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Lefèbre J, Falk T, Ning Y, Rademacher C. Secondary Sites of the C-type Lectin-Like Fold. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400660. [PMID: 38527187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
C-type lectins are a large superfamily of proteins involved in a multitude of biological processes. In particular, their involvement in immunity and homeostasis has rendered them attractive targets for diverse therapeutic interventions. They share a characteristic C-type lectin-like domain whose adaptability enables them to bind a broad spectrum of ligands beyond the originally defined canonical Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate binding. Together with variable domain architecture and high-level conformational plasticity, this enables C-type lectins to meet diverse functional demands. Secondary sites provide another layer of regulation and are often intricately linked to functional diversity. Located remote from the canonical primary binding site, secondary sites can accommodate ligands with other physicochemical properties and alter protein dynamics, thus enhancing selectivity and enabling fine-tuning of the biological response. In this review, we outline the structural determinants allowing C-type lectins to perform a large variety of tasks and to accommodate the ligands associated with it. Using the six well-characterized Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent C-type lectin receptors DC-SIGN, langerin, MGL, dectin-1, CLEC-2 and NKG2D as examples, we focus on the characteristics of non-canonical interactions and secondary sites and their potential use in drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lefèbre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Torben Falk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yunzhan Ning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport, Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Labs, Vienna, Austria
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Sun L, Wang Z, Liu Z, Mu G, Cui Y, Xiang Q. C-type lectin-like receptor 2: roles and drug target. Thromb J 2024; 22:27. [PMID: 38504248 PMCID: PMC10949654 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-024-00594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin-like receptor-2 (CLEC-2) is a member of the C-type lectin superfamily of cell surface receptors. The first confirmed endogenous and exogenous ligands of CLEC-2 are podoplanin and rhodocytin, respectively. CLEC-2 is expressed on the surface of platelets, which participates in platelet activation and aggregation by binding with its ligands. CLEC-2 and its ligands are involved in pathophysiological processes, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, inflammatory thrombus status, maintenance of vascular wall integrity, and cancer-related thrombosis. In the last 5 years, different anti- podoplanin antibody types have been developed for the treatment of cancers, such as glioblastoma and lung cancer. New tests and new diagnostics targeting CLEC-2 are also discussed. CLEC-2 mediates thrombosis in various pathological states, but CLEC-2-specific deletion does not affect normal hemostasis, which would provide a new therapeutic tool for many thromboembolic diseases. The CLEC-2-podoplanin interaction is a target for cancer treatment. CLEC-2 may be applied in clinical practice and play a therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyan Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, No. 6, Da Hong Luo Chang Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Watanabe N, Shinozaki Y, Ogiwara S, Miyagasako R, Sasaki A, Kato J, Suzuki Y, Fukunishi N, Okada Y, Saito T, Iida Y, Higashiseto M, Masuda H, Nagata E, Gotoh K, Amino M, Tsuji T, Morita S, Nakagawa Y, Hirayama N, Inokuchi S. Diphenyl-tetrazol-propanamide Derivatives Act as Dual-Specific Antagonists of Platelet CLEC-2 and Glycoprotein VI. Thromb Haemost 2024; 124:203-222. [PMID: 37967855 DOI: 10.1055/a-2211-5202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2) induces platelet activation and aggregation after clustering by its ligand podoplanin (PDPN). PDPN, which is not normally expressed in cells in contact with blood flow, is induced in inflammatory immune cells and some malignant tumor cells, thereby increasing the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and tumor metastasis. Therefore, small-molecule compounds that can interfere with the PDPN-CLEC-2 axis have the potential to become selective antiplatelet agents. METHODS AND RESULTS Using molecular docking analysis of CLEC-2 and a PDPN-CLEC-2 binding-inhibition assay, we identified a group of diphenyl-tetrazol-propanamide derivatives as novel CLEC-2 inhibitors. A total of 12 hit compounds also inhibited PDPN-induced platelet aggregation in humans and mice. Unexpectedly, these compounds also fit the collagen-binding pocket of the glycoprotein VI molecule, thereby inhibiting collagen interaction. These compounds also inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation, and one compound ameliorated collagen-induced thrombocytopenia in mice. For clinical use, these compounds will require a degree of chemical modification to decrease albumin binding. CONCLUSION Nonetheless, as dual activation of platelets by collagen and PDPN-positive cells is expected to occur after the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, these dual antagonists could represent a promising pharmacophore, particularly for arterial thrombosis, in addition to VTE and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Watanabe
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Shinozaki
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sanae Ogiwara
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Riko Miyagasako
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sasaki
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junko Kato
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Natsuko Fukunishi
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okada
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumi Iida
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Misaki Higashiseto
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruchika Masuda
- Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Gotoh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mari Amino
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoatsu Tsuji
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Morita
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Nakagawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriaki Hirayama
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sadaki Inokuchi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Fink A, Rohlfing AK, Dicenta V, Schaale D, Kremser M, Laspa Z, Sigle M, Fu X, Pelzer A, Fischer M, Münzer P, Castor T, Müller KAL, Borst O, Lämmerhofer M, Gawaz MP. The Subtilisin-Like Protease Furin Regulates Hemin-Dependent Ectodomain Shedding of Glycoprotein VI. Thromb Haemost 2023. [PMID: 37037200 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1768057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hemolysis results in release of free hemoglobin and hemin liberation from erythrocytes. Hemin has been described to induce platelet activation and to trigger thrombosis. METHODS We evaluated the effect of hemin on platelet function and surface expression of the platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI). Isolated platelets were stimulated with increasing concentrations of hemin. RESULTS We found that hemin strongly enhanced platelet activation, aggregation, and aggregate formation on immobilized collagen under flow. In contrast, we found that surface expression of GPVI was significantly reduced upon hemin stimulation with high hemin concentrations indicating that hemin-induced loss of surface GPVI does not hinder platelet aggregation. Loss of hemin-induced surface expression of GPVI was caused by shedding of the ectodomain of GPVI as verified by immunoblotting and is independent of the GPVI or CLEC-2 mediated ITAM (immunoreceptor-tyrosine-based-activation-motif) signaling pathway as inhibitor studies revealed. Hemin-induced GPVI shedding was independent of metalloproteinases such as ADAM10 or ADAM17, which were previously described to regulate GPVI degradation. Similarly, concentration-dependent shedding of CD62P was also induced by hemin. Unexpectedly, we found that the subtilisin-like proprotein convertase furin controls hemin-dependent GPVI shedding as shown by inhibitor studies using the specific furin inhibitors SSM3 and Hexa-D-arginine. In the presence of SSM3 and Hexa-D-arginine, hemin-associated GPVI degradation was substantially reduced. Further, SSM3 inhibited hemin-induced but not CRP-XL-induced platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, indicating that furin controls specifically hemin-associated platelet functions. CONCLUSION In summary, we describe a novel mechanism of hemin-dependent GPVI shedding and platelet function mediated by furin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalena Fink
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Rohlfing
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valerie Dicenta
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Schaale
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Kremser
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zoi Laspa
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Sigle
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Pelzer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melina Fischer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Münzer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tatsiana Castor
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Anne Lydia Müller
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Borst
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meinrad Paul Gawaz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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McFadyen JD, Mangin PH, Peter K. Of Mice and Man: The Unwinding of CLEC-2 as an Antithrombotic Target? Thromb Haemost 2022; 122:1963-1965. [PMID: 36070783 DOI: 10.1055/a-1938-1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James D McFadyen
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pierre H Mangin
- INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Factors Associated with Platelet Activation-Recent Pharmaceutical Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063301. [PMID: 35328719 PMCID: PMC8955963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are at the forefront of human health and disease following the advances in their research presented in past decades. Platelet activation, their most crucial function, although beneficial in the case of vascular injury, may represent the initial step for thrombotic complications characterizing various pathologic states, primarily atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we initially summarize the structural and functional characteristics of platelets. Next, we focus on the process of platelet activation and its associated factors, indicating the potential molecular mechanisms involving inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and miRs. Finally, an overview of the available antiplatelet agents is being portrayed, together with agents possessing off-set platelet-inhibitory actions, while an extensive presentation of drugs under investigation is being given.
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