The effect of 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside on pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling in rats and its possible mechanism

A comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Reynoutria genus

Objectives

The genus Reynoutria belonging to the family Polygonaceae is widely distributed in the north temperate zone and used in folk medicine. It is administered as a sedative, tonic and digestive, also as a treatment for canities and alopecia. Herein, we reported a review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology reported from 1985 up to early 2022. All the information and studies concerning Reynoutria plants were summarized from the library and digital databases (e.g. ScienceDirect, SciFinder, Medline PubMed, Google Scholar, and CNKI).

Key findings

A total of 185 articles on the genus Reynoutria have been collected. The phytochemical investigations of Reynoutria species revealed the presence of more than 277 chemical components, including stilbenoids, quinones, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, phospholipids, lactones, phenolics and phenolic acids. Moreover, the compounds isolated from the genus Reynoutria possess a wide spectrum of pharmacology such as anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anticancer, neuroprotective, anti-virus and heart protection.

Summary

In this paper, the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of genus Reynoutria were reviewed. As a source of traditional folk medicine, the Reynoutria genus have high medicinal value and they are widely used in medicine. Therefore, we hope our review can help genus Reynoutria get better development and utilization.

A Review of Pharmacology, Toxicity and Pharmacokinetics of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (He-shou-wu in Chinese), a Chinese botanical drug with a long history, is widely used to treat a variety of chronic diseases in clinic, and has been given the reputation of “rejuvenating and prolonging life” in many places. 2,3,4′,5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG, C₂₀H₂₂O₉) is the main and unique active ingredient isolated from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., which has extensive pharmacological activities. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that TSG exhibits significant activities in treating various diseases, including inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, hepatic steatosis, osteoporosis, depression and diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of TSG up to 2021 by searching the databases of Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect and CNKI. According to the data, TSG shows remarkable anti-inflammation, antioxidation, neuroprotection, cardiovascular protection, hepatoprotection, anti-osteoporosis, enhancement of memory and anti-aging activities through regulating multiple molecular mechanisms, such as NF-κB, AMPK, PI3K-AKT, JNK, ROS-NO, Bcl-2/Bax/Caspase-3, ERK1/2, TGF-β/Smad, Nrf2, eNOS/NO and SIRT1. In addition, the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of TSG are also discussed in this review, which provided direction and basis for the further development and clinical application of TSG.

Metabolomics Approach for Discrimination and Quality Control of Natural and Commercial Fallopia multiflora Products in Vietnam

A precise HPLC-DAD-based quantification together with the metabolomics statistical method was developed to distinguish and control the quality of Fallopia multiflora, a popular medicinal material in Vietnam. Multivariate statistical methods such as hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis were utilized to compare and discriminate six natural and twelve commercial samples. 2,3,4′,5-Tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (THSG) (1), emodin (4), and the new compound 6-hydroxymusizin 8-O-α-D-apiofuranosyl-(1⟶6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (5) could be considered as important markers for classification of F. multiflora. Furthermore, seven phenolics were quantified that the variation in the contents of selected metabolites revealed the differences in the quality of natural and commercial samples. Recovery of the compounds from the analytes was more than 98%, while the limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.5 to 6.6 μg/ml and 1.5 to 19.8 μg/ml, respectively. The linearity, LOD, LOQ, precision, and accuracy satisfied the criteria FDA guidance on bioanalytical methods. Overall, this method is a promising tool for discrimination and quality assurance of F. multiflora products.

Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Supplement Attenuates Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Hypertrophy in a Sirtuin 3-Dependent Manner

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a gasotransmitter with a variety of cardiovascular protective effects. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is closely related to mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. We found that NaHS increased SIRT3 expression in the preventive effect on isoproterenol- (ISO-) induced myocardial hypertrophy. We further investigated whether exogenous H₂S supplement improved ISO-induced myocardial hypertrophy in a SIRT3-dependent manner. 10-week-old male 129S1/SvImJ (WT) mice and SIRT3 knockout (KO) mice were intraperitoneally injected with NaHS (50 μmol/kg/d) for two weeks and then intraperitoneally injected with ISO (60 mg/kg/d) for another two weeks. In WT mice, NaHS significantly reduced the cardiac index of ISO-induced mice, decreased the cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes, and inhibited the expressions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) mRNA. The activity of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the myocardium was increased, but the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased. The fluorescence intensity of dihydroethidium staining for superoxide anion was attenuated. Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) expression was upregulated, while dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) expression was downregulated. ERK, but not P38 and JNK, phosphorylation was downregulated. However, all above protective effects were unavailable in ISO-induced SIRT3 KO mice. Our present study suggested that exogenous H₂S supplement inhibited ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy depending on SIRT3, which might be associated with antioxidant stress.

Biological Effects of Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside: An Active Component of a Rhizome Extracted from Polygonum multiflorum

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (PM), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been widely used in the Orient as a tonic and antiaging agent. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG, C20H22O9, FW = 406.38928) is one of the active components extracted from PM. TSG is an antioxidant agent, which exhibits remarkable antioxidative activities in vivo and in vitro. The antioxidant effect of TSG is achieved by its radical-scavenging effects. TSG can inhibit apoptosis and protect neuronal cells against injury through multifunctional cytoprotective pathways. TSG performs prophylactic and therapeutic activities against Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. It is also antiatherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory. However, the mechanisms underlying these pharmacological activities are unclear. This study aimed at reviewing experimental studies and describing the effectiveness and possible mechanisms of TSG.

Dihydromyricetin Attenuates Myocardial Hypertrophy Induced by Transverse Aortic Constriction via Oxidative Stress Inhibition and SIRT3 Pathway Enhancement

Dihydromyricetin (DMY), one of the flavonoids in vine tea, exerts several pharmacological actions. However, it is not clear whether DMY has a protective effect on pressure overload-induced myocardial hypertrophy. In the present study, male C57BL/6 mice aging 8⁻10 weeks were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery after 2 weeks of DMY (250 mg/kg/day) intragastric administration. DMY was given for another 2 weeks after surgery. Blood pressure, myocardial structure, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, cardiac function, and cardiac index were observed. The level of oxidative stress in the myocardium was assessed with dihydroethidium staining. Our results showed that DMY had no significant effect on the blood pressure. DMY decreased inter ventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall thickness, relative wall thickness, cardiomyocyte cross-sectional areas, as well as cardiac index after TAC. DMY pretreatment also significantly reduced arterial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) mRNA and protein expressions, decreased reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, while increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), expression of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), forkhead-box-protein 3a (FOXO3a) and SOD2, and SIRT3 activity in the myocardium of mice after TAC. Taken together, DMY ameliorated TAC induced myocardial hypertrophy in mice related to oxidative stress inhibition and SIRT3 pathway enhancement.

Tetrahydroxystilbene Glucoside Effectively Prevents Apoptosis Induced Hair Loss

The effect of Polygonum multiflorum against hair loss has been widely recognized. 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) is the main component of Polygonum multiflorum; however, its role in hair regeneration has not been established. To evaluate the hair growth-promoting activity of TSG, depilated C57BL/6J mice were topically treated with normal saline, TSG, Pifithrin-α, Minoxidil for 2 weeks. In this study, we identified that p53, Caspase-3, Active Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 were obviously upregulated in the skin of human and mice with hair loss by western blot analysis. Depilated mice treated with TSG showed markedly hair regrowth. TUNEL⁺ cells were also reduced in mice with TSG. These changes were accompanied with inhibition of Fas, p53, Bax, Active Caspase-3, and Procaspase-9 activities. These results demonstrated that TSG exerts great hair regrowth effect on hair loss, which was probably mediated by inhibition of p53, Fas, and Bax induced apoptosis.

2, 3, 5, 4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside prevention of lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice involves neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress inhibition

Although numerous hypotheses have been raised in recent years, the exact mechanisms that promote the development of major depression are largely unknown. Recently, strategies targeting the process of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in depression have been attracting greater attention. 2, 3, 5, 4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG), a compound purified from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine polygonummultiflorum, has been widely reported to inhibit neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. In this context, we investigated whether TSG affects lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behaviors in a manner associated with neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress. Results showed that administration of ICR mice with 0.83 mg/kg of LPS-induced typical depressive-like behaviors in the experiments of the tail-suspension test, the forced-swimming test, and sucrose preference, and these behaviors were prevented by TSG treatment (30 and 60 mg/kg). Further analysis showed that TSG pretreatment at the doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg not only inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines induced by LPS, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, but also prevented the LPS-induced enhancement of oxido-nitrosative stress in mouse hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The LPS-induced decreases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were also prevented by TSG treatment. Generally, our data provide evidence to show that TSG could be used to cope with depressive-like symptoms by inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress.

Antidepressant-like effects of tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside in mice: Involvement of BDNF signaling cascade in the hippocampus

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Current antidepressants in clinic need weeks of administration and always have significant limitations. Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG) is one of the major bioactive ingredients of Polygonum multiflorum with neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the antidepressant effects of TSG in mice.

METHODS

The antidepressant-like effects of TSG in mice were examined in the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression. The effects of CSDS and TSG on the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway and neurogenesis were further investigated. Moreover, the pharmacological inhibitors and lentiviral-shRNA were used to explore the antidepressant mechanisms of TSG.

RESULTS

TSG produced antidepressant-like effects in the FST and TST and also reversed the CSDS-induced depressive-like symptoms. Moreover, TSG treatment significantly restored the decreased hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway and neurogenesis in CSDS mice. Importantly, blockade of the hippocampal BDNF system fully abolished the antidepressant-like effects of TSG in mice.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, TSG produces antidepressant-like effects in mice via enhancement of the hippocampal BDNF system.

Current pharmacological developments in 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG)

2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG), a resveratrol analog with glucoside, is purified from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine polygonum multiflorum. It has been extensively studied in last decade and known to exert strong anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and free radical scavenging activities, and therefore has been listed as a potential agent for disease therapies. Recent studies extend well-beyond effects of TSG on the injury of neurons, cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells, and report important functions of TSG in a lot of pathophysiological conditions. For example, TSG has been shown to prevent the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in microglia and macrophages in vitro, and ameliorate pro-inflammatory responses in animal models with neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, and rat paw or ear oedema. TSG can prevent the proliferation of vascular smooth cells, gastrointestinal dysfunctions, platelet aggregation, osteoblastic injury, diabetic nephropathy and melanogenesis. TSG is also indicated to facilitate long-term potentiation and learning and memory in both normal and pathological conditions. These effects to some extent enrich the understanding about the role of TSG in disease prevention and therapy. However, to date, we still have no outlined knowledges about the pharmacological effects of TSG, though the role of TSG in aging and Alzheimer's disease has been reviewed in recent years. Here, we summarize the current pharmacological developments of TSG as well as its possible mechanisms in disease prevention and therapy, aiming to push the understanding about the protective role of TSG as well as its preclinical assessment of novel applications.

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside protects murine hearts against ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating Notch1/Hes1 signaling and attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress

2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) is a water-soluble active component extracted from Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. A number of studies demonstrate that TSG exerts cardioprotective effects. Since endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a key role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R)-induced cell apoptosis, we sought to determine whether modulation of the ER stress during MI/R injury was involved in the cardioprotective action of TSG. Male mice were treated with TSG (60 mg·kg^-1·d^-1, ig) for 2 weeks and then were subjected to MI/R surgery. Pre-administration of TSG significantly improved post-operative cardiac function, and suppressed MI/R-induced myocardial apoptosis, evidenced by the reduction in the myocardial apoptotic index, serum levels of LDH and CK after 6 h of reperfusion. TSG (0.1-1000 μmol/L) did not affect the viability of cultured H9c2 cardiomyoblasts in vitro, but pretreatment with TSG dose-dependently decreased simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SIR)-induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that TSG treatment activated the Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway and suppressed ER stress, as evidenced by increasing Notch1, Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), Hes1, and Bcl-2 expression levels and by decreasing p-PERK/PERK ratio, p-eIF2α/eIF2α ratio, and ATF4, CHOP, Bax, and caspase-3 expression levels. Moreover, the protective effects conferred by TSG on SIR-treated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts were abolished by co-administration of DAPT (the Notch1 signaling inhibitor). In summary, TSG ameliorates MI/R injury in vivo and in vitro by activating the Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway and attenuating ER stress-induced apoptosis.

PPAR-γ is involved in the protective effect of 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-D-glucoside against cardiac fibrosis in pressure-overloaded rats

2, 3, 4', 5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-0-β-D glucoside (TSG) could inhibit cardiac remodeling in response to pressure overload. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) has been recognized as a potent, endogenous antifibrotic factor and maintaining a proper expression level in myocardium is necessary for assuring that structure and function of heart adapt to pressure overload stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether PPAR-γ is involved in the beneficial effect of TSG on pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis. TSG (120mg/kg/day) or TSG (120mg/kg/day) plus the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 (1mg/kg/day) was administered to rats with pressure overload induced by abdominal aortic banding. 30 days later, pressure overload-induced hypertension, cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis were significantly inhibited by TSG. TSG also significantly reduced collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression, as makers of myocardial fibrosis. Theses anti-fibrotic effects of TSG in pressure overloaded hearts could be abrogated by co-treatment with GW9662. Accordingly, upregulated PPAR-γ protein expression by TSG in pressure overloaded hearts was also reversed by co-treatment with GW9662. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of TSG on angiotensin II induced cardiac fibroblasts proliferation, differentiation and expression of collagen I and III, fibronectin and PAI-1 were abrogated by PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 and PPAR-γ silencing. Furthermore, TSG directly increased PPAR-γ gene expression at gene promoter, mRNA and protein level in angiotensin II-treated cardiac fibroblats in vitro. Our results suggested that upregualtion of endogenous PPAR-γ expression by TSG may be involved in its beneficial effect on pressure overload-induced cardiac fibrosis.

Biological Activities of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-Glucoside in Antiaging and Antiaging-Related Disease Treatments

2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG) is active component of the Chinese medicinal plant Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (THSG). Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that THSG exhibits numerous biological functions in treating atherosclerosis, lipid metabolism, vascular and cardiac remodeling, vascular fibrosis, cardiac-cerebral ischemia, learning and memory disorders, neuroinflammation, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, diabetic complications, hair growth problems, and numerous other conditions. This review focuses on the biological effects of THSG in antiaging and antiaging-related disease treatments and discusses its molecular mechanisms.

Traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: a review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., which is known as Heshouwu ( in Chinese) in China. It is traditionally valued and reported for hair-blacking, liver and kidney-tonifying and anti-aging effects as well as low toxicity. The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research and toxicology of Polygonum multiflorum, based on the scientific literature. Moreover, trends and perspectives for future investigation of this plant are discussed. It will build up a new foundation for further study on Polygonum multiflorum.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic review of the literature on Polygonum multiflorum was performed using several resources, including classic books on Chinese herbal medicine and various scientific databases, such as PubMed, SciFinder, the Web of Science, Science Direct, China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI).

RESULTS

Polygonum multiflorum is widely distributed throughout the world and has been used as a traditional medicine for centuries in China. The ethnomedical uses of Polygonum multiflorum have been recorded in many provinces of China and Japan for nine species of adulterants in six families. More than 100 chemical compounds have been isolated from this plant, and the major components have been determined to be stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids and others. Crude extracts and pure compounds of this plant are used as effective agents in pre-clinical and clinical practice due to their anti-aging, anti-hyperlipidaemia, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects and to promote immunomodulation, neuroprotection, and the curing of other diseases. However, these extracts can also lead to hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and embryonic toxicity. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that the main components of Polygonum multiflorum, such as 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and emodin are distributed among many organs and tissues.

CONCLUSION

Therapeutic potential of Polygonum multiflorum has been demonstrated in the conditions like Alzheimer׳s disease, Parkinson׳s disease, hyperlipidaemia, inflammation and cancer, which is attributed to the presence of various stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids, phospholipids and other compounds in the drug. On the other hand, the adverse effects (hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and embryonic toxicity) of this plant were caused by the quinones, such as emodin and rhein. Thus more pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms on main active compounds are necessary to be explored, especially the combined anthraquinones (Emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Physcion-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, etc.) and the variety of stilbenes.