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Gawel EM, DiNardo LA, Corbin AF, Friedel JE, Carr MM. Second opinions: Do otolaryngologist demographics matter? Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104322. [PMID: 38692073 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2024.104322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pediatric patients and their caregivers may receive information from their primary care physician (PCP) that does not match current American Academy of Otolaryngology (AAO) guidelines. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the frequency of parents deciding to seek a second opinion based on the demographics of pediatric otolaryngologists who deliver guideline supported advice, contrary to advice from their child's PCP. METHODS A survey was distributed to parents in a pediatric otolaryngology clinic between June 2021 and July 2023. Demographics included parent age category, gender, race, and age of youngest child. The survey included a scenario depicting recurrent otitis media with clear ears and a suggestion to defer tympanostomy tube insertion per AAO guidelines after their child's PCP recommended tubes. Thirteen variations of otolaryngologist photos were used in the case, including a control case with no picture. RESULTS Of the 658 participants, 460 (69.9 %) were female. 551 (83.7 %) were aged 30-49 years, 70 (10.7 %) were younger, and 37 (5.6 %) were older. 545 (82.8 %) were White, 30 (4.6 %) were Black, 20 (3.0 %) were Asian, and 31 (4.7 %) were Hispanic. 39.9 % of parents would seek a second opinion if an otolaryngologist recommended watchful waiting following evaluation of their child's otitis media. Participants given the control case were 2.23 times more likely to listen to the otolaryngologist's advice (p = .025). If a picture was provided, respondents were more likely to follow advice given if the pictured otolaryngologist was female (p = .025, OR = 1.47) or Asian (p = .042, OR = 1.53). CONCLUSION In this group, there is evidence that physician race and gender may influence decision making when considering action versus monitoring in the context of recurrent otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Gawel
- Jacobs School Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Lauren A DiNardo
- Jacobs School Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Alexandra F Corbin
- Jacobs School Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Jonathan E Friedel
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA.
| | - Michele M Carr
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jacobs School Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Vought V, Vought R, Herzog A, Habiel MM. Application of Patient Sentiment Analysis to Evaluate Glaucoma Care. Ophthalmol Glaucoma 2024; 7:316-322. [PMID: 38103732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ogla.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients utilize online physician reviews to decide between and rate ophthalmologists. Sentiment analysis allows for better understanding of patient experiences. In this study, Valence Aware Dictionary sEntiment Reasoner (VADER) and word frequency analysis of glaucoma specialist Healthgrades reviews were used to determine factors prioritized by patients. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional analysis. PARTICIPANTS N/A. METHODS Written reviews and Star ratings of glaucoma specialists listed under the Physicians Payments Sunshine Acts were obtained, and demographic information was collected. Valence Aware Dictionary sEntiment Reasoner produced Negative, Neutral, Positive, and Compound scores of reviews, and these were stratified by demographic variables. Word frequency review was applied to determine popular words and phrases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Star ratings, VADER Compound score of written reviews, and highest word frequencies. RESULTS A total of 203 glaucoma specialists and 3531 written reviews were assessed. Glaucoma specialists had an average of 4.26/5 stars, with a mean of 30 ratings per physician on Healthgrades. Most physicians (86%) had overall Positive written reviews (VADER = 0.74), indicating high patient satisfaction. Specialists who were women or had fewer years of practice had higher Compound and Star scores than their respective male and senior counterparts, with statistical significance observed between junior and senior physician Stars (P < 0.001). Repeated words pertaining to the surgery, staff, wait times, and questions were common overall and among the most positive and most negative reviews. CONCLUSIONS Glaucoma specialist patients value nonclinical factors, such as appointment setting and nonphysician health-care staff members, in their written reviews. Thus, factors beyond clinical outcomes are influential in the overall patient experience and should be considered to improve health-care delivery. These results can also advise ophthalmologists on factors that patients prioritize when evaluating physicians, which influences the decisions of other patients seeking glaucoma care. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Vought
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Rita Vought
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ava Herzog
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Miriam M Habiel
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey.
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Nikova A, Vlotinou P, Michalopoulou H, Tripsianis G, Karanikas M, Birbilis T. Women in spine surgery: can we change the society? EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024:10.1007/s00586-024-08187-9. [PMID: 38507098 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-024-08187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the number of educated women and physicians, and especially neurosurgeons, is increasing worldwide, the educational opportunities, careers, and beliefs concerning female neurosurgeon's status and abilities are undermined. To date, reported studies have focused on the conditions of the work environment, work-life balance, and the academic career of female neurosurgeons. In this study, we aimed to report the patients' viewpoint and how they choose spine physicians. METHODS We conducted an international survey based on 19 questions in four languages (Bulgarian, Greek, English, and German). The responses of 413 individuals, unrelated to the medical field (sex, 315 female and 115 male individuals; one individual did not answer the question regarding the gender), were obtained. Except for the question regarding the patient's preference for the physician sex, the survey aimed to examine the factors that might be contributing to this choice, including education, age, heard/read recommendations/advertisements, knowledge regarding the work of the neurosurgeons/orthopedists, and their difference regarding spine surgery. RESULTS The majority of the participants responded that they prefer male surgeons to treat their spine. The results showed a significant correlation between the choice of a male spine surgeon and heard/read advertisements/recommendations and knowledge regarding the work of the neurosurgeon. Despite the fact that education was not related to physician selection, it was an indirect factor that led to the final choice. CONCLUSION Women in surgery, mainly in neurosurgery, are being treated by society in an unequal way. Female surgeons are still discriminated because of their gender. The most patients prefer female physicians to talk to, but still believe that they are incapable to perform spine surgery. We cannot stop this until we change our mindset and perception of reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrina Nikova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asclipieio Voulas General Hospital, 16673, Athens, Greece.
| | - Pinelopi Vlotinou
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Univeristy of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Grigorios Tripsianis
- Department of Statistics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michael Karanikas
- Department of Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theodossios Birbilis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Al-Faifi JJ, Almuhanna NI, AlDera RM, Almohaimeed DH, Alshalan LZ, Alshaibani SK. Factors influencing decisions among the public related to the chosen surgeons for elective surgeries: A nationwide study. Surg Open Sci 2023; 13:82-87. [PMID: 37223305 PMCID: PMC10200968 DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim It is a complex decision for patients and their families to select a qualified surgeon who meets their needs. Understanding these needs enables surgeons to build stronger relationship with patients. This study aimed to identify influencing factors, variables, and criteria that individuals consider when selecting surgeons for elective surgeries. Methods This is a nationwide cross-sectional study conducted among patients who have undergone elective surgeries in Saudi Arabia. The data were collected with an anonymous self-administered pre-validated questionnaire. The collection of data was carried out through web-based questionnaires using google forms. The questionnaire contains socio-demographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender, education, etc.) and different factors to assess patients' perceptions in choosing a surgeon. Result Patients' overall number was 3133 (56.2 % females vs 43.8 % males). The most common age group was 18 to 34 years old (63.7 %). The prevalence of patients who were able to choose the right surgeon to perform an operation was 79.8 %. Patients' top choice when selecting a surgeon was according to the surgeon's manner followed by the qualifications then the reputation. Females are choosing a surgeon according to his/her manner while males are choosing according to his/her qualifications. Conclusion Surgeons' manner and qualifications are the most considered factors among when selecting a surgeon while the realistic factors such as accreditation of a facility and surgeon's scientific roles, quality improvement, and patient safety are ignored among the public. This requires condensed educational efforts and further research to determine the advertisements and social media effects on patients' decisions related to their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubran J. Al-Faifi
- Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Ibrahim Almuhanna
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reema Meshal AlDera
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danah Hamad Almohaimeed
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Ziyad Alshalan
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Khalid Alshaibani
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alsalamah RA, Aljohani EA, Aljasser R, Alsaud JS, Alsherbi R, Albalawi IAJ, Alreshidi MM, Binshalhoub FH, Alhatlani JA. Patient Perceptions and Preferences When Choosing a Surgeon: A Cross-Sectional Study, Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e39577. [PMID: 37378235 PMCID: PMC10292864 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The patient-physician relationship is changing, and patients are taking more responsibility in their decision-making. Many patients use the Internet as an important source of information regarding their health. Physician-rating websites provide essential information about the quality of care from patients' perspectives. However, choosing the appropriate healthcare provider is still complicated for any patient. Many patients find choosing a surgeon stressful because they cannot change the treating surgeon once the surgery is underway. Understanding a patient's preferences in choosing the right surgeon is essential to forming a patient-surgeon relationship and shaping practice. Nevertheless, little is known about the factors influencing patients' choices for elective surgeries in the Qassim region. Objectives This study aims to explore factors and the most common manners patients use to reach their appropriate surgeon in the Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among target people over 18 years old in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia, using a snowball sample study from October 2022 to February 2023. The data were collected online using Google Forms using a self-administered, valid Arabic questionnaire distributed to respondents via WhatsApp, Twitter, and Telegram. The questionnaire consists of two sections: participants' sociodemographic status, including age, gender, nationality, residence, occupation, and monthly income; and a section to evaluate factors influencing patient decision-making when choosing a surgeon for elective surgery. Results The factors that were significantly associated with elective surgery were: gender of the doctor (adjOR = 1.62, 99% CI: 1.29-2.04); age (adjOR = 1.31, 99% CI: 1.13-1.53); gender of the study patient (adjOR = 1.64, 99% CI: 1.28-2.10); nationality (adjOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.26-0.88); and employment (adjOR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.79-0.99). Conclusions The cultural background in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia plays a significant role in influencing gender in the choice of the surgeon for elective surgery. Recommendations from friends and family members play a less significant role in the choice of the surgeon for elective surgery. Patients in employment and pensioners seem to have a significant preference in the choice of surgeon for elective surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emad A Aljohani
- College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, SAU
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fahad H Binshalhoub
- Medicine and Surgery, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, SAU
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Societal Preferences for Gender of Surgeons: A Cross-Sectional Study in the General Population of Pakistan. World J Surg 2022; 46:757-766. [PMID: 34994836 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-021-06418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sociocultural norms and gender biases may result in surgeon gender preferences among the general public. This study aimed to understand preferences and perceptions related to surgeon gender among the general population in Pakistan, a lower-middle-income country. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted by the Aga Khan University, Karachi, among the adult general population in Pakistan. Sequential mixed-mode data collection was performed via online dissemination on social media platforms and in-person surveying at different geographic locations in Karachi. RESULTS Among 1604 respondents, 50% did not report having surgeon gender preferences in general. Among respondents with gender preferences, there was a highly significant preference for gender concordance across all surgical subspecialties (p <0.001) except cardiothoracic surgery and neurosurgery. Exceptions where women preferred a male surgeon were neurosurgery (59.7% vs. 40.3%; p <0.001) and cardiothoracic surgery (53.1% vs. 46.9%; p <0.001). Moreover, respondents felt more comfortable communicating with (67.6%) and being examined by (73.3%) gender concordant surgeons. Men more commonly perceived male surgeons as more competent (26% vs. 14.5%; p <0.001) and warmer (18.3% vs. 9.8%; p <0.001) than female surgeons. Nevertheless, the most important factors influencing selection of a surgeon were the surgeon's reputation (69.6%) and experience (50.5%). Most respondents (84.5%) believed that more females should practice surgery. CONCLUSION While around half of respondents do not have gender preferences, a significant proportion prefers a gender concordant surgeon across subspecialties. In a society where conservative sociocultural norms play a significant role when seeking health care, this makes yet another compelling argument for gender parity in surgery.
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Hunter J, Crofts H, Keehn A, Schlagintweit S, Luc JGY, Lefaivre KA. Gender imbalance amongst promotion and leadership in academic surgical programs in Canada: A cross-sectional Investigation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256742. [PMID: 34437636 PMCID: PMC8389450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are underrepresented at higher levels of promotion or leadership despite the increasing number of women physicians. In surgery, this has been compounded by historical underrepresentation. With a nation-wide focus on the importance of diversity, our aim was to provide a current snapshot of gender representation in Canadian universities. METHODS This cross-sectional online website review assessed the current faculty listings for 17 university-affiliated academic surgical training departments across Canada in the 2019/2020 academic year. Gender diversity of academic surgical faculty was assessed across surgical disciplines. Additionally, gender diversity in career advancement, as described by published leadership roles, promotion and faculty appointment, was analyzed. RESULTS Women surgeons are underrepresented across Canadian surgical specialties (totals: 2,689 men versus 531 women). There are significant differences in the gender representation of surgeons between specialties and between universities, regardless of specialty. Women surgeons had a much lower likelihood of being at the highest levels of promotion (OR: 0.269, 95% CI: 0.179-0.405). Men surgeons were statistically more likely to hold academic leadership positions than women (p = 0.0002). Women surgeons had a much lower likelihood of being at the highest levels of leadership (OR: 0.372, 95% CI: 0.216-0.641). DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that women surgeons are significantly underrepresented at the highest levels of academic promotion and leadership in Canada. Our findings allow for a direct comparison between Canadian surgical subspecialties and universities. Individual institutions can use these data to critically appraise diversity policies already in place, assess their workforce and apply a metric from which change can be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hunter
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helen Crofts
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alysha Keehn
- Division of General Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sofie Schlagintweit
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica G. Y. Luc
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly A. Lefaivre
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Haberal Can İ, İncesulu A, Eyigör H, Şenol Y, Kara CO. Perception of male otolaryngologists on gender discrimination: a comparative study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:1257-1264. [PMID: 32944832 PMCID: PMC7497857 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06354-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To gather information on perception of male otolaryngologists (MORLs) about gender discrimination towards female otolaryngologists (FORLs). Methods MORLs were invited to participate to an online survey. Minimum participation requirement was completion of at least their first year of residency. The responses were analyzed and compared vis-a-vis with the previously conducted similar survey among FORLs. Results Statistically significant responses on the Likert scale are classified in four main groups. MORLs and FORLs share the same views about financial factors, benefits and opportunities, housework as burden, establishing work–life balance and physical strength requirements. They have opposing views about FORLs being meticulous, exposed to more negative attitude of the opposite gender and men’s dominance in decision-making. FORLs don’t have consensus, but MORLs disagree about MORLs being favored in pursuing academic careers. On the other hand, MORLs don’t have consensus, but FORLs agree about patients having more confidence in MORLs. Conclusion MORLs don’t usually have any confrontation with FORLs in regards to the roles of women in the society such as their motherhood role. On the other hand, MORLs show rather a contradiction on their perception towards the gender discrimination mainly in achieving career goals by FORLs such as growing in the profession and holding managing roles. When the views of the both gender group are compared, MORLs don’t seem to fully acknowledge FORLs’ gender discrimination experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlknur Haberal Can
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Yozgat Bozok University Medical Faculty, Yozgat, Turkey.
| | - Armağan İncesulu
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Hülya Eyigör
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sağlık Bilimleri University Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Şenol
- Department of Medical Education, Antalya University Medical Faculty, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Orhan Kara
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Denizli Pamukkale University Medical Faculty, Denizli, Turkey
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Women in otolaryngology in Turkey: Insight of gender equality, career development and work-life balance. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41:102305. [PMID: 31727333 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.102305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to collect information about the demographics, academic ambitions, job satisfactions, career development and work-life balance of female otorhinolaryngologists (FORL) in Turkey and to determine their experiences with, and attitudes towards gender discrimination throughout their academic careers. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING A prospective survey study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study was aimed to include all FORL who completed their residency program. An online survey was used to collect their responses. RESULTS Out of 208 invitations, 156 FORL participated to the survey. The mean age of the participants was 39.7 ± 6.1 (29-75) years. 16.6% of the FORL used to occupy or still occupying administrative positions in their respective medical centers; 15.4% of them used to be assigned or still being assigned to a duty in otorhinolaryngology associations. Gender discrimination was 2.5 fold higher (p = 0.006 OR: 2.55 (95% CI 1.31, 4.99) in departments where there were no female faculty members. 53.2% of the female surgeons were both physically and psychologically harassed for their gender during their residency programs to deter from completing their program in otolaryngology. This finding is 4.1 fold higher than those who stated that they had not been exposed to any such gender discrimination (p = 0.001 OR: 4.094 (95% CI 2.22, 7.57). CONCLUSION Healthcare policy-makers and institutions should consider taking all the necessary actions to prevent gender discrimination in order to increase job satisfaction and achievements of female specialists in the field of otorhinolaryngology.
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Tracy LF, Jabbour N, Rubin BR, Sobin LB, Lawlor CM, Basa KC, Levi JR, Tracy JC. Satisfaction in Academic Otolaryngology: Do Physician Demographics Impact Press Ganey Survey Scores? Laryngoscope 2019; 130:1902-1906. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.28335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F. Tracy
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
| | - Nicolette Jabbour
- Boston Medical Center Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
| | - Batsheva R. Rubin
- Boston Medical Center Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
- Boston University School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts
| | - Lindsay B. Sobin
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
| | - Claire M. Lawlor
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Children's National Health System, George Washington University Washington DC
| | - Krystyne C. Basa
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jessica R. Levi
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jeremiah C. Tracy
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts
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