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Hu H, Huang Y, Li A, Mi Q, Wang K, Chen L, Zhao Z, Zhang Q, Bai X, Pan H. Effects of different energy levels in low-protein diet on liver lipid metabolism in the late-phase laying hens through the gut-liver axis. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:98. [PMID: 38987834 PMCID: PMC11238517 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The energy/protein imbalance in a low-protein diet induces lipid metabolism disorders in late-phase laying hens. Reducing energy levels in the low-protein diet to adjust the energy-to-protein ratio may improve fat deposition, but this also decreases the laying performance of hens. This study investigated the mechanism by which different energy levels in the low-protein diet influences liver lipid metabolism in late-phase laying hens through the enterohepatic axis to guide feed optimization and nutrition strategies. A total of 288 laying hens were randomly allocated to the normal-energy and normal-protein diet group (positive control: CK) or 1 of 3 groups: low-energy and low-protein diet (LL), normal-energy and low-protein diet (NL), and high-energy and low-protein diet (HL) groups. The energy-to-protein ratios of the CK, LL, NL, and HL diets were 0.67, 0.74, 0.77, and 0.80, respectively. RESULTS Compared with the CK group, egg quality deteriorated with increasing energy intake in late-phase laying hens fed low-protein diet. Hens fed LL, NL, and HL diets had significantly higher triglyceride, total cholesterol, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase levels, but significantly lower hepatic lipase levels compared with the CK group. Liver transcriptome sequencing revealed that genes involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation (ACOX1, HADHA, EHHADH, and ACAA1) were downregulated, whereas genes related to fatty acid synthesis (SCD, FASN, and ACACA) were upregulated in LL group compared with the CK group. Comparison of the cecal microbiome showed that in hens fed an LL diet, Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio were enriched, whereas riboflavin metabolism was suppressed. Cecal metabolites that were most significantly affected by the LL diet included several vitamins, such as riboflavin (vitamin B2), pantethine (vitamin B5 derivative), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and 4-pyridoxic acid. CONCLUSION A lipid metabolism disorder due to deficiencies of vitamin B2 and pantethine originating from the metabolism of the cecal microbiome may be the underlying reason for fat accumulation in the liver of late-phase laying hens fed an LL diet. Based on the present study, we propose that targeting vitamin B2 and pantethine (vitamin B5 derivative) might be an effective strategy for improving lipid metabolism in late-phase laying hens fed a low-protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Anjian Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Qianhui Mi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Kunping Wang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zelong Zhao
- Shanghai BIOZERON Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201800, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- WOD Poultry Research Institute, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xi Bai
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, 233000, China.
| | - Hongbin Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Hossain MS, Barua A, Tanim MAH, Hasan MS, Islam MJ, Hossain MR, Emon NU, Hossen SMM. Ganoderma applanatum mushroom provides new insights into the management of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hepatic degeneration: A comprehensive analysis. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4364-4374. [PMID: 34401085 PMCID: PMC8358375 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective effects of methanol and aqueous extracts of Ganoderma applanatum (MEGA, AEGA) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic study was implemented by the induction of alloxan to the rats. The analysis of the hypolipidemic and liver-protective effects of fungus extracts was studied by estimating the lipid profile and the liver marker enzymes. Besides, in silico screening of the compounds of Ganoderma applanatum has been incorporated thus to check the binding affinity of compounds and enzymes affinity. The Discovery Studio 2020, UCSF Chimera, and PyRx AutoDock Vina have been used to implement the docking analysis. Nine days of oral feeding of MEGA and AEGA of Ganoderma applanatum resulted in a significant (p < .001) reduction in blood glucose, lipid profile, and liver marker enzymes. Besides, Myrocin C scored the highest score in the docking study. The biological and computational approaches suggested the MEGA and AEGA could be a potential source for antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and hepatoprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anik Barua
- Department of Biochemistry and BiotechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology ChittagongChattogramBangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Sharif Hasan
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Biological ScienceUniversity of ChittagongChattogramBangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jahedul Islam
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Biological ScienceUniversity of ChittagongChattogramBangladesh
| | - Md. Rabiul Hossain
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Science and Technology ChittagongChattogramBangladesh
| | - Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Science and EngineeringInternational Islamic University ChittagongChattogramBangladesh
| | - S M Moazzem Hossen
- Department of PharmacyFaculty of Biological ScienceUniversity of ChittagongChattogramBangladesh
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Czumaj A, Szrok-Jurga S, Hebanowska A, Turyn J, Swierczynski J, Sledzinski T, Stelmanska E. The Pathophysiological Role of CoA. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239057. [PMID: 33260564 PMCID: PMC7731229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of coenzyme A (CoA) as a carrier of acyl residues in cell metabolism is well understood. Coenzyme A participates in more than 100 different catabolic and anabolic reactions, including those involved in the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, ethanol, bile acids, and xenobiotics. However, much less is known about the importance of the concentration of this cofactor in various cell compartments and the role of altered CoA concentration in various pathologies. Despite continuous research on these issues, the molecular mechanisms in the regulation of the intracellular level of CoA under pathological conditions are still not well understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge of (a) CoA subcellular concentrations; (b) the roles of CoA synthesis and degradation processes; and (c) protein modification by reversible CoA binding to proteins (CoAlation). Particular attention is paid to (a) the roles of changes in the level of CoA under pathological conditions, such as in neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, myopathies, and infectious diseases; and (b) the beneficial effect of CoA and pantethine (which like CoA is finally converted to Pan and cysteamine), used at pharmacological doses for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Czumaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Szrok-Jurga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (A.H.); (J.T.)
| | - Areta Hebanowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (A.H.); (J.T.)
| | - Jacek Turyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (A.H.); (J.T.)
| | - Julian Swierczynski
- State School of Higher Vocational Education in Koszalin, 75-582 Koszalin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (E.S.); Tel.: +48-(0)-583-491-479 (T.S.)
| | - Ewa Stelmanska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (A.H.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (E.S.); Tel.: +48-(0)-583-491-479 (T.S.)
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Lai J, Wu B, Xuan T, Xia S, Liu Z, Chen J. Efficacy of statin monotherapy or in combination with coenzyme a capsule in patients with metabolic syndrome and mixed dyslipidemia. J Clin Med Res 2015; 7:446-52. [PMID: 25883708 PMCID: PMC4394918 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2124w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Combination lipid-lowering therapy is often needed in patients with metabolic syndrome and mixed dyslipidemia. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of statin combined with a new hypolipidemic agent, coenzyme A (CoA) with moderate-dose statin monotherapy in subjects with metabolic syndrome and mixed dyslipidemia by evaluating data from a subgroup of patients with metabolic syndrome and mixed dyslipidemia from a previously conducted randomized study. METHODS In the present post hoc analysis, 212 patients were included, receiving statin monotherapy (n = 94) or statin combined with CoA 400 U/day (n = 118) for 8 weeks. The lipoprotein profile was determined at baseline and week 8 visits. Attainment of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) < 100 mg/dL, non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) < 130 mg/dL, and the combined goal of these two parameters was also evaluated. RESULTS The mean percent change was more prominent with CoA plus statin compared with placebo plus statin in triglyceride (TG) (-32.5% vs. -8.7%, respectively; P = 0.0002), total cholesterol (-9.6% vs. -3.6%, P = 0.013), LDL-C (-7.5% vs. 2.1%, P = 0.033), and non-HDL-C (-14.3% vs. -6.4%, P = 0.011). Treatment with CoA plus statin resulted in larger percentages of participants attaining lipid goals for LDL-C (70.3% vs. 56.4%, P = 0.044), non-HDL-C (60.2% vs. 45.7%, P = 0.039), and the combined goal of LDL-C and non-HDL-C (57.6% vs. 42.6%, P = 0.038) than statin monotherapy. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that CoA plus statin therapy was more effective in improving lipoprotein parameters than statin alone in patients with metabolic syndrome and mixed hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Lai
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bifeng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianming Xuan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shudong Xia
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junzhu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lai J, Wu B, Xuan T, Liu Z, Chen J. Efficacy and tolerability of adding coenzyme A 400 U/d capsule to stable statin therapy for the treatment of patients with mixed dyslipidemia: an 8-week, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:1. [PMID: 24382338 PMCID: PMC3881496 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with mixed hyperlipidemia usually are in need of combination therapy to achieve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) target values for reduction of cardiovascular risk. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of adding a new hypolipidemic agent, coenzyme A (CoA) to stable statin therapy in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia. Methods In this multi-center, 8-week, double-blind study, adults who had received ≥8 weeks of stable statin therapy and had hypertriglyceridemia (TG level at 2.3-6.5 mmol/L) were randomized to receive CoA 400 U/d or placebo plus stable dosage of statin. Efficacy was assessed by the changes in the levels and patterns of lipoproteins. Tolerability was assessed by the incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs). Results A total of 304 patients with mixed hyperlipidemia were randomized to receive CoA 400 U/d plus statin or placebo plus statin (n = 152, each group). After treatment for 8 weeks, the mean percent change in TG was significantly greater with CoA plus statin compared with placebo plus statin (-25.9% vs -4.9%, respectively; p = 0.0003). CoA plus statin was associated with significant reductions in TC (-9.1% vs -3.1%; p = 0.0033), LDL-C (-9.9% vs 0.1%; p = 0.003), and non- high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-13.5% vs -5.7%; p = 0.0039). There was no significant difference in the frequency of AEs between groups. No serious AEs were considered treatment related. Conclusions In these adult patients with persistent hypertriglyceridemia, CoA plus statin therapy improved TG and other lipoprotein parameters to a greater extent than statin alone and has no obviously adverse effect. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ClinicalTrials.gov ID
NCT01928342.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tianming Xuan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, 310003 Hangzhou, China.
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Rumberger JA, Napolitano J, Azumano I, Kamiya T, Evans M. Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B(5) used as a nutritional supplement, favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in low- to moderate-cardiovascular risk North American subjects: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation. Nutr Res 2012; 31:608-15. [PMID: 21925346 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Safety and efficacy of a biologically active derivative of vitamin B(5) (pantethine) on total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) metabolism was studied in North American subjects at conventional low to moderate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A total of 120 subjects initiated a therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) diet 4 weeks before randomization (baseline) and maintained the diet throughout a 16-week study period; at baseline, subjects were randomized in a triple-blinded manner to either pantethine (600 mg/d, baseline to week 8, and 900 mg/d, weeks 9-16) or identically labeled, nonbiologically active placebo (n = 60 per group). We hypothesized that pantethine would lower TC and low-density lipoprotein in low-CVD-risk North American subjects in a similar manner as reported in high-CVD-risk subjects studied mainly in Italy and Japan. While sustaining a TLC diet and in comparison with placebo, pantethine demonstrated significant (P < .005) and sustained reductions (from baseline to week 16) in TC (6 mg/dL, 0.16 mmol/L, 3%), LDL-C (4 mg/dL, 0.10 mmol/L, 4%), and apolipoprotein B (4 mg/dL, 0.04 g/L, 5%). Our data suggest that pantethine supplementation for 16 weeks (600 mg/d for weeks 1-8 then 900 mg/d for weeks 9-16) is safe and significantly lowers TC and LDL-C over and above the effect of TLC diet alone. Although the absolute magnitude of these effects was small in these low- to moderate-risk North Americans (4-6 mg/dL), the results are noteworthy as prior studies have shown that, for each 1 mg/dL (0.026 mmol/L) reduction in LDL-C, there is a concomitant 1% reduction in overall future CVD risk.
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Abstract
The current increase in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity is a growing burden for society. Consideration must therefore be given to compounds capable of slowing down these pathological processes without significant adverse effects. The natural vitamins pantetheine/pantothenic acid are major precursors of coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein, which are essential for fatty acid oxidation and participate in the metabolism of cholesterol and carbohydrates and in at least 70 other enzymatic processes. Following a number of theoretical considerations and clinical observations, various clinical studies have revealed that they possess significant beneficial effects. In particular, they demonstrate useful moderating effects on vascular pathological processes, lowering lipid levels, and inhibiting platelet functions and lipid peroxidation. Although they are natural, well-tolerated therapeutic agents, few controlled clinical trials have been conducted. The available data suggest the need for larger clinical trials and possible use of pantetheine/pantothenic acid as adjuvant therapy.
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Pins JJ, Keenan JM. Dietary and Nutraceutical Options for Managing the Hypertriglyceridemic Patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 21:89-93. [PMID: 16760691 DOI: 10.1111/j.0889-7204.2006.01776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scientific evidence continues to accumulate regarding fasting serum triglycerides as an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease. In response, the National Cholesterol Education Program has revised the acceptable level of fasting triglycerides from <200 mg/dL to <150 mg/dL. A significant percentage of Americans suffer from hypertriglyceridemia, and considering the expanding numbers of individuals who are physically inactive, overweight, and suffering from the metabolic syndrome, it is expected that these numbers will continue to rise over the next decade. Fortunately, nutraceutical and lifestyle options have been shown to substantially and consistently reduce this risk factor. This review will focus on management options for the hypertriglyceridemic patient with an emphasis on nicotinic acid, pantethine, fish oils (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids), and modified carbohydrate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel J Pins
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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O'Brian CA, Chu F. Post-translational disulfide modifications in cell signaling--role of inter-protein, intra-protein, S-glutathionyl, and S-cysteaminyl disulfide modifications in signal transmission. Free Radic Res 2005; 39:471-80. [PMID: 16036322 DOI: 10.1080/10715760500073931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling entails a host of post-translational modifications of effector-proteins. These modifications control signal transmission by regulating the activity, localization or half-life of the effector-protein. Prominent oxidative modifications induced by cell-signaling reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cysteinyl modifications such as S-nitrosylation, sulfenic acid and disulfide formation. Disulfides protect protein sulfhydryls against oxidative destruction and simultaneously influence cell signaling by engaging redox-regulatory sulfhydryls in effector-proteins. The types of disulfides implicated in signaling span (1) protein S-glutathionylation, e.g. as a novel mode of Ras activation through S-glutathionylation at Cys-118 in response to a hydrogen-peroxide burst, (2) intra-protein disulfides, e.g. in the regulation of the stability of the protein phosphatase Cdc25C by hydrogen-peroxide, (3) inter-protein disulfides, e.g. in the hydrogen peroxide-mediated inactivation of receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase alpha (RPTPalpha) by dimerization and (4) protein S-cysteaminylation by cystamine. Cystamine is a byproduct of pantetheinase-catalyzed pantothenic acid recycling from pantetheine for biosynthesis of Coenzyme A (CoA), a ubiquitous and metabolically indispensable cofactor. Cystamine inactivates protein kinase C-epsilon (PKCepsilon), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and tissue transglutaminase by S-cysteaminylation-triggered mechanisms. The importance of protein S-cysteaminylation in signal transmission in vivo is evident from the ability of cystamine administration to rescue the intestinal inflammatory-response deficit of pantetheinase knockout mice. These mice lack the predominant epithelial pantetheinase isoform and have sharply reduced levels of cystamine/cysteamine in epithelial tissues. In addition, intraperitoneal administration of cystamine significantly delays neurodegenerative pathogenesis in a Huntington's disease mouse model. Thus, cystamine may serve as a prototype for the development of novel therapeutics that target effector-proteins regulated by S-cysteaminylation.
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McCarty MF. An ezetimibe-policosanol combination has the potential to be an OTC agent that could dramatically lower LDL cholesterol without side effects. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:636-45. [PMID: 15617880 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 12/13/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although many risk factors influence atherogenesis, LDL appears to play a primary role in this process. In prospective epidemiology, coronary risk increases as LDL cholesterol increases, throughout the entire range of concentrations encountered in healthy humans. Coronary risk is minimal in individuals and populations whose serum cholesterol remains quite low throughout life. Thus, practical strategies for achieving large reductions of LDL cholesterol in the general population could have a dramatic impact on coronary mortality rates. Dietary measures have limited potential in this regard; modest restriction of saturated fat has a rather trivial effect on LDL cholesterol, and the very-low-fat quasi-vegan diets that do have a notable effect in this regard currently have little appeal to the majority of the population. With respect to pharmacotherapy, most available hypolipidemic agents with reasonably potent activity entail side effects or compliance difficulties that would render their use too expensive or impractical for population-wide application. However, two agents may have great potential in this regard: policosanol and ezetimibe. The former, a mixture of long-chain alcohols derived from sugar cane wax, has effects on serum lipids comparable to those of statins, and may work by down-regulating expression of HMG-CoA reductase. However, unlike statins, policosanol appears to be devoid of side effects or risks. Ezetimibe is a newly approved drug that is a potent and highly specific inhibitor of an intestinal sterol permease; in daily doses as low as 10 mg, it suppresses intestinal absorption of cholesterol and decreases serum LDL cholesterol by approximately 18%. No side effects have been seen in clinical doses, and the fact that its hypolipidemic activity is additive to that of statins has generated considerable interest. Both policosanol and ezetimibe can be administered once daily. Future studies should determine whether policosanol, like statins, interacts additively with ezetimibe. If so, it may be feasible someday to produce a tablet combining policosanol and ezetimibe that could reduce LDL cholesterol by about 40%, without side effects, and that could be recommended to virtually anyone whose LDL cholesterol levels were not already ideal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- NutriGuard Research, 1051 Hermes Avenue, Encinitas, CA 92024, USA.
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Eddouks M, Lemhadri A, Michel JB. Hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa L. in normal and diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 98:345-50. [PMID: 15814271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of single and repeated oral administrations of the aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa L. (CS) at a dose of 20mg/kg on lipid metabolism in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In normal rats, the aqueous extract of CS induced a significant decrease on plasma triglycerides concentrations 1 week (p<0.05) and 2 weeks (p<0.01) after once daily repeated oral administration. A significant decrease of plasma cholesterol levels was also observed 4 days (p<0.05) and 1 week (p<0.05) after repeated oral administration. In diabetic rats, CS treatment caused a significant decrease of plasma triglycerides levels after repeated oral administration. Four days after repeated oral administration of aqueous CS extract, the plasma cholesterol levels were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and still dropped after 2 weeks (p<0.01). On the other hand, the repeated oral administration of CS aqueous extract caused a significant decrease of body weight 4 days after repeated oral treatment in diabetic rats (p<0.05). We conclude that the aqueous extract of CS (20 mg/kg) exhibits a potent lipid lowering activity in both normal and severe hyperglycemic rats after repeated oral administration of CS aqueous extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eddouks
- UFR PNPE, B.P. 21, Boutalamine, Errachidia 52000, Morocco.
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12
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Treatment of hyperlipoproteinemia with pantethine: A review and analysis of efficacy and tolerability. Nutr Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2004.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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