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Peirce-Cottler SM, Sander EA, Fisher MB, Deymier AC, LaDisa JF, O'Connell G, Corr DT, Han B, Singh A, Wilson SE, Lai VK, Clyne AM. A Systems Approach to Biomechanics, Mechanobiology, and Biotransport. J Biomech Eng 2024; 146:040801. [PMID: 38270930 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The human body represents a collection of interacting systems that range in scale from nanometers to meters. Investigations from a systems perspective focus on how the parts work together to enact changes across spatial scales, and further our understanding of how systems function and fail. Here, we highlight systems approaches presented at the 2022 Summer Biomechanics, Bio-engineering, and Biotransport Conference in the areas of solid mechanics; fluid mechanics; tissue and cellular engineering; biotransport; and design, dynamics, and rehabilitation; and biomechanics education. Systems approaches are yielding new insights into human biology by leveraging state-of-the-art tools, which could ultimately lead to more informed design of therapies and medical devices for preventing and treating disease as well as rehabilitating patients using strategies that are uniquely optimized for each patient. Educational approaches can also be designed to foster a foundation of systems-level thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward A Sander
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, 5629 Seamans Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Matthew B Fisher
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Alix C Deymier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - John F LaDisa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI 53226; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology Herma Heart Institute, Children's Wisconsin and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Grace O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, 6141 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David T Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Modeling, Simulation, & Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 7042 Jonsson Engineering Center 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Purdue University West Lafayette
| | - Anita Singh
- Bioengineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Sara E Wilson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th Street, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Victor K Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812
| | - Alisa Morss Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742
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2
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Ramaraju H, Sferra SR, Kunisaki SM, Hollister SJ. Finite element analysis of esophageal atresia repair with biodegradable polymer sleeves. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 133:105349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Denbeigh JM, Hevesi M, Paggi CA, Resch ZT, Bagheri L, Mara K, Arani A, Zhang C, Larson AN, Saris DB, Krych AJ, van Wijnen AJ. Modernizing Storage Conditions for Fresh Osteochondral Allografts by Optimizing Viability at Physiologic Temperatures and Conditions. Cartilage 2021; 13:280S-292S. [PMID: 31777278 PMCID: PMC8808875 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519888798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. Osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation has demonstrated good long-term outcomes in treatment of cartilage defects. Viability, a key factor in clinical success, decreases with peri-implantation storage at 4°C during pathogen testing, matching logistics, and transportation. Modern, physiologic storage conditions may improve viability and enhance outcomes. Design. Osteochondral specimens from total knee arthroplasty patients (6 males, 5 females, age 56.4 ± 2.2 years) were stored in media and incubated at normoxia (21% O2) at 22°C or 37°C, and hypoxia (2% O2) at 37°C. Histology, live-dead staining, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed 24 hours after harvest and following 7 days of incubation. Tissue architecture, cell viability, and gene expression were analyzed. Results. No significant viability or gene expression deterioration of cartilage was observed 1-week postincubation at 37°C, with or without hypoxia. Baseline viable cell density (VCD) was 94.0% ± 2.7% at day 1. At day 7, VCD was 95.1% (37°C) with normoxic storage and 92.2% (37°C) with hypoxic storage (P ≥ 0.27). Day 7 VCD (22°C) incubation was significantly lower than both the baseline and 37°C storage values (65.6%; P < 0.01). COL1A1, COL1A2, and ACAN qPCR expression was unchanged from baseline (P < 0.05) for all storage conditions at day 7, while CD163 expression, indicative of inflammatory macrophages and monocytes, was significantly lower in the 37°C groups (P < 0.01). Conclusion. Physiologic storage at 37°C demonstrates improved chondrocyte viability and metabolism, and maintained collagen expression compared with storage at 22°C. These novel findings guide development of a method to optimize short-term fresh OCA storage, which may lead to improved clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Hevesi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Carlo A. Paggi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zachary T. Resch
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Leila Bagheri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kristin Mara
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and
Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Arvin Arani
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chenghao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A. Noelle Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel B.F. Saris
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Orthopedics, University
Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands,Reconstructive Medicine, University of
Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Aaron J. Krych
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic,
Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Andre J. van Wijnen PhD, Department of
Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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4
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Porte E, Cann P, Masen M. A lubrication replenishment theory for hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10290-10300. [PMID: 33047773 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01236j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are suggested as less invasive alternatives to total joint replacements, but their inferior tribological performance compared to articular cartilage remains a barrier to implementation. Existing lubrication theories do not fully characterise the friction response of all hydrogels, and a better insight into the lubrication mechanisms must be established to enable optimised hydrogel performance. We therefore studied the lubricating conditions in a hydrogel contact using fluorescent imaging under simulated physiological sliding conditions. A reciprocating configuration was used to examine the effects of contact dimension and stroke length on the lubricant replenishment in the contact. The results show that the lubrication behaviour is strongly dependent on the contact configurations; When the system operates in a 'migrating' configuration, with the stroke length larger than the contact width, the contact is uniformly lubricated and shows low friction; When the contact is in an 'overlapping' configuration with a stroke length smaller than the contact width, the contact is not fully replenished, resulting in high friction. The mechanism of non-replenishment at small relative stroke length was also observed in a cartilage contact, indicating that the theory could be generalised to soft porous materials. The lubrication replenishment theory is important for the development of joint replacement materials, as most physiological joints operate under conditions of overlapping contact, meaning steady-state lubrication does not necessarily occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elze Porte
- Tribology Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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5
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Wei J, Wang B, Li Z, Wu Z, Zhang M, Sheng N, Liang Q, Wang H, Chen S. A 3D-printable TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose/alginate hydrogel with enhanced stability via nanoclay incorporation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 238:116207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Saraswat R, Ratnayake I, Perez EC, Schutz WM, Zhu Z, Ahrenkiel SP, Wood ST. Micropatterned Biphasic Nanocomposite Platform for Maintaining Chondrocyte Morphology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:14814-14824. [PMID: 32202764 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One major limitation hindering the translation of in vitro osteoarthritis research into clinical disease-modifying therapies is that chondrocytes rapidly spread and dedifferentiate under standard monolayer conditions. Current strategies to maintain rounded morphologies of chondrocytes in culture either unnaturally restrict adhesion and place chondrocytes in an excessively stiff mechanical environment or are impractical for use in many applications. To address the limitations of current techniques, we have developed a unique composite thin-film cell culture platform, the CellWell, to model articular cartilage that utilizes micropatterned hemispheroidal wells, precisely sized to fit individual cells (12-18 μm diameters), to promote physiologically spheroidal chondrocyte morphologies while maintaining compatibility with standard cell culture and analytical techniques. CellWells were constructed of 15-μm-thick 5% agarose films embedded with electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of PVA nanofibers revealed a mean diameter of 60.9 ± 24 nm, closely matching the observed 53.8 ± 29 nm mean diameter of human ankle collagen II fibers. Using AFM nanoindentation, CellWells were found to have compressive moduli of 158 ± 0.60 kPa at 15 μm/s indentation, closely matching published stiffness values of the native pericellular matrix. Primary human articular chondrocytes taken from ankle cartilage were seeded in CellWells and assessed at 24 h. Chondrocytes maintained their rounded morphology in CellWells (mean aspect ratio of 0.87 ± 0.1 vs three-dimensional (3D) control [0.86 ± 0.1]) more effectively than those seeded under standard conditions (0.65 ± 0.3), with average viability of >85%. The CellWell's design, with open, hemispheroidal wells in a thin film substrate of physiological stiffness, combines the practical advantages of two-dimensional (2D) culture systems with the physiological advantages of 3D systems. Through its ease of use and ability to maintain the physiological morphology of chondrocytes, we expect that the CellWell will enhance the clinical translatability of future studies conducted using this culture platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Saraswat
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Ishara Ratnayake
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - E Celeste Perez
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - William M Schutz
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Zhengtao Zhu
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
- Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - S Phillip Ahrenkiel
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Scott T Wood
- Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, 501 E St Joseph St, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
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7
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Bergholt MS, Serio A, Albro MB. Raman Spectroscopy: Guiding Light for the Extracellular Matrix. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:303. [PMID: 31737621 PMCID: PMC6839578 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of a complex mesh of proteins, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans, and is essential for maintaining the integrity and function of biological tissues. Imaging and biomolecular characterization of the ECM is critical for understanding disease onset and for the development of novel, disease-modifying therapeutics. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize the ECM. Raman spectroscopy is a label-free vibrational technique that offers unique insights into the structure and composition of tissues and cells at the molecular level. This technique can be applied across a broad range of ECM imaging applications, which encompass in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo analysis. State-of-the-art confocal Raman microscopy imaging now enables label-free assessments of the ECM structure and composition in tissue sections with a remarkably high degree of biomolecular specificity. Further, novel fiber-optic instrumentation has opened up for clinical in vivo ECM diagnostic measurements across a range of tissue systems. A palette of advanced computational methods based on multivariate statistics, spectral unmixing, and machine learning can be applied to Raman data, allowing for the extraction of specific biochemical information of the ECM. Here, we review Raman spectroscopy techniques for ECM characterizations over a variety of exciting applications and tissue systems, including native tissue assessments (bone, cartilage, cardiovascular), regenerative medicine quality assessments, and diagnostics of disease states. We further discuss the challenges in the widespread adoption of Raman spectroscopy in biomedicine. The results of the latest discovery-driven Raman studies are summarized, illustrating the current and potential future applications of Raman spectroscopy in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads S. Bergholt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Serio
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B. Albro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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8
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Fluid load support does not explain tribological performance of PVA hydrogels. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 90:284-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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López-Marcial GR, Zeng AY, Osuna C, Dennis J, García JM, O'Connell GD. Agarose-Based Hydrogels as Suitable Bioprinting Materials for Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3610-3616. [PMID: 33450800 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are useful materials as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Using hydrogels with additive manufacturing techniques has typically required the addition of techniques such as cross-linking or printing in sacrificial materials that negatively impact tissue growth to remedy inconsistencies in print fidelity. Thus, there is a need for bioinks that can directly print cell-laden constructs. In this study, agarose-based hydrogels commonly used for cartilage tissue engineering were compared to Pluronic, a hydrogel with established printing capabilities. Moreover, new material mixtures were developed for bioprinting by combining alginate and agarose. We compared mechanical and rheological properties, including yield stress, storage modulus, and shear thinning, as well as construct shape fidelity to assess their potential as a bioink for cell-based tissue engineering. The rheological properties and printability of agarose-alginate gels were statistically similar to those of Pluronic for all tests (p > 0.05). Alginate-agarose composites prepared with 5% w/v (3:2 agarose to alginate ratio) demonstrated excellent cell viability over a 28-day culture period (>∼70% cell survival at day 28) as well matrix production over the same period. Therefore, agarose-alginate mixtures showed the greatest potential as an effective bioink for additive manufacturing of biological materials for cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R López-Marcial
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anne Y Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carlos Osuna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Jeannette M García
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Grace D O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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10
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Albro MB, Bergholt MS, St-Pierre JP, Vinals Guitart A, Zlotnick HM, Evita EG, Stevens MM. Raman spectroscopic imaging for quantification of depth-dependent and local heterogeneities in native and engineered cartilage. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:3. [PMID: 29449966 PMCID: PMC5807411 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage possesses a remarkable, mechanically-robust extracellular matrix (ECM) that is organized and distributed throughout the tissue to resist physiologic strains and provide low friction during articulation. The ability to characterize the make-up and distribution of the cartilage ECM is critical to both understand the process by which articular cartilage undergoes disease-related degeneration and to develop novel tissue repair strategies to restore tissue functionality. However, the ability to quantitatively measure the spatial distribution of cartilage ECM constituents throughout the tissue has remained a major challenge. In this experimental investigation, we assessed the analytical ability of Raman micro-spectroscopic imaging to semi-quantitatively measure the distribution of the major ECM constituents in cartilage tissues. Raman spectroscopic images were acquired of two distinct cartilage tissue types that possess large spatial ECM gradients throughout their depth: native articular cartilage explants and large engineered cartilage tissue constructs. Spectral acquisitions were processed via multivariate curve resolution to decompose the "fingerprint" range spectra (800-1800 cm-1) to the component spectra of GAG, collagen, and water, giving rise to the depth dependent concentration profile of each constituent throughout the tissues. These Raman spectroscopic acquired-profiles exhibited strong agreement with profiles independently acquired via direct biochemical assaying of spatial tissue sections. Further, we harness this spectroscopic technique to evaluate local heterogeneities through the depth of cartilage. This work represents a powerful analytical validation of the accuracy of Raman spectroscopic imaging measurements of the spatial distribution of biochemical components in a biological tissue and shows that it can be used as a valuable tool for quantitatively measuring the distribution and organization of ECM constituents in native and engineered cartilage tissue specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Albro
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - M. S. Bergholt
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - J. P. St-Pierre
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - A. Vinals Guitart
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - H. M. Zlotnick
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - E. G. Evita
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - M. M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
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11
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Dias IR, Viegas CA, Carvalho PP. Large Animal Models for Osteochondral Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1059:441-501. [PMID: 29736586 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Namely, in the last two decades, large animal models - small ruminants (sheep and goats), pigs, dogs and horses - have been used to study the physiopathology and to develop new therapeutic procedures to treat human clinical osteoarthritis. For that purpose, cartilage and/or osteochondral defects are generally performed in the stifle joint of selected large animal models at the condylar and trochlear femoral areas where spontaneous regeneration should be excluded. Experimental animal care and protection legislation and guideline documents of the US Food and Drug Administration, the American Society for Testing and Materials and the International Cartilage Repair Society should be followed, and also the specificities of the animal species used for these studies must be taken into account, such as the cartilage thickness of the selected defect localization, the defined cartilage critical size defect and the joint anatomy in view of the post-operative techniques to be performed to evaluate the chondral/osteochondral repair. In particular, in the articular cartilage regeneration and repair studies with animal models, the subchondral bone plate should always be taken into consideration. Pilot studies for chondral and osteochondral bone tissue engineering could apply short observational periods for evaluation of the cartilage regeneration up to 12 weeks post-operatively, but generally a 6- to 12-month follow-up period is used for these types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Dias
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal. .,3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco - Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Carlos A Viegas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences School, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco - Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro P Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University School Vasco da Gama, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Lordemão, Coimbra, 3020-210, Portugal.,CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, University School Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Bergholt MS, Albro MB, Stevens MM. Online quantitative monitoring of live cell engineered cartilage growth using diffuse fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy. Biomaterials 2017; 140:128-137. [PMID: 28649013 PMCID: PMC5504667 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) has the potential to improve the outcome for patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The successful clinical translation of this technique as part of a therapy requires the ability to measure extracellular matrix (ECM) production of engineered tissues in vitro, in order to ensure quality control and improve the likelihood of tissue survival upon implantation. Conventional techniques for assessing the ECM content of engineered cartilage, such as biochemical assays and histological staining are inherently destructive. Raman spectroscopy, on the other hand, represents a non-invasive technique for in situ biochemical characterization. Here, we outline current roadblocks in translational Raman spectroscopy in TE and introduce a comprehensive workflow designed to non-destructively monitor and quantify ECM biomolecules in large (>3 mm), live cell TE constructs online. Diffuse near-infrared fiber-optic Raman spectra were measured from live cell cartilaginous TE constructs over a 56-day culturing period. We developed a multivariate curve resolution model that enabled quantitative biochemical analysis of the TE constructs. Raman spectroscopy was able to non-invasively quantify the ECM components and showed an excellent correlation with biochemical assays for measurement of collagen (R2 = 0.84) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) (R2 = 0.86). We further demonstrated the robustness of this technique for online prospective analysis of live cell TE constructs. The fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy strategy developed in this work offers the ability to non-destructively monitor construct growth online and can be adapted to a broad range of TE applications in regenerative medicine toward controlled clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads S Bergholt
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Albro
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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13
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Kim M, Farrell MJ, Steinberg DR, Burdick JA, Mauck RL. Enhanced nutrient transport improves the depth-dependent properties of tri-layered engineered cartilage constructs with zonal co-culture of chondrocytes and MSCs. Acta Biomater 2017. [PMID: 28629894 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic design in cartilage tissue engineering is a challenge given the complexity of the native tissue. While numerous studies have generated constructs with near-native bulk properties, recapitulating the depth-dependent features of native tissue remains a challenge. Furthermore, limitations in nutrient transport and matrix accumulation in engineered constructs hinders maturation within the central core of large constructs. To overcome these limitations, we fabricated tri-layered constructs that recapitulate the depth-dependent cellular organization and functional properties of native tissue using zonally derived chondrocytes co-cultured with MSCs. We also introduced porous hollow fibers (HFs) and HFs/cotton threads to enhance nutrient transport. Our results showed that tri-layered constructs with depth-dependent organization and properties could be fabricated. The addition of HFs or HFs/threads improved matrix accumulation in the central core region. With HF/threads, the local modulus in the deep region of tri-layered constructs nearly matched that of native tissue, though the properties in the central regions remained lower. These constructs reproduced the zonal organization and depth-dependent properties of native tissue, and demonstrate that a layer-by-layer fabrication scheme holds promise for the biomimetic repair of focal cartilage defects. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Articular cartilage is a highly organized tissue driven by zonal heterogeneity of cells, extracellular matrix proteins and fibril orientations, resulting in depth-dependent mechanical properties. Therefore, the recapitulation of the functional properties of native cartilage in a tissue engineered construct requires such a biomimetic design of the morphological organization, and this has remained a challenge in cartilage tissue engineering. This study demonstrates that a layer-by-layer fabrication scheme, including co-cultures of zone-specific articular CHs and MSCs, can reproduce the depth-dependent characteristics and mechanical properties of native cartilage while minimizing the need for large numbers of chondrocytes. In addition, introduction of a porous hollow fiber (combined with a cotton thread) enhanced nutrient transport and depth-dependent properties of the tri-layered construct. Such a tri-layered construct may provide critical advantages for focal cartilage repair. These constructs hold promise for restoring native tissue structure and function, and may be beneficial in terms of zone-to-zone integration with adjacent host tissue and providing more appropriate strain transfer after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwook Kim
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Megan J Farrell
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David R Steinberg
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center (TMRC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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14
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O’Connell G, Garcia J, Amir J. 3D Bioprinting: New Directions in Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2657-2668. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace O’Connell
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering University of California, Berkeley, 5122 Etcheverry Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeanette Garcia
- IBM Research-Almaden, 650
Harry Road K17/D2, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Jamali Amir
- Joint Preservation Institute, 2825 J Street #440, Sacramento, California 95816, United States
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15
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Cook JL, Gomoll AH, Farr J. Commentary on "Third-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation versus mosaicplasty for knee cartilage injury: 2-year randomized trial". J Orthop Res 2016; 34:557-8. [PMID: 26909473 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James L Cook
- William and Kathryn Allen Distinguished Professor in Orthopaedic Surgery Director, Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory Orthopaedic Research Division and Mizzou BioJoint Center, University of Missouri, Missouri Orthopaedic Institute (4028A), 1100 Virginia Avenue, Columbia, Missouri, 65212
| | - Andreas H Gomoll
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Associate Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, 850 Boylston Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, 02467
| | - Jack Farr
- Professor Orthopedic Surgery, Indiana School of Medicine Director, OrthoIndy Sports Medicine Fellowship Director, OrthoIndy Cartilage Restoration Center, 1260 Innovation Parkway, Suite 100, Greenwood, Indiana, 46143
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16
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Abstract
Extremity War Injury Symposium IX focused on reducing disability within the military, centering on cartilage defects, amputations, and spinal cord injury. Many areas of upper and lower extremity trauma and disability were discussed, including segmental nerve injuries, upper extremity allotransplantation, and the importance of patient-reported functional outcomes compared with the traditionally reported measures. Strategic planning addressed progression toward clinical solutions by setting clear objectives and goals and outlining pathways to address the "translation gap" that often prevents bridging of basic science to clinical application.
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17
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O'Connell GD, Tan AR, Cui V, Bulinski JC, Cook JL, Attur M, Abramson SB, Ateshian GA, Hung CT. Human chondrocyte migration behaviour to guide the development of engineered cartilage. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:877-886. [PMID: 25627968 DOI: 10.1002/term.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineering techniques have been successful in developing cartilage-like tissues in vitro using cells from animal sources. The successful translation of these strategies to the clinic will likely require cell expansion to achieve sufficient cell numbers. Using a two-dimensional (2D) cell migration assay to first identify the passage at which chondrocytes exhibited their greatest chondrogenic potential, the objective of this study was to determine a more optimal culture medium for developing three-dimensional (3D) cartilage-like tissues using human cells. We evaluated combinations of commonly used growth factors that have been shown to promote chondrogenic growth and development. Human articular chondrocytes (AC) from osteoarthritic (OA) joints were cultured in 3D environments, either in pellets or encapsulated in agarose. The effect of growth factor supplementation was dependent on the environment, such that matrix deposition differed between the two culture systems. ACs in pellet culture were more responsive to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2) alone or combinations containing BMP2 (i.e. BMP2 with PDGF or FGF). However, engineered cartilage development within agarose was better for constructs cultured with TGFβ3. These results with agarose and pellet culture studies set the stage for the development of conditions appropriate for culturing 3D functional engineered cartilage for eventual use in human therapies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace D O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrea R Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Cui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Chloe Bulinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - James L Cook
- Missouri Orthopedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mukundan Attur
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven B Abramson
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerard A Ateshian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clark T Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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18
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O'Connell GD, Newman IB, Carapezza MA. Effect of long-term osmotic loading culture on matrix synthesis from intervertebral disc cells. Biores Open Access 2014; 3:242-9. [PMID: 25371861 PMCID: PMC4215332 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2014.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intervertebral disc is a highly hydrated tissue that acts to absorb and distribute large complex loads placed on the spine. Diurnal loading and disc degeneration causes significant changes in water volume and proteoglycan content, which alters the internal osmotic environment. Short-term osmotic loading alters disc cell gene expression; however, the long-term effect of osmotic loading on disc cell matrix synthesis is not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of long-term osmotic loading on matrix turnover and proliferation by juvenile and adult cells from the nucleus pulposus (NP) and the cartilaginous endplate (EP). Matrix synthesis was evaluated using pellets and a 3D agarose system, which has been used for developing engineered tissues. Intervertebral discs were acquired from juvenile and adult cows. Cells were acquired through enzymatic digestion and expanded in culture. Pellets were formed through centrifugation, and constructs were created by encapsulating cells within 2% w/v agarose hydrogel. Pellets and constructs were cultured up to 42 days in chemically defined medium with the osmolality adjusted to 300, 400, or 500 mOsm/kg. EP cells were evaluated as a chondrocyte comparison to chondrocyte-like NP cells. Pellet and agarose cultures of juvenile NP and EP cells demonstrated similarities with respect to cell proliferation and functional mechanical properties. Cell proliferation decreased significantly with increased osmotic loading. The final compressive Young's modulus of juvenile NP cells was 10–40× greater than initial properties (i.e., day 0) and was greater than the final Young's modulus of adult NP and juvenile EP constructs. In juvenile NP constructs, there were no significant differences in GAG content with respect to osmotic loading. However, GAG synthesis and mechanical properties were greatest for the 400 mOsm/kg group in adult NP constructs. Taken together, the results presented here suggest a tradeoff between cell proliferation and matrix production under osmotic loading conditions. In conclusion, culturing disc cells in an osmotic environment that best mimics the healthy disc environment (400 mOsm/kg) may be ideal for balancing cell proliferation, matrix production, and mechanical properties of engineered disc tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace D O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California
| | - Isabella B Newman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Michael A Carapezza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
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19
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Guha Thakurta S, Kraft M, Viljoen HJ, Subramanian A. Enhanced depth-independent chondrocyte proliferation and phenotype maintenance in an ultrasound bioreactor and an assessment of ultrasound dampening in the scaffold. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:4798-4810. [PMID: 25065549 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocyte-seeded scaffolds were cultured in an ultrasound (US)-assisted bioreactor, which supplied the cells with acoustic energy around resonance frequencies (~5.0 MHz). Polyurethane-polycarbonate (BM), chitosan (CS) and chitosan-n-butanol (CSB) based scaffolds with varying porosities were chosen and the following US regimen was employed: 15 kPa and 60 kPa, 5 min per application and 6 applications per day for 21 days. Non-stimulated scaffolds served as control. For BM scaffolds, US stimulation significantly impacted cell proliferation and depth-independent cell population density compared to controls. The highest COL2A1/COL1A1 ratios and ACAN mRNA were noted on US-treated BM scaffolds compared to controls. A similar trend was noted on US-treated cell-seeded CS and CSB scaffolds, though COL2A1/COL1A1 ratios were significantly lower compared to BM scaffolds. Expression of Sox-9 was also elevated under US and paralleled the COL2A1/COL1A1 ratio. As an original contribution, a simplified mathematical model based on Biot theory was developed to understand the propagation of the incident US wave through the scaffolds and the model analysis was connected to cellular responses. Scaffold architecture influenced the distribution of US field, with the US field being the least attenuated in BM scaffolds, thus coupling more mechanical energy into cells, and leading to increased cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjukta Guha Thakurta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 207L Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0643, USA
| | - Mikail Kraft
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 207L Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0643, USA
| | - Hendrik J Viljoen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 207L Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0643, USA
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 207L Othmer Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0643, USA.
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20
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Chahine NO, Collette NM, Thomas CB, Genetos DC, Loots GG. Nanocomposite scaffold for chondrocyte growth and cartilage tissue engineering: effects of carbon nanotube surface functionalization. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2305-15. [PMID: 24593020 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to assess the long-term biocompatibility of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) for tissue engineering of articular cartilage. We hypothesized that SWNT nanocomposite scaffolds in cartilage tissue engineering can provide an improved molecular-sized substrate for stimulation of chondrocyte growth, as well as structural reinforcement of the scaffold's mechanical properties. The effect of SWNT surface functionalization (-COOH or -PEG) on chondrocyte viability and biochemical matrix deposition was examined in two-dimensional cultures, in three-dimensional (3D) pellet cultures, and in a 3D nanocomposite scaffold consisting of hydrogels+SWNTs. Outcome measures included cell viability, histological and SEM evaluation, GAG biochemical content, compressive and tensile biomechanical properties, and gene expression quantification, including extracellular matrix (ECM) markers aggrecan (Agc), collagen-1 (Col1a1), collagen-2 (Col2a1), collagen-10 (Col10a1), surface adhesion proteins fibronectin (Fn), CD44 antigen (CD44), and tumor marker (Tp53). Our findings indicate that chondrocytes tolerate functionalized SWNTs well, with minimal toxicity of cells in 3D culture systems (pellet and nanocomposite constructs). Both SWNT-PEG and SWNT-COOH groups increased the GAG content in nanocomposites relative to control. The compressive biomechanical properties of cell-laden SWNT-COOH nanocomposites were significantly elevated relative to control. Increases in the tensile modulus and ultimate stress were observed, indicative of a tensile reinforcement of the nanocomposite scaffolds. Surface coating of SWNTs with -COOH also resulted in increased Col2a1 and Fn gene expression throughout the culture in nanocomposite constructs, indicative of increased chondrocyte metabolic activity. In contrast, surface coating of SWNTs with a neutral -PEG moiety had no significant effect on Col2a1 or Fn gene expression, suggesting that the charged nature of the -COOH surface functionalization may promote ECM expression in this culture system. The results of this study indicate that SWNTs exhibit a unique potential for cartilage tissue engineering, where functionalization with bioactive molecules may provide an improved substrate for stimulation of cellular growth and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeen O Chahine
- 1 Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, New York
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21
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O’Connell G, Nims R, Green J, Cigan A, Ateshian G, Hung C. Time and dose-dependent effects of chondroitinase ABC on growth of engineered cartilage. Eur Cell Mater 2014; 27:312-20. [PMID: 24760578 PMCID: PMC4096549 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v027a22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering techniques have been effective in developing cartilage-like tissues in vitro. However, many scaffold-based approaches to cultivating engineered cartilage have been limited by low collagen production, an impediment for attaining native functional load-bearing tensile mechanical properties. Enzymatic digestion of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) with chondroitinase ABC (chABC) temporarily suppresses the construct's GAG content and compressive modulus and increases collagen content. Based on the promising results of these early studies, the aim of this study was to further promote collagen deposition through more frequent chABC treatments. Weekly dosing of chABC at a concentration of 0.15 U/mL resulted in a significant cell death, which impacted the ability of the engineered cartilage to fully recover GAG and compressive mechanical properties. In light of these findings, the influence of lower chABC dosage on engineered tissue (0.004 and 0.015 U/mL) over a longer duration (one week) was investigated. Treatment with 0.004 U/mL reduced cell death, decreased the recovery time needed to achieve native compressive mechanical properties and GAG content, and resulted in a collagen content that was 65 % greater than the control. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that longer chABC treatment (one week) at low concentrations can be used to improve collagen content in developing engineered cartilage more expediently than standard chABC treatments of higher chABC doses administered over brief durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.D. O’Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R.J. Nims
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J. Green
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A.D. Cigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - G.A. Ateshian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C.T. Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,Address for correspondence: Clark T. Hung, Ph.D. Columbia University, Biomedical Engineering Department, 351 Engineering Terrace, New York, NY 10027, USA, Telephone Number: 212-854-6542, FAX Number: 212-854-8725,
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22
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Abstract
Cartilage repair in terms of replacement, or
regeneration of damaged or diseased articular cartilage with functional tissue,
is the ‘holy grail’ of joint surgery. A wide spectrum of strategies
for cartilage repair currently exists and several of these techniques
have been reported to be associated with successful clinical outcomes
for appropriately selected indications. However, based on respective
advantages, disadvantages, and limitations, no single strategy, or
even combination of strategies, provides surgeons with viable options
for attaining successful long-term outcomes in the majority of patients.
As such, development of novel techniques and optimisation of current techniques
need to be, and are, the focus of a great deal of research from
the basic science level to clinical trials. Translational research
that bridges scientific discoveries to clinical application involves
the use of animal models in order to assess safety and efficacy
for regulatory approval for human use. This review article provides
an overview of animal models for cartilage repair. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;4:89–94.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cook
- University of Missouri, ComparativeOrthopaedic Laboratory and Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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23
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Abstract
The treatment of osteochondral lesions and osteoarthritis
remains an ongoing clinical challenge in orthopaedics. This review
examines the current research in the fields of cartilage regeneration,
osteochondral defect treatment, and biological joint resurfacing, and
reports on the results of clinical and pre-clinical studies. We
also report on novel treatment strategies and discuss their potential
promise or pitfalls. Current focus involves the use of a scaffold
providing mechanical support with the addition of chondrocytes or mesenchymal
stem cells (MSCs), or the use of cell homing to differentiate the
organism’s own endogenous cell sources into cartilage. This method
is usually performed with scaffolds that have been coated with a
chemotactic agent or with structures that support the sustained
release of growth factors or other chondroinductive agents. We also
discuss unique methods and designs for cell homing and scaffold
production, and improvements in biological joint resurfacing. There
have been a number of exciting new studies and techniques developed
that aim to repair or restore osteochondral lesions and to treat
larger defects or the entire articular surface. The concept of a
biological total joint replacement appears to have much potential. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2013;2:193–9.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Myers
- North Shore University Hospital/Long IslandJewish Medical Center, 260-05 76th Ave, New HydePark, New York 11040, USA
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24
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Kaupp JA, Tse MY, Pang SC, Kenworthy G, Hetzler M, Waldman SD. The effect of moving point of contact stimulation on chondrocyte gene expression and localization in tissue engineered constructs. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41:1106-19. [PMID: 23417513 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising approach for articular cartilage repair. However, using current technologies, the developed engineered constructs generally do not possess an organized superficial layer, which contributes to the tissue's durability and unique mechanical properties. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of applying a moving point of contract-type stimulation (MPS) to stimulate the production of a superficial-like layer in the engineered constructs. MPS was applied to chondrocyte-agarose hydrogels at a frequency of 0.5, 1 or 2 Hz, under a constant compressive load of 10 mN for durations between 5 and 60 min over 3 consecutive days. Expression and localization of superficial zone constituents was conducted by qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Finite element modeling was also constructed to gain insight into the relationship between the applied stimulus and superficial zone constituent expression. Gene expression of superficial zone markers were affected in a frequency dependent manner with a physiologic frequency of 1 Hz producing maximal expression of PRG4, biglycan, decorin and collagen II. In situ hybridization revealed that localization of these markers predominantly occurred at 500-1000 μm below the construct surface which correlated to sub-surface strains between 10 and 25% as determined by finite element modeling. These results indicate that while mechanical stimuli can be used to enhance the expression of superficial zone constituents in engineered cartilage constructs, the resultant subsurface loading is a critical factor for localizing expression. Future studies will investigate altering the applied stimulus to further localize superficial zone constituent expression at the construct surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kaupp
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, McLaughlin Hall, Room 205, Queen University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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