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Darragi M, Zouhal H, Bousselmi M, Karamti HM, Clark CCT, Laher I, Hackney AC, Granacher U, Zouita ABM. Effects of In-Season Strength Training on Physical Fitness and Injury Prevention in North African Elite Young Female Soccer Players. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:94. [PMID: 39223396 PMCID: PMC11368885 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strength training (ST) primarily enhances physical fitness (e.g., muscle strength, power, speed) and bone density in female soccer players. Less information is available on the injury preventive effects of ST in female athletes. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week in-season ST on measures of physical fitness and injury occurrence in young elite female soccer players. METHODS Thirty elite female soccer players (15.4 ± 1.9 years; maturity offset + 2.3 ± 1.1 years) participated in this study, and were randomly assigned to a strength training group (STG, n = 14) or an active control (CG, n = 16) group. ST lasted twelve weeks and included full body muscle strengthening exercises using primarily weight machines at progressive intensities ranging between 40 and 85% of the one-repetition-maximum (1-RM). The CG practiced a traditional soccer training program. Overall, training volumes of the two groups were similar with a training load (rating of perceived exertion × time) of 1158.4 ± 67.7 arbitrary unity (AU) for the STG and 1188.8 ± 44.1 AU for the CG. Pre and post training, the following physical fitness tests were applied: dynamic muscle strength (relative [to body mass] and absolute 1-RM bench/leg press, lat-pull down), jump performance (countermovement jump [CMJ], squat jump [SJ], five-jump-test [5JT]), linear-sprint speed (5-m, 10-m, 30-m), change-of-direction speed (T-test with and without ball), sport-specific performance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Level1 [YYIRTL1], and repeated shuttle sprint ability [RSSA]). The injury rate per 1000-h exposure was monitored throughout the soccer season. RESULTS No significant baseline differences were observed between groups. Statistically significant group-by-time interactions were found for absolute (p < 0.001, d = 2.59) and relative 1-RM bench press (p < 0.001, d = 2.39), absolute 1-RM lat-pull down (p < 0.001, d = 1.68), and relative 1-RM leg press (p < 0.001, d = 1.72). Significant group-by-time interactions were observed for CMJ (p = 0.005, d = 1.27), RSSAmean (p = 0.007, d = 0.81), and RSSAtotal (p < 0.001, d = 1.90). Post-hoc tests indicated that the STG group demonstrated greater improvements in all tested variables compared to CG (1.2 < d < 2.5). However, no significant interaction effects were noted for measures of linear sprint speed and YYIRTL1 performance. Additionally, non-contact injuries during the season were significantly lower (p = 0.003, d = 1.31) in the STG (0.48/1000 h of exposure) than the CG (2.62/1000 h of exposure). CONCLUSIONS Twelve weeks of an in-season ST resulted in larger physical fitness improvements and fewer injuries compared with an active control in elite young female soccer players. Accordingly, ST should be systematically applied in female soccer to enhance performance and prevent injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Darragi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of SFAX University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance, Health & Society", Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Tunisia
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences Laboratory (M2S). UFR APS, University of Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, Av. Charles Tillon, 35044, Rennes Cedex, France.
- Institut International Des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850, Irodouer, France.
| | - Mariem Bousselmi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of SFAX University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance, Health & Society", Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Tunisia
| | - Houssem M Karamti
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of SFAX University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance, Health & Society", Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Tunisia
| | - Cain C T Clark
- College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, B15 3TN, UK
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Amira B M Zouita
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) "Sport Performance, Health & Society", Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Ksar Said, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
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Deng N, Soh KG, Abdullah B, Huang D. Effects of plyometric training on measures of physical fitness in racket sport athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16638. [PMID: 38111665 PMCID: PMC10726777 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past decade, the popularity of racket sports has surged. Plyometric training (PT) has been the focus of extensive research because of the proven benefits it provides to athletes. However, there is a lack of systematic reviews and meta-analyses specifically evaluating the impact of PT on physical fitness metrics in racket sport athletes. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review and analysis of evidence derived from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effects of PT on measures of physical fitness among racket sports athletes. Methods The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched up to June 2023 without placing any restrictions on the publication dates. The PICOS method was adopted to establish the inclusion criteria: (a) healthy athletes who participate in racket sports; (b) a PT program; (c) a control group; (d) assessment of physical fitness components pre- and post-PT; and (e) RCTs. The records' methodological quality was assessed utilizing the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The certainty in the evidence related to each outcome was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) assessment. A random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes (ES; Hedges' g) between experimental and control groups. Results There were 14 eligible studies of moderate-to-high-quality, involving 746 athletes in total. The results revealed small-to-moderate effects (p < 0.05) of PT on muscle power (ES = 0.46), muscle strength (ES = 0.50), sprint speed (ES = 0.45), change of direction ability (ES = 0.76), and reaction time (ES = 0.67), while no clear evidence was found on balance and flexibility. The training-induced changes in muscle power showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between youth (ES = 0.72) and adults (ES = 0.40). There were also similar muscle power improvements (ES = 0.36-0.54 vs 0.38-0.56, all p > 0.05) for a length of ≤7 weeks with ≤14 total PT sessions vs >7 weeks with >14 total PT sessions, and ≤2 weekly sessions vs >2 sessions. No adverse effects were reported in the included studies regarding the PT intervention. The certainty of evidence varied from very low to moderate. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that PT has positive effects on important indices of physical fitness among athletes participating in racket sports. Future studies are required to clarify the optimal doses and examine interactions among training variables to further promote the physical fitness of this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuannuan Deng
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Dandan Huang
- College of Physical Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Lee JW, Song S, Kim Y, Park SB, Han DH. Soccer's AI transformation: deep learning's analysis of soccer's pandemic research evolution. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1244404. [PMID: 37908810 PMCID: PMC10613686 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1244404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This paper aims to identify and compare changes in trends and research interests in soccer articles from before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We compared research interests and trends in soccer-related journal articles published before COVID-19 (2018-2020) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021-2022) using Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) topic modeling. Results In both periods, we categorized the social sciences into psychology, sociology, business, and technology, with some interdisciplinary research topics identified, and we identified changes during the COVID-19 pandemic period, including a new approach to home advantage. Furthermore, Sports science and sports medicine had a vast array of subject areas and topics, but some similar themes emerged in both periods and found changes before and during COVID-19. These changes can be broadly categorized into (a) Social Sciences and Technology; (b) Performance training approaches; (c) injury part of body. With training topics being more prominent than match performance during the pandemic; and changes within injuries, with the lower limbs becoming more prominent than the head during the pandemic. Conclusion Now that the pandemic has ended, soccer environments and routines have returned to pre-pandemic levels, but the environment that have changed during the pandemic provide an opportunity for researchers and practitioners in the field of soccer to detect post-pandemic changes and identify trends and future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jea Woog Lee
- Intelligent Information Processing Lab, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmin Song
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - YoungBin Kim
- Graduate School of Advanced Imaging Science, Multimedia and Film, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bo Park
- Graduate School of Sports Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Loturco I, Freitas TT, Zabaloy S, Pereira LA, Moura TBMA, Fernandes V, Mercer VP, Alcaraz PE, Zając A, Bishop C. Speed Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part II). J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:187-211. [PMID: 38053953 PMCID: PMC10694730 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/174071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the second article in a three-article collection regarding the plyometric, speed, and resistance training practices of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches. Here, we list and describe six out of the ten speed training methods most commonly employed by these experts to enhance the sprinting capabilities of their athletes. Maximum speed sprinting, form running, resisted sprinting, overspeed running, uphill and downhill running, and sport-specific movement methods are critically examined with reference to their potential application in different sport contexts. In an era when sprint speed is of critical importance across numerous sports, practitioners can employ the methods outlined here to design efficient training programs for their athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Speed-Related Abilities Are Similarly Improved After Sled Training Under Different Magnitudes of Velocity Loss in Highly Trained Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:420-427. [PMID: 36863354 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effects of two 8-week resisted-sprint training programs under different magnitudes of velocity loss (VL) on the speed-related performance of highly trained soccer players. METHODS Twenty-one soccer players (age: 25.9 [5.4] y) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: (1) the "moderate-load group," players who trained with sled loads that induced 15%VL relative to unloaded sprint velocity (n = 11); and (2) the "heavy-load group," players who trained with sled loads that induced 40% VL relative to unloaded sprint velocity (n = 10). Linear sprint (10 m), curve sprint, change-of-direction speed, resisted-sprint performance at 15% VL and 40% VL, and vertical jumping ability were tested pretraining and posttraining. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test for differences between groups. In addition, percentage changes were calculated for speed-related abilities and compared with their respective coefficients of variation to determine whether individual changes in performance were greater than the test variance (ie, "true change"). RESULTS A main effect of time was detected for 10-m sprint, curve sprint, change-of-direction speed, and 15% VL and 40% VL resisted-sprint times, with significant decreases in sprint times (P = .003, P = .004, P = .05, P = .036, and P = .019, respectively). Jump variables did not change significantly over time. There were no group-by-time interactions for any tested variable (P > .05), but the "true change" analysis revealed meaningful individual changes in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Both moderate- and heavy-sled loading conditions may optimize the development of speed-related abilities in highly trained soccer players. Nevertheless, resisted-sprint training responses may differ meaningfully when assessed on an individual basis.
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