGF-C by real-time PCR. The VEGF-D recombinant plasmid containing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) was constructed and transfected to the cell line with no expression of VEGF-D and confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Topographic images of cells were obtained by using atomic force microscope (AFM) in contact mode. Unlike VEGF-C, VEGF-D was found to have a very low expression or undetectable expression in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. The VEGF-D recombinant plasmid had been constructed successfully and was transferred into the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 cells which had no endogenous expression of VEGF-D, and exogenous VEGF-D could be detected in mRNA and protein expression levels in the gene modified cells, while the VEGF-C gene expression had no change after VEGF-D transfection. After transfection, the irregular microspikes or nano clusters could observe on the surface of A549 cells, and VEGF-D transfected A549 cells became more rigid. The exogenous VEGF-D gene might cause the remarkable biophysical architectural changes in the A549 cells, which might as a novel biomarker for evaluation of its biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiu-Li Wu
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hong-Xia Tian
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hong Chen
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yang-Qiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Cazes A, Gibault L, Rivera C, Mordant P, Riquet M. [Lymphatic extension and lymphangiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer]. REVUE DE PNEUMOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2014; 70:26-31. [PMID: 24566036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneumo.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is a major adverse prognostic factor of malignant tumors, including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However the characterization of tumor associated lymphatic vessels and lymphangiogenic mediators in NSCLC are recent and their prognostic role is debated. Lymphatic vascular invasion (LVI) appears like a robust adverse prognostic factor when reported in NSCLC. This parameter should be better standardized and could be of use in adjuvant therapy indications. Moreover, anti-lymphangiogenesis therapies are currently under investigation and may become part of the anti-cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cazes
- Service d'anatomie pathologique, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Unversité Paris Descartes, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - L Gibault
- Service d'anatomie pathologique, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - C Rivera
- Service de chirurgie thoracique, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Unversité Paris Descartes, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - P Mordant
- Service de chirurgie thoracique, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Unversité Paris Descartes, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - M Riquet
- Service de chirurgie thoracique, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France; Unversité Paris Descartes, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
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Yang C, Zhang Z. The Expression of VEGF-C and It’s Receptor VEGFR-3 Correlates with Lymph Node Metastasis in Gastric Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojgas.2014.412050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li J, Hong M, Pan T. Clinical significance of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 26:587-90. [PMID: 17219976 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-006-0528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) expression and clinicopathologic features of the patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was investigated. The expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 was assessed in 65 patients with NSCLC by immunohistochemistry. The significance of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression was analyzed statistically. The results showed that VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 were highly expressed in cytoplasm and membrane in lung cancer tissues with the positive rate being 55.4 % and 52.3 % respectively, while there was no expression in the normal lung tissues. The expression of VEGF-C was significantly increased in adenocacinoma as compared to other types of NSCLC (P<0.05). The VEGFR-3 expression was closely related with lymph node metastasis (P<0.01) and TNM stage (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression in NSCLC patients (r=0.658, P<0.01). It is suggested that VEGFR-3 plays an important role in the lymphatic metastasis of NSCLC. The interaction between VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 may be deeply involved in the mechanism of lung cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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28
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Holzer TR, Fulford AD, Nedderman DM, Umberger TS, Hozak RR, Joshi A, Melemed SA, Benjamin LE, Plowman GD, Schade AE, Ackermann BL, Konrad RJ, Nasir A. Tumor cell expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80292. [PMID: 24244672 PMCID: PMC3828187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust immunohistochemical (IHC) assay for VEGFR2 was developed to investigate its utility for patient tailoring in clinical trials. The sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity of the IHC assay were established by siRNA knockdown, immunoblotting, mass spectrometry, and pre-absorption experiments. Characterization of the assay included screening a panel of multiple human cancer tissues and an independent cohort of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC, n = 118) characterized by TTF-1, p63, CK5/6, and CK7 IHC. VEGFR2 immunoreactivity was interpreted qualitatively (VEGFR2 positive/negative) in blood vessels and by semi-quantitative evaluation using H-scores in tumor cells (0-300). Associations were determined among combinations of VEGFR2 expression in blood vessels and tumor cells, and clinico-pathologic characteristics (age, sex, race, histologic subtype, disease stage) and overall survival using Kaplan-Meier analyses and appropriate statistical models. VEGFR2 expression both in blood vessels and in tumor cells in carcinomas of the lung, cervix, larynx, breast, and others was demonstrated. In the validation cohort, 99/118 (83.9%) NSCLC tissues expressed VEGFR2 in the blood vessels and 46/118 (39.0%) showed high tumor cell positivity (H-score ≥10). Vascular and tumor cell expression were inversely correlated (p = 0.0175). High tumor cell expression of VEGFR2 was associated with a 3.7-fold reduction in median overall survival in lung squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC, n = 25, p = 0.0134). The inverse correlation between vascular and tumor cell expression of VEGFR2 and the adverse prognosis associated with high VEGFR2 expression in immunohistochemically characterized pulmonary SCC are new findings with potential therapeutic implications. The robustness of this novel IHC assay will support further evaluation of its utility for patient tailoring in clinical trials of antiangiogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Holzer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Angie D. Fulford
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Drew M. Nedderman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tara S. Umberger
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Rebecca R. Hozak
- Oncology Statistics-Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Adarsh Joshi
- Oncology Statistics-Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Symantha A. Melemed
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Benjamin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Plowman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Schade
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bradley L. Ackermann
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Aejaz Nasir
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Senthilkumar K, Venkatesan J, Manivasagan P, Kim SK. Antiangiogenic effects of marine sponge derived compounds on cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:1097-1108. [PMID: 24148290 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The term "angiogenic switch" refers to a time-restricted event during tumor progression where the balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, resulting in the transition from dormant avascularized hyperplasia to outgrowing vascularized tumor and eventually to malignant tumor progression. Targeting angiogenesis and its mechanistic pathways are critical target for cancer therapy. Recently, marine derived compounds, plays major role in cancer research. Several sponge derived compounds such as alkaloids, terpenes, macrocylic lactone and polyketide are leading drugs in the treatment of different types of diseases including cancer. Those marine sponge compounds inhibit cancer cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. Hence, this review sheds light on angiogenic regulators and marine sponge derived antiangiogenic compounds for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalimuthu Senthilkumar
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea
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Jiang H, Shao W, Zhao W. VEGF-C in non-small cell lung cancer: meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 427:94-9. [PMID: 24144865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to clarify the prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) in survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of relevant literature to aggregate the available survival results, using studies published in English until May 2013. Eligible studies dealt with VEGF-C assessment in NSCLC patients on primary lesions and reported survival data according to VEGF-C expression. RESULTS We aggregated 16 trials, comprising 1988 patients, in this meta-analysis. The overall combined hazard ratio (HR) was 1.65 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37-1.98) and was calculated using a random-effects model. It associated high VEGF-C expression with poor survival in all NSCLC patients, including those with stage I NSCLC and high VEGF-C expression (HR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.22-3.28). However, VEGF-C expression did not significantly correlate with survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) (HR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.01-2.18). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis shows that VEGF-C expression is associated with poor prognosis for NSCLC patients, including patients with stage I NSCLC. However, VEGF-C expression is not significantly correlated with survival for patients with lung ADC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Southeast University, 1-1 Zhongfu Street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, PR China.
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Ji SQ, Cao J, Zhang QY, Li YY, Yan YQ, Yu FX. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells promote pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:758-64. [PMID: 24068191 PMCID: PMC3854435 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the effects of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) on the
proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro
and the possible mechanism involved, ADSCs were cocultured with pancreatic
cancer cells, and a cell counting kit (CCK-8) was used to detect the
proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. ELISA was used to determine the
concentration of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in the supernatants.
RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in
pancreatic cancer cells and ADSCs. An in vitro invasion assay
was used to measure invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. SDF-1 was detected in
the supernatants of ADSCs, but not in pancreatic cancer cells. Higher CXCR4 mRNA
levels were detected in the pancreatic cancer cell lines compared with ADSCs
(109.3±10.7 and 97.6±7.6 vs 18.3±1.7, respectively; P<0.01).
In addition, conditioned medium from ADSCs promoted the proliferation and
invasion of pancreatic cancer cells, and AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist,
significantly downregulated these growth-promoting effects. We conclude that
ADSCs can promote the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells,
which may involve the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Q Ji
- Second Military Medical University, Department of Liver Surgery I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Hein M, Graver S. Tumor cell response to bevacizumab single agent therapy in vitro. Cancer Cell Int 2013; 13:94. [PMID: 24059699 PMCID: PMC3849065 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-13-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis represents a highly multi-factorial and multi-cellular complex (patho-) physiologic event involving endothelial cells, tumor cells in malignant conditions, as well as bone marrow derived cells and stromal cells. One main driver is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA), which is known to interact with endothelial cells as a survival and mitogenic signal. The role of VEGFA on tumor cells and /or tumor stromal cell interaction is less clear. Condition specific (e.g. hypoxia) or tumor specific expression of VEGFA, VEGF receptors and co-receptors on tumor cells has been reported, in addition to the expression on the endothelium. This suggests a potential paracrine/autocrine loop that could affect changes specific to tumor cells. Methods We used the monoclonal antibody against VEGFA, bevacizumab, in various in vitro experiments using cell lines derived from different tumor entities (non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer (BC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC)) in order to determine if potential VEGFA signaling could be blocked in tumor cells. The experiments were done under hypoxia, a major inducer of VEGFA and angiogenesis, in an attempt to mimic the physiological tumor condition. Known VEGFA induced endothelial biological responses such as proliferation, migration, survival and gene expression changes were evaluated. Results Our study was able to demonstrate expression of VEGF receptors on tumor cells as well as hypoxia regulated angiogenic gene expression. In addition, there was a cell line specific effect in tumor cells by VEGFA blockade with bevacizumab in terms of proliferation; however overall, there was a limited measurable consequence of bevacizumab therapy detected by migration and survival. Conclusion The present study showed in a variety of in vitro experiments with several tumor cell lines from different tumor origins, that by blocking VEGFA with bevacizumab, there was a limited autocrine or cell-autonomous function of VEGFA signaling in tumor cells, when evaluating VEGFA induced downstream outputs known in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Hein
- Physiological Chemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Dobashi A, Imazu H, Tatsumi N, Okabe M, Ang TL, Tajiri H. Quantitative analysis of VEGF-C mRNA of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with real-time PCR using samples obtained during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:848-55. [PMID: 23721191 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.800990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C overexpression in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) has been shown to be correlated with lymph node metastasis. The intensity of immunohistochemical staining of VEGF-C protein in surgical samples has been used as index of VEGF-C overexpression in previous studies. The aim of the study was to examine if VEGF-C overexpression in ECC could be preoperatively detected by using samples obtained during ERCP. METHODS Consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for biliary stricture during the study period were prospectively analyzed. VEGF-C mRNA was quantified by real-time PCR methods using endoscopic samples obtained during ERCP. The high intensity of immunohistochemical staining of VEGF-C protein in surgical samples was used for the reference standard of VEGF-C overexpression. The level of S100P mRNA which was a novel diagnostic marker of ECC was also quantified to evaluate whether the endoscopic samples contained ECC cells. RESULTS Twenty-five patients were enrolled in this study. Eighteen patients were diagnosed as ECC and seven patients were diagnosed as benign biliary structure. Nine of eighteen patients with ECC, who showed positive S100P mRNA in endoscopic samples and received surgical resection, were finally analyzed. Receiver operating characteristics analysis yielded VEGF-C mRNA cut-off value of 3.85 for detection of VEGF-C overexpression, and the diagnostic performance of VEGF-C mRNA measurement in the endoscopic sample for VEGF-C overexpression reached sensitivity of 75.0%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 88.9%. CONCLUSION The quantification of VEGF-C mRNA of ECC with real-time PCR using endoscopic samples was useful for preoperative detection of VEGF-C overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Dobashi
- Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu Q, Wang L, Wang Z, Yang Y, Tian J, Liu G, Guan D, Cao X, Zhang Y, Hao A. GRIM-19 opposes reprogramming of glioblastoma cell metabolism via HIF1α destabilization. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1728-36. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Endobronchial ultrasound doppler image features correlate with mRNA expression of HIF1-α and VEGF-C in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2013; 7:1661-7. [PMID: 23059773 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e318265b4df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We attempted to assess the correlation between the Doppler mode image patterns during endobronchial ultrasound-guided (EBUS) transbronchial needle aspiration and the expression of angiogenesis-related molecules within lymph nodes in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. METHODS Thirty-eight archived EBUS- transbronchial needle aspiration samples of lymph nodes (27 metastatic and 11 nonmetastatic) in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer with Doppler mode ultrasound image were analyzed. The Doppler mode image of the vasculature of the targeted lymph node was categorized into the following groups: normal blood flow, low blood flow (LBF), and high blood flow (HBF). Vascular index ratio (vascular area/lymph node area) of each metastatic lymph node was calculated. Total RNA and protein was extracted and analyzed for expression of HIF-1α, VEGF-A, and VEGF-C by quantitative RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Within the 27 metastatic lymph nodes, eight were categorized into the LBF group and 19 into the HBF group. Vascular index ratio was significantly higher in HBF than LBF (p = 0.0003). mRNA expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-A was significantly higher in metastatic lymph nodes than in benign lymph nodes (p < 0.0001). Compared with LBF and HBF, HIF-1α mRNA expression was significantly higher in LBF (p = 0.01) and VEGF-C mRNA expression was significantly higher in HBF (p = 0.0315). There was no significant difference in protein expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. CONCLUSIONS The vascularity of metastatic lymph nodes observed by EBUS correlates with the mRNA expression of HIF-1α and VEGF-C (not VEGF-A). This correlation is a clinical utility that needs to be evaluated further.
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Chen JC, Chang YW, Hong CC, Yu YH, Su JL. The role of the VEGF-C/VEGFRs axis in tumor progression and therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:88-107. [PMID: 23344023 PMCID: PMC3565253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) has been identified as a multifaceted factor participating in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. VEGF-C is not only expressed in endothelial cells, but also in tumor cells. VEGF-C signaling is important for progression of various cancer types through both VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3). Likewise, both receptors are expressed mainly on endothelial cells, but also expressed in tumor cells. The dimeric VEGF-C undergoes a series of proteolytic cleavage steps that increase the protein binding affinity to VEGFR-3; however, only complete processing, removing both the N- and C-terminal propeptides, yields mature VEGF-C that can bind to VEGFR-2. The processed VEGF-C can bind and activate VEGFR-3 homodimers and VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 heterodimers to elicit biological responses. High levels of VEGF-C expression and VEGF-C/VEGFRs signaling correlate significantly with poorer prognosis in a variety of malignancies. Therefore, the development of new drugs that selectively target the VEGF-C/VEGFRs axis seems to be an effective means to potentiate anti-tumor therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chieh Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Yi-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Beitou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chih-Chen Hong
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
| | - Yang-Hao Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Liang Su
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-C.C.); (C.-C.H.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, No. 500, Lioufeng Road, Wufeng Shiang, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-4-2205-2121 (ext. 7932); Fax: +886-4-2233-3496
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Wang L, Liu Q, Zhao H, Cui K, Yao L, Nie F, Jin G, Hao A, Wong STC. Differential effects of low- and high-dose GW2974, a dual epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2 kinase inhibitor, on glioblastoma multiforme invasion. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:128-37. [PMID: 23115024 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB1) and HER2 (ErbB2) tyrosine kinases frequently occurs in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients and is considered to be associated with tumor malignancy and poor patient prognosis. In the present study, a dual EGFR and HER2 inhibitor (GW2974) was evaluated for its effects in GBM in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that low-concentration GW2974 inhibited GBM cell invasion, whereas a high concentration of the same compound counteracted this effect. Similar results were observed in an intracranial GBM xenograft model, in which, although both doses of GW2974 slowed tumor growth, no improvement in survival was observed in mice treated with high-dose GW2974, presumably because of the augmentation of tumor invasion. By protein microarray and Western blot analyses, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was found to be activated in GBM cells under high-concentration GW2974. Additionally, blockage of the p38 MAPK pathway reproduced the inhibitory effect of low-concentration GW2974 on cell invasion. These data suggest that the p38 MAPK pathway might contribute to the differential regulation of cell invasion by GW2974. Taken together, our results indicate that GW2974 exerts different effects in GBM depending on drug dosage. This offers a new perspective on the role of GW2974 in tumor progression, providing a potential strategy for GBM treatment based on precise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Jadus MR, Natividad J, Mai A, Ouyang Y, Lambrecht N, Szabo S, Ge L, Hoa N, Dacosta-Iyer MG. Lung cancer: a classic example of tumor escape and progression while providing opportunities for immunological intervention. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:160724. [PMID: 22899945 PMCID: PMC3414063 DOI: 10.1155/2012/160724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancers remain one of the most common and deadly cancers in the world today (12.5% of newly diagnosed cancers) despite current advances in chemo- and radiation therapies. Often, by the time these tumors are diagnosed, they have already metastasized. These tumors demonstrate the classic hallmarks of cancer in that they have advanced defensive strategies allowing them to escape various standard oncological treatments. Immunotherapy is making inroads towards effectively treating other fatal cancers, such as melanoma, glioblastoma multiforme, and castrate-resistant prostate cancers. This paper will cover the escape mechanisms of bronchogenic lung cancer that must be overcome before they can be successfully treated. We also review the history of immunotherapy directed towards lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Jadus
- Research Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, 5901 E. 7th Street, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA.
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Coso S, Zeng Y, Opeskin K, Williams ED. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 directly interacts with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to regulate lymphangiogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39558. [PMID: 22745786 PMCID: PMC3382126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunctional lymphatic vessel formation has been implicated in a number of pathological conditions including cancer metastasis, lymphedema, and impaired wound healing. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family is a major regulator of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) function and lymphangiogenesis. Indeed, dissemination of malignant cells into the regional lymph nodes, a common occurrence in many cancers, is stimulated by VEGF family members. This effect is generally considered to be mediated via VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. However, the role of specific receptors and their downstream signaling pathways is not well understood. Methods and Results Here we delineate the VEGF-C/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3 signaling pathway in LECs and show that VEGF-C induces activation of PI3K/Akt and MEK/Erk. Furthermore, activation of PI3K/Akt by VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 resulted in phosphorylation of P70S6K, eNOS, PLCγ1, and Erk1/2. Importantly, a direct interaction between PI3K and VEGFR-3 in LECs was demonstrated both in vitro and in clinical cancer specimens. This interaction was strongly associated with the presence of lymph node metastases in primary small cell carcinoma of the lung in clinical specimens. Blocking PI3K activity abolished VEGF-C-stimulated LEC tube formation and migration. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that specific VEGFR-3 signaling pathways are activated in LECs by VEGF-C. The importance of PI3K in VEGF-C/VEGFR-3-mediated lymphangiogenesis provides a potential therapeutic target for the inhibition of lymphatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Coso
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yiping Zeng
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kenneth Opeskin
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D. Williams
- Centre for Cancer Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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SUN ZG, WANG Z, ZHANG M. Correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor C expression and prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinomas after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2012; 8:e68-76. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2011.01514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Karatzanis AD, Koudounarakis E, Papadakis I, Velegrakis G. Molecular pathways of lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 269:731-7. [PMID: 22015738 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-011-1809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis to regional lymph nodes constitutes the main route toward progression and dissemination of head and neck carcinoma; at the same time it is the most significant adverse prognostic indicator for this disease. In recent years, significant focus has been given on the molecular mechanisms behind lymph node metastasis of head and neck cancer. The aim of this study is to assess the role of growth factor expression and function in association with lymph node metastasis and overall prognosis of head and neck cancer. Current literature, searching for experimental data regarding the molecular pathways of lymph node dissemination of head and neck cancer, is reviewed giving special emphasis on the expression and prognostic significance of specific growth factors. Members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), mostly VEGF-C and VEGF-D, with their action through the receptors VEGFR-3 and VEGFR-2, constitute the most extensively studied growth factors associated with lymphangiogenesis so far. High expression of these as well as other molecules, including angiopoietins, insulin-like growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor, has been associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Numerous growth factors seem to play an important role regarding the lymph node metastatic potential of head and neck cancer. Further research is necessary in order to further clarify the molecular pathways and introduce novel therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Karatzanis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Crete Medical School, University Hospital of Crete, Panepistimiou Avenue, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Feng Y, Hu J, Ma J, Feng K, Zhang X, Yang S, Wang W, Zhang J, Zhang Y. RNAi-mediated silencing of VEGF-C inhibits non-small cell lung cancer progression by simultaneously down-regulating the CXCR4, CCR7, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3-dependent axes-induced ERK, p38 and AKT signalling pathways. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2353-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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代 学, 王 文, 申屠 阳, 张 杰. [Expression and prognostic value of VEGF-C and lymphangeogenesis in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2011; 14:774-9. [PMID: 22008106 PMCID: PMC5999940 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2011.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), a member of the VEGF family, has been proven to be a relatively special VEGF. When binding to its receptor VEGFR-3, it activates lymphangiogenesis, which likely induces lymph node metastasis in tumors. The aim of this study is to characterize the expression and prognostic value of VEGF-C and lymphangiogenesis in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS Through immunohistochemistry, the lymph vessel endothelial cells undergoing lymphangiogenesis were stained with podoplanin to detect the expression of VEGF-C and lymphangiogenesis in 98 cases with stage IIIa (N2) lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. RESULTS The expression rate of the VEGF-C was positively correlated with the lymphatic microvessel density (LMVD; r=0.783, P<0.01). The LMVD was remarkably higher in VEGF-C positive expression group than that in the VEGF-C negative expression group. The expression rate of VEGF-C and lymphangiogenesis in lung adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that in lung squamous cell carcinoma (P<0.01). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the survival rates in patients with positive VEGF-C expression were significantly lower than those in patients with negative VEGF-C expression (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Lymphangiogenesis rates are significantly higher in lung adenocarcinoma than that in squamous cell carcinoma. VEGF-C expression is an independent prognostic factor of stage IIIa (N2) lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- 学利 代
- 200030 上海,上海交通大学附属胸科医院/上海市肺部肿瘤临床医学中心胸外科Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital/Shanghai Lung Tumor Clinical Medical Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - 文利 王
- 200030 上海,上海交通大学附属胸科医院/上海市肺部肿瘤临床医学中心胸外科Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital/Shanghai Lung Tumor Clinical Medical Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - 阳 申屠
- 200030 上海,上海交通大学附属胸科医院/上海市肺部肿瘤临床医学中心胸外科Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital/Shanghai Lung Tumor Clinical Medical Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - 杰 张
- 200030 上海,上海交通大学附属胸科医院/上海市肺部肿瘤临床医学中心病理科Department of Pathology, Shanghai Chest Hospital/Shanghai Lung Tumor Clinical Medical Center, Shanghai 200030, China
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Chen SC, Shih CM, Tseng GC, Cheng WE, Chiou J, Hsiao M, Kuo ML, Su JL, Chen CY. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C as a Predictor of Early Recurrence and Poor Prognosis of Resected Stage I Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2011. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v40n7p319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is potentially curable after completely resection, but early recurrence may influence prognosis. This study hypothesises that vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) plays a key role in predicting early recurrence and poor survival of patients with stage I NSCLC. Materials and Methods: The expression of VEGF-C was immuno-histochemically (IHC) analysed in tumour samples of primary stage I NSCLC and correlated to early recurrence (< 36 months), disease-free survival, and overall survival in all 49 patients. Results: Early recurrence was identified in 16 patients (33%), and the early recurrence rate in strong and weak VEGF-C activity was significantly different (P = 0.016). VEGF-C was also an independent risk factor in predicting early recurrence (HR = 3.98, P = 0.02). Patients with strong VEGF-C staining also had poor 3-year disease-free survival (P = 0.008) and overall survival (P = 0.007). Conclusion: Strong VEGF-C IHC staining could be a biomarker for predicting early recurrence and poor prognosis of resected stage I NSCLC, if the results of the present study are confirmed in a larger study. A more aggressive adjuvant therapy should be used in this group of patients.
Key words: Early recurrence, Stage I NSCLC, Survival, VEGF-C
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jean Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min Liang Kuo
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine and Angiogenesis Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen Liang Su
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih Yi Chen
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Reubi JC, Fleischmann A, Waser B, Rehmann R. Concomitant vascular GRP-receptor and VEGF-receptor expression in human tumors: molecular basis for dual targeting of tumoral vasculature. Peptides 2011; 32:1457-62. [PMID: 21605611 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and GRP receptors (GRPR) play a role in tumor angiogenesis. Recently, GRPR were found to be frequently expressed in the vasculature of a large variety of human cancers. Here, we characterize these GRPR by comparing the vascular GRPR expression and localization in a selection of human cancers with that of an established biological marker of neoangiogenesis, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor. In vitro quantitative receptor autoradiography was performed in parallel for GRPR and VEGF receptors (VEGFR) in 32 human tumors of various origins, using ¹²⁵I-Tyr-bombesin and ¹²⁵I-VEGF₁₆₅ as radioligands, respectively. Moreover, VEGFR-2 was evaluated immunohistochemically. All tumors expressed GRPR and VEGFR in their vascular system. VEGFR were expressed in the endothelium in the majority of the vessels. GRPR were expressed in a subpopulation of vessels, preferably in their muscular coat. The vessels expressing GRPR were all VEGFR-positive whereas the VEGFR-expressing vessels were not all GRPR-positive. GRPR expressing vessels were found immunohistochemically to co-express VEGFR-2. Remarkably, the density of vascular GRPR was much higher than that of VEGFR. The concomitant expression of GRPR with VEGFR appears to be a frequent phenomenon in many human cancers. The GRPR, localized and expressed in extremely high density in a subgroup of vessels, may function as target for antiangiogenic tumor therapy or angiodestructive targeted radiotherapy with radiolabeled bombesin analogs alone, or preferably together with VEGFR targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Reubi
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, PO Box 62, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Na II, Park JH, Choe DH, Lee JK, Koh JS. Association of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations with metastatic presentations in non-small cell lung cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:756265. [PMID: 22091430 PMCID: PMC3195961 DOI: 10.5402/2011/756265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We performed this retrospective study to assess the association of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with metastatic presentations in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The data from 125 patients with stage III or IV NSCLC were analyzed. We detected EGFR mutations in 36 NSCLC patients. EGFR mutations were predominant in never-smokers (P < .001), patients with adenocarcinomas (P < .001), and female patients (P < .001). When the metastatic sites were analyzed, pleural metastases were associated with a high incidence of EGFR mutations (P = .028). Particularly, pleural metastases with minimal effusion (PMME) were associated with EGFR mutational status (P = .001). Patients with N3 lesions were less likely to harbor EGFR mutations (P = .033). On multivariate analysis, N3 lesions (P = .017) and PMME (P < .001) remained significant factors for EGFR mutations. EGFR mutations may be associated with different presentations of pleural and N3 nodal metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Im Il Na
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 215-4, Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Heon Park
- Department of Radiology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hwan Choe
- Department of Radiology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Soo Koh
- Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
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Prognostic impact of angiogenic markers in non-small-cell lung cancer is related to tumor size. Clin Lung Cancer 2011; 12:106-15. [PMID: 21550557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is thought that different families of angiogenic factors stimulate angiogenesis at different stages of tumor development. Our aim was to study whether the prognostic impact of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and receptors (VEGFRs), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and receptors (PDGFRs) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) were associated with tumor size in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumor tissue samples were obtained from 335 patients who had undergone resection for stage I-IIIA NSCLC, and tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to evaluate the expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, PDGF-A, PDGF-B, PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β, and FGF-2. Tumor size was categorized using the same cutoffs as in the 7th TNM classification for lung cancer. RESULTS In multivariate analysis, high VEGFR-2 (HR, 1.87, [95% CI, 1.02-3.45]; P = .043), VEGFR-3 (HR, 2.18 [95% CI, 1.28-3.71]; P = .004) and the combination of high VEGF-A and high VEGFR-2 expression (low/low vs. high/high; HR, 3.28 [95% CI, 1.47-7.31]; P = .004) were independent negative prognostic factors in T2a tumors. High PDGF-B expression (HR, 11.72 [95% CI, 3.07-44.76]; P < .001) was an independent prognostic factor in T2b tumors. CONCLUSION The prognostic impact of angiogenic factors depend in part on tumor size. VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 seem to have their main impact in T2a tumors, while PDGF-B is a strong and independent prognostic factor in T2b tumors.
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The effect of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF receptor-3 on the clinical outcome in patients with gastric carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010; 36:1172-9. [PMID: 20888167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to investigate the relationship among VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 expression, lymphatic metastasis and patient prognosis in gastric carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression in gastric carcinoma tissues obtained from 204 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy (105 cases presented with lymph node metastasis and 99 cases without metastasis) was examined immunohistochemically. There was no significant difference in the other clinicopathologic variables except for postoperative pathological tumor stage (pT) and TNM stage between the two groups. The results were statistically processed. RESULTS The results showed that VEGF-C was located mainly in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and VEGFR-3 was found predominantly in the endothelium of lymphatic vessels. VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression was more frequent in gastric carcinoma tissues than that in normal gastric tissues, 54.90% and 35.29% respectively, which revealed that the expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 was significantly stronger in patients with lymph node metastasis than in those without metastasis. Patients who had positive staining for VEGF-C showed significantly less favorable survival rates compared with patients who had negative staining for VEGF-C. The survival rates of patients who had positive staining for VEGFR-3 also were significantly lower compared with patients who had negative staining for VEGFR-3. Patients who had positive staining for both VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 exhibited the most unfavorable prognosis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 was an independent prognostic determinant. In addition, faint to moderate VEGF-C expression was detected in normal gastric epithelial cells (18/204, 8.9%). CONCLUSIONS VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 expression could serve as a prognostic biomarker in patients with gastric carcinoma.
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Yang C, Gagnon C, Hou X, Hardy P. Low density lipoprotein receptor mediates anti-VEGF effect of lymphocyte T-derived microparticles in Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10:448-56. [PMID: 20603610 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.10.5.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonstop proliferation and vigorous neovascularization are two prominent characteristics of cancer. Antiangiogenic therapy has emerged as an important modality in treatment of solid tumors. Our previous work demonstrated that microparticles derived from apoptotic T-lymphocytes (LMPs) not only reduced the viabilities of high-proliferating cells, but also exhibited potent antiangiogenic effects through inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor 2 signalling pathway. In the present study, we extended these studies to explore the anticancer potential of LMPs using a murine model of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). Results show that intratumoral injection of LMPs (2.5 mg/kg) decreased tumor size by more than 50% relative to control. Tumor microvessel density and VEGF-A levels were also markedly reduced upon LMPs treatment. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of LMPs-mediated antitumor activity, LLC cells were utilized in in vitro experiments. LMPs suppressed VEGF-A protein levels in LLC cells and led to inhibition of LLC cell viability and proliferation. In addition, knockdown of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression reduced the uptake of LMPs into LLC cells and attenuated the inhibitory effects of LMPs on cell growth and VEGF-A expression. Our findings demonstrate that LMPs exert antiangiogenic and proapoptotic effects that lead to inhibition of lung carcinoma by reducing VEGF-A levels and LDLR mediates the anti-VEGF effect of LMPs through translocating LMPs into LLC cells. These results suggest that LMPs are promising antiangiogenic therapeutic agent and represent a new therapeutic strategy for treating lung carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Pharmacology, Research Center of CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Feng Y, Wang W, Hu J, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D as significant markers for assessment of lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:802-12. [PMID: 20225197 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D induce lymphangiogenesis through activation of VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) and have been implicated in tumor spread to the lymphatic system. Lymph node dissemination critically determines clinical outcome and therapeutic options of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the relationship of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and lymph node metastasis in cancers, including NSCLC, is still controversial. To evaluate the relationship between lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis, the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in NSCLC tumors were detected by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). QRT-PCR revealed that in marginal region VEGF-C and VEGF-D mRNA was significantly higher than in tumor center, and VEGF-D mRNA was also higher than that in peritumoral lung tissue. Immunohistochemically, we observed the same heterogeneous expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D proteins. The group with high expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in marginal region had a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis compared with the group with low expression. Furthermore, the group with high expression of VEGF-D in marginal region had a higher incidence of lymphatic invasion. The group with high peritumoral lymphatic vessel density (LVD) had higher expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D mRNA compared with the group with low peritumoral LVD. Our studies suggested that the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D at invasive edge was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis or lymphatic invasion in patients with NSCLC and may be involved in regulation of lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukuan Feng
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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