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Drouyer M, Chu TH, Labit E, Haase F, Navarro RG, Nazareth D, Rosin N, Merjane J, Scott S, Cabanes-Creus M, Westhaus A, Zhu E, Midha R, Alexander IE, Biernaskie J, Ginn SL, Lisowski L. Novel AAV variants with improved tropism for human Schwann cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101234. [PMID: 38558569 PMCID: PMC10978538 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapies and associated technologies are transforming biomedical research and enabling novel therapeutic options for patients living with debilitating and incurable genetic disorders. The vector system based on recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) has shown great promise in recent clinical trials for genetic diseases of multiple organs, such as the liver and the nervous system. Despite recent successes toward the development of novel bioengineered AAV variants for improved transduction of primary human tissues and cells, vectors that can efficiently transduce human Schwann cells (hSCs) have yet to be identified. Here, we report the application of the functional transduction-RNA selection method in primary hSCs for the development of AAV variants for specific and efficient transgene delivery to hSCs. The two identified capsid variants, Pep2hSC1 and Pep2hSC2, show conserved potency for delivery across various in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo models of hSCs. These novel AAV capsids will serve as valuable research tools, forming the basis for therapeutic solutions for both SC-related disorders or peripheral nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tak-Ho Chu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elodie Labit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Florencia Haase
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Nazareth
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole Rosin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica Merjane
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ian E. Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Samantha L. Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Australian Genome Therapeutics Centre, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Woo Y, Ma M, Okawa M, Saito T. Hepatocyte Intrinsic Innate Antiviral Immunity against Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection: The Voices of Bona Fide Human Hepatocytes. Viruses 2024; 16:740. [PMID: 38793622 PMCID: PMC11126147 DOI: 10.3390/v16050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of viral infection is attributed to two folds: intrinsic cell death pathway activation due to the viral cytopathic effect, and immune-mediated extrinsic cellular injuries. The immune system, encompassing both innate and adaptive immunity, therefore acts as a double-edged sword in viral infection. Insufficient potency permits pathogens to establish lifelong persistent infection and its consequences, while excessive activation leads to organ damage beyond its mission to control viral pathogens. The innate immune response serves as the front line of defense against viral infection, which is triggered through the recognition of viral products, referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), by host cell pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs-PAMPs interaction results in the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in infected cells, as well as the secretion of interferons (IFNs), to establish a tissue-wide antiviral state in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Cumulative evidence suggests significant variability in the expression patterns of PRRs, the induction potency of ISGs and IFNs, and the IFN response across different cell types and species. Hence, in our understanding of viral hepatitis pathogenesis, insights gained through hepatoma cell lines or murine-based experimental systems are uncertain in precisely recapitulating the innate antiviral response of genuine human hepatocytes. Accordingly, this review article aims to extract and summarize evidence made possible with bona fide human hepatocytes-based study tools, along with their clinical relevance and implications, as well as to identify the remaining gaps in knowledge for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yein Woo
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Muyuan Ma
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Masashi Okawa
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- R&D Department, PhoenixBio USA Corporation, New York, NY 10006, USA
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Lee S, Verkhoturov DS, Eller MJ, Verkhoturov SV, Shaw MA, Gwon K, Kim Y, Lucien F, Malhi H, Revzin A, Schweikert EA. Nanoprojectile Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Enables Multiplexed Analysis of Individual Hepatic Extracellular Vesicles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23584-23594. [PMID: 38033295 PMCID: PMC10985841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer particles secreted by cells. EVs may carry markers of the tissue of origin and its disease state, which makes them incredibly promising for disease diagnosis and surveillance. While the armamentarium of EV analysis technologies is rapidly expanding, there remains a strong need for multiparametric analysis with single EV resolution. Nanoprojectile (NP) secondary ion mass spectrometry (NP-SIMS) relies on bombarding a substrate of interest with individual gold NPs resolved in time and space. Each projectile creates an impact crater of 10-20 nm in diameter while molecules emitted from each impact are mass analyzed and recorded as individual mass spectra. We demonstrate the utility of NP-SIMS for statistical analysis of single EVs derived from normal liver cells (hepatocytes) and liver cancer cells. EVs were captured on antibody (Ab)-functionalized gold substrate and then labeled with Abs carrying lanthanide (Ln) MS tags (Ab@Ln). These tags targeted four markers selected for identifying all EVs, and specific to hepatocytes or liver cancer. NP-SIMS was used to detect Ab@Ln-tags colocalized on the same EV and to construct scatter plots of surface marker expression for thousands of EVs with the capability of categorizing individual EVs. Additionally, NP-SIMS revealed information about the chemical nanoenvironment where targeted moieties colocalized. Our approach allowed analysis of population heterogeneity with single EV resolution and distinguishing between hepatocyte and liver cancer EVs based on surface marker expression. NP-SIMS holds considerable promise for multiplexed analysis of single EVs and may become a valuable tool for identifying and validating EV biomarkers of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhwa Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Eller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | | | - Michael A. Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Kihak Gwon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yohan Kim
- Departments of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Fabrice Lucien
- Departments of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Emile A. Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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4
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Gwon K, Choi D, de Hoyos-Vega JM, Baskaran H, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, Lee S, Hong HJ, Nguyen KM, Dharmesh E, Sugahara G, Ishida Y, Saito T, Stybayeva G, Revzin A. Function of hepatocyte spheroids in bioactive microcapsules is enhanced by endogenous and exogenous hepatocyte growth factor. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:183-195. [PMID: 37266448 PMCID: PMC10230170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to maintain functional hepatocytes has important implications for bioartificial liver development, cell-based therapies, drug screening, and tissue engineering. Several approaches can be used to restore hepatocyte function in vitro, including coating a culture substrate with extracellular matrix (ECM), encapsulating cells within biomimetic gels (Collagen- or Matrigel-based), or co-cultivation with other cells. This paper describes the use of bioactive heparin-based core-shell microcapsules to form and cultivate hepatocyte spheroids. These microcapsules are comprised of an aqueous core that facilitates hepatocyte aggregation into spheroids and a heparin hydrogel shell that binds and releases growth factors. We demonstrate that bioactive microcapsules retain and release endogenous signals thus enhancing the function of encapsulated hepatocytes. We also demonstrate that hepatic function may be further enhanced by loading exogenous hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) into microcapsules and inhibiting transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 signaling. Overall, bioactive microcapsules described here represent a promising new strategy for the encapsulation and maintenance of primary hepatocytes and will be beneficial for liver tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihak Gwon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daheui Choi
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - José M. de Hoyos-Vega
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Harihara Baskaran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Seonhwa Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kianna M. Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ether Dharmesh
- Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Go Sugahara
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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5
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Lee S, Verkhoturov DS, Eller MJ, Verkhoturov SV, Shaw MA, Gwon K, Kim Y, Lucien F, Malhi H, Revzin A, Schweikert EA. Nanoprojectile Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Enables Multiplexed Analysis of Individual Hepatic Extracellular Vesicles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.554053. [PMID: 37662200 PMCID: PMC10473594 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.554053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer particles secreted by cells. EVs may carry markers of the tissue of origin and its disease state which makes them incredibly promising for disease diagnosis and surveillance. While the armamentarium of EV analysis technologies is rapidly expanding, there remains a strong need for multiparametric analysis with single EV resolution. Nanoprojectile (NP) secondary ion mass spectrometry (NP-SIMS) relies on bombarding a substrate of interest with individual gold NPs resolved in time and space. Each projectile creates an impact crater of 10-20 nm in diameter while molecules emitted from each impact are mass analyzed and recorded as individual mass spectra. We demonstrate the utility of NP-SIMS for analysis of single EVs derived from normal liver cells (hepatocytes) and liver cancer cells. EVs were captured on antibody (Ab)-functionalized gold substrate then labeled with Abs carrying lanthanide (Ln) MS tags (Ab@Ln). These tags targeted four markers selected for identifying all EVs, and specific to hepatocytes or liver cancer. NP-SIMS was used to detect Ab@Ln-tags co-localized on the same EV and to construct scatter plots of surface marker expression for thousands of EVs with the capability of categorizing individual EVs. Additionally, NP-SIMS revealed information about the chemical nano-environment where targeted moieties co-localized. Our approach allowed analysis of population heterogeneity with single EV resolution and distinguishing between hepatocyte and liver cancer EVs based on surface marker expression. NP-SIMS holds considerable promise for multiplexed analysis of single EVs and may become a valuable tool for identifying and validating EV biomarkers of cancer and other diseases.
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6
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Fattahi P, de Hoyos-Vega JM, Choi JH, Duffy CD, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, Ishida Y, Nguyen KM, Gwon K, Peterson QP, Saito T, Stybayeva G, Revzin A. Guiding Hepatic Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Using 3D Microfluidic Co-Cultures with Human Hepatocytes. Cells 2023; 12:1982. [PMID: 37566061 PMCID: PMC10417547 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are capable of unlimited proliferation and can undergo differentiation to give rise to cells and tissues of the three primary germ layers. While directing lineage selection of hPSCs has been an active area of research, improving the efficiency of differentiation remains an important objective. In this study, we describe a two-compartment microfluidic device for co-cultivation of adult human hepatocytes and stem cells. Both cell types were cultured in a 3D or spheroid format. Adult hepatocytes remained highly functional in the microfluidic device over the course of 4 weeks and served as a source of instructive paracrine cues to drive hepatic differentiation of stem cells cultured in the neighboring compartment. The differentiation of stem cells was more pronounced in microfluidic co-cultures compared to a standard hepatic differentiation protocol. In addition to improving stem cell differentiation outcomes, the microfluidic co-culture system described here may be used for parsing signals and mechanisms controlling hepatic cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Fattahi
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (P.F.); (J.M.d.H.-V.); (J.H.C.); (C.D.D.); (A.M.G.-S.); (K.M.N.); (K.G.); (Q.P.P.); (G.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jose M. de Hoyos-Vega
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (P.F.); (J.M.d.H.-V.); (J.H.C.); (C.D.D.); (A.M.G.-S.); (K.M.N.); (K.G.); (Q.P.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Jong Hoon Choi
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (P.F.); (J.M.d.H.-V.); (J.H.C.); (C.D.D.); (A.M.G.-S.); (K.M.N.); (K.G.); (Q.P.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Caden D. Duffy
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (P.F.); (J.M.d.H.-V.); (J.H.C.); (C.D.D.); (A.M.G.-S.); (K.M.N.); (K.G.); (Q.P.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Alan M. Gonzalez-Suarez
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (P.F.); (J.M.d.H.-V.); (J.H.C.); (C.D.D.); (A.M.G.-S.); (K.M.N.); (K.G.); (Q.P.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (Y.I.); (T.S.)
- Research and Development Unit, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Kianna M. Nguyen
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (P.F.); (J.M.d.H.-V.); (J.H.C.); (C.D.D.); (A.M.G.-S.); (K.M.N.); (K.G.); (Q.P.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Kihak Gwon
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (P.F.); (J.M.d.H.-V.); (J.H.C.); (C.D.D.); (A.M.G.-S.); (K.M.N.); (K.G.); (Q.P.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Quinn P. Peterson
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (P.F.); (J.M.d.H.-V.); (J.H.C.); (C.D.D.); (A.M.G.-S.); (K.M.N.); (K.G.); (Q.P.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (Y.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (P.F.); (J.M.d.H.-V.); (J.H.C.); (C.D.D.); (A.M.G.-S.); (K.M.N.); (K.G.); (Q.P.P.); (G.S.)
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (P.F.); (J.M.d.H.-V.); (J.H.C.); (C.D.D.); (A.M.G.-S.); (K.M.N.); (K.G.); (Q.P.P.); (G.S.)
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7
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Chida T, Ishida Y, Morioka S, Sugahara G, Han C, Lam B, Yamasaki C, Sugahara R, Li M, Tanaka Y, Liang TJ, Tateno C, Saito T. Persistent hepatic IFN system activation in HBV-HDV infection determines viral replication dynamics and therapeutic response. JCI Insight 2023; 8:162404. [PMID: 37154158 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a satellite virus of HBV, is regarded as the most severe type of hepatitis virus because of the substantial morbidity and mortality. The IFN system is the first line of defense against viral infections and an essential element of antiviral immunity; however, the role of the hepatic IFN system in controlling HBV-HDV infection remains poorly understood. Herein, we showed that HDV infection of human hepatocytes induced a potent and persistent activation of the IFN system whereas HBV was inert in triggering hepatic antiviral response. Moreover, we demonstrated that HDV-induced constitutive activation of the hepatic IFN system resulted in a potent suppression of HBV while modestly inhibiting HDV. Thus, these pathogens are equipped with distinctive immunogenicity and varying sensitivity to the antiviral effectors of IFN, leading to the establishment of a paradoxical mode of viral interference wherein HDV, the superinfectant, outcompetes HBV, the primary pathogen. Furthermore, our study revealed that HDV-induced constitutive IFN system activation led to a state of IFN refractoriness, rendering therapeutic IFNs ineffective. The present study provides potentially novel insights into the role of the hepatic IFN system in regulating HBV-HDV infection dynamics and its therapeutic implications through elucidating the molecular basis underlying the inefficacy of IFN-based antiviral strategies against HBV-HDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Chida
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
- PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sho Morioka
- PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Go Sugahara
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
- PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Christine Han
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bill Lam
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Remi Sugahara
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Bioinformatics Service, Norris Medical Library, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - T Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology
- Department of Pathology, and
- USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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Carbonaro M, Wang K, Huang H, Frleta D, Patel A, Pennington A, Desclaux M, Moller-Tank S, Grindley J, Altarejos J, Zhong J, Polites G, Poueymirou W, Jaspers S, Kyratsous C, Zambrowicz B, Murphy A, Lin JC, Macdonald LE, Daly C, Sleeman M, Thurston G, Li Z. IL-6-GP130 signaling protects human hepatocytes against lipid droplet accumulation in humanized liver models. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4490. [PMID: 37058568 PMCID: PMC10104468 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Liver steatosis is an increasing health issue with few therapeutic options, partly because of a paucity of experimental models. In humanized liver rodent models, abnormal lipid accumulation in transplanted human hepatocytes occurs spontaneously. Here, we demonstrate that this abnormality is associated with compromised interleukin-6 (IL-6)-glycoprotein 130 (GP130) signaling in human hepatocytes because of incompatibility between host rodent IL-6 and human IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) on donor hepatocytes. Restoration of hepatic IL-6-GP130 signaling, through ectopic expression of rodent IL-6R, constitutive activation of GP130 in human hepatocytes, or humanization of an Il6 allele in recipient mice, substantially reduced hepatosteatosis. Notably, providing human Kupffer cells via hematopoietic stem cell engraftment in humanized liver mice also corrected the abnormality. Our observations suggest an important role of IL-6-GP130 pathway in regulating lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and not only provide a method to improve humanized liver models but also suggest therapeutic potential for manipulating GP130 signaling in human liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kehui Wang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Hui Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Davor Frleta
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Aditi Patel
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Zhong
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Greg Polites
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John C. Lin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Sleeman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - Zhe Li
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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9
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Zerdoug A, Le Vée M, Uehara S, Jamin A, Higuchi Y, Yoneda N, Lopez B, Chesné C, Suemizu H, Fardel O. Drug transporter expression and activity in cryopreserved human hepatocytes isolated from chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized livers. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 90:105592. [PMID: 37030647 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric mice with humanized liver are thought to represent a sustainable source of isolated human hepatocytes for in vitro studying detoxification of drugs in humans. Because drug transporters are now recognized as key-actors of the hepatic detoxifying process, the present study was designed to characterize mRNA expression and activity of main hepatic drug transporters in cryopreserved human hepatocytes isolated from chimeric TK-NOG mice and termed HepaSH cells. Such cells after thawing were shown to exhibit a profile of hepatic solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter mRNA levels well correlated to those found in cryopreserved primary human hepatocytes or human livers. HepaSH cells used either as suspensions or as 24 h-cultures additionally displayed notable activities of uptake SLCs, including organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2) or sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP). SLC transporter mRNA expression, as well as SLC activities, nevertheless fell in HepaSH cells cultured for 120 h, which may reflect a partial dedifferentiation of these cells with time in culture in the conventional monolayer culture conditions used in the study. These data therefore support the use of cryopreserved HepaSH cells as either suspensions or short-term cultures for drug transport studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zerdoug
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; Biopredic International, F-35760 Saint Grégoire, France
| | - Marc Le Vée
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 210-0821 Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Agnès Jamin
- Biopredic International, F-35760 Saint Grégoire, France
| | - Yuichiro Higuchi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 210-0821 Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Nao Yoneda
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 210-0821 Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 210-0821 Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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10
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Sugahara G, Ishida Y, Lee JJ, Li M, Tanaka Y, Eoh H, Higuchi Y, Saito T. Long-term cell fate and functional maintenance of human hepatocyte through stepwise culture configuration. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22750. [PMID: 36607308 PMCID: PMC9830592 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201292rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatocyte culture system represents by far the most physiologically relevant model for our understanding of liver biology and diseases; however, its versatility has been limited due to the rapid and progressive loss of genuine characteristics, indicating the inadequacy of in vitro milieu for fate maintenance. This study, therefore, is designed to define environmental requirements necessary to sustain the homeostasis of terminally differentiated hepatocytes. Our study reveals that the supplementation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is indispensable in mitigating fate deterioration and promoting adaptation to the in vitro environment, resulting in the restoration of tight cell-cell contact, cellular architecture, and polarity. The morphological recovery was overall accompanied by the restoration of hepatocyte marker gene expression, highlighting the interdependence between the cellular architecture and the maintenance of cell fate. However, beyond the recovery phase culture, DMSO supplementation is deemed detrimental due to the potent inhibitory effect on a multitude of hepatocyte functionalities while its withdrawal results in the loss of cell fate. In search of DMSO substitute, our screening of organic substances led to the identification of dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2), which supports the long-term maintenance of proper morphology, marker gene expression, and hepatocytic functions. Moreover, hepatocytes maintained DMSO2 exhibited clinically relevant toxicity in response to prolonged exposure to xenobiotics as well as alcohol. These observations suggest that the stepwise culture configuration consisting of the consecutive supplementation of DMSO and DMSO2 confers the microenvironment essential for the fate and functional maintenance of terminally differentiated human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Sugahara
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Research and Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jae Jin Lee
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Meng Li
- University of Southern California, Norris Medical Library, Bioinformatics Service Program, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yusuke Higuchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Takeshi Saito
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Corresponding author: Takeshi Saito, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, and Pathology, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue, HMR 801A, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9141, Phone: +1-323-442-2260, Fax:+1-323-442-5425,
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11
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Cabanes-Creus M, Navarro RG, Liao SH, Scott S, Carlessi R, Roca-Pinilla R, Knight M, Baltazar G, Zhu E, Jones M, Denisenko E, Forrest AR, Alexander IE, Tirnitz-Parker JE, Lisowski L. Characterization of the humanized FRG mouse model and development of an AAV-LK03 variant with improved liver lobular biodistribution. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:220-237. [PMID: 36700121 PMCID: PMC9860073 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical successes have intensified interest in using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for therapeutic gene delivery. The liver is a key clinical target, given its critical physiological functions and involvement in a wide range of genetic diseases. In the present study, we first investigated the validity of a liver xenograft mouse model repopulated with primary hepatocytes using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (sn-RNA-seq) by studying the transcriptomic profile of human hepatocytes pre- and post-engraftment. Complementary immunofluorescence analyses performed in highly engrafted animals confirmed that the human hepatocytes organize and present appropriate patterns of zone-dependent enzyme expression in this model. Next, we tested a set of rationally designed HSPG de-targeted AAV-LK03 variants for relative transduction performance in human hepatocytes. We used immunofluorescence, next-generation sequencing, and single-nucleus transcriptomics data from highly engrafted FRG mice to demonstrate that the optimally HSPG de-targeted AAV-LK03 displayed a significantly improved lobular transduction profile in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sophia H.Y. Liao
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia,Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ramon Roca-Pinilla
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Maddison Knight
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matthew Jones
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Elena Denisenko
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alistair R.R. Forrest
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ian E. Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Janina E.E. Tirnitz-Parker
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia,UWA Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland,Corresponding author: Dr. Leszek Lisowski, Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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12
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Carbonaro M, Lee J, Pefanis E, Desclaux M, Wang K, Pennington A, Huang H, Mujica A, Rojas J, Ally R, Kennedy D, Brown M, Rogulin V, Moller-Tank S, Sabin L, Zambrowicz B, Thurston G, Li Z. Efficient engraftment and viral transduction of human hepatocytes in an FRG rat liver humanization model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14079. [PMID: 35982097 PMCID: PMC9388686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized liver rodent models, in which the host liver parenchyma is repopulated by human hepatocytes, have been increasingly used for drug development and disease research. Unlike the leading humanized liver mouse model in which Fumarylacetoacetate Hydrolase (Fah), Recombination Activating Gene (Rag)-2 and Interleukin-2 Receptor Gamma (Il2rg) genes were inactivated simultaneously, generation of similar recipient rats has been challenging. Here, using Velocigene and 1-cell-embryo-targeting technologies, we generated a rat model deficient in Fah, Rag1/2 and Il2rg genes, similar to humanized liver mice. These rats were efficiently engrafted with Fah-expressing hepatocytes from rat, mouse and human. Humanized liver rats expressed human albumin and complement proteins in serum and showed a normal liver zonation pattern. Further, approaches were developed for gene delivery through viral transduction of human hepatocytes either in vivo, or in vitro prior to engraftment, providing a novel platform to study liver disease and hepatocyte-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey Lee
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Kehui Wang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - Hui Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Alejo Mujica
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Jose Rojas
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Roxanne Ally
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Leah Sabin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Zhe Li
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA.
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13
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Zerdoug A, Le Vée M, Uehara S, Lopez B, Chesné C, Suemizu H, Fardel O. Contribution of Humanized Liver Chimeric Mice to the Study of Human Hepatic Drug Transporters: State of the Art and Perspectives. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:621-637. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Chen L, Li Y, Sottas C, Lazaris A, Petrillo SK, Metrakos P, Li L, Ishida Y, Saito T, Garza S, Papadopoulos V. Loss of mitochondrial ATPase ATAD3A contributes to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through accumulation of lipids and damaged mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102008. [PMID: 35513069 PMCID: PMC9157002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial ATPase ATAD3A is essential for cholesterol transport, mitochondrial structure, and cell survival. However, the relationship between ATAD3A and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is largely unknown. In this study, we found that ATAD3A was upregulated in the progression of NAFLD in livers from rats with diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and in human livers from patients diagnosed with NAFLD. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to delete ATAD3A in Huh7 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and used RNAi to silence ATAD3A expression in human hepatocytes isolated from humanized liver-chimeric mice to assess the influence of ATAD3A deletion on liver cells with free cholesterol (FC) overload induced by treatment with cholesterol plus 58035, an inhibitor of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase. Our results showed that ATAD3A KO exacerbated FC accumulation under FC overload in Huh7 cells and also that triglyceride levels were significantly increased in ATAD3A KO Huh7 cells following inhibition of lipolysis mediated by upregulation of lipid droplet-binding protein perilipin-2. Moreover, loss of ATAD3A upregulated autophagosome-associated light chain 3-II protein and p62 in Huh7 cells and fresh human hepatocytes through blockage of autophagosome degradation. Finally, we show the mitophagy mediator, PTEN-induced kinase 1, was downregulated in ATAD3A KO Huh7 cells, suggesting that ATAD3A KO inhibits mitophagy. These results also showed that loss of ATAD3A impaired mitochondrial basal respiration and ATP production in Huh7 cells under FC overload, accompanied by downregulation of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Taken together, we conclude that loss of ATAD3A promotes the progression of NAFLD through the accumulation of FC, triglyceride, and damaged mitochondria in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuchang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chantal Sottas
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthoula Lazaris
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie K Petrillo
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Metrakos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Research & Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co, Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA; University of Southern California Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samuel Garza
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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15
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Insights from a high-fat diet fed mouse model with a humanized liver. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268260. [PMID: 35533183 PMCID: PMC9084523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disorder worldwide and is increasing at an alarming rate. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The use of animal models remains a vital aspect for investigating the molecular mechanisms contributing to metabolic dysregulation and facilitating novel drug target identification. However, some differences exist between mouse and human hepatocyte physiology. Recently, chimeric mice with human liver have been generated, representing a step forward in the development of animal models relevant to human disease. Here we explored the feasibility of using one of these models (cDNA-uPA/SCID) to recapitulate obesity, insulin resistance and NAFLD upon feeding a Western-style diet. Furthermore, given the importance of a proper control diet, we first evaluated whether there are differences between feeding a purified ingredient control diet that matches the composition of the high-fat diet and feeding a grain-based chow diet. We show that mice fed chow have a higher food intake and fed glucose levels than mice that received a low-fat purified ingredient diet, suggesting that the last one represents a better control diet. Upon feeding a high-fat or matched ingredient control diet for 12 weeks, cDNA-uPA/SCID chimeric mice developed extensive macrovesicular steatosis, a feature previously associated with reduced growth hormone action. However, mice were resistant to diet-induced obesity and remained glucose tolerant. Genetic background is fundamental for the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Our data suggests that using a background that favors the development of these traits, such as C57BL/6, may be necessary to establish a humanized mouse model of NAFLD exhibiting the metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity.
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16
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Pirola CJ, Sookoian S. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: advances in genetic and epigenetic implications. Curr Opin Lipidol 2022; 33:95-102. [PMID: 34966133 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fatty liver associated with metabolic dysfunction, also known under the acronym NAFLD (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) is the leading global cause of chronic liver disease. In this review, we address the state of research on genetics and epigenetics of NAFLD with focus on key discoveries and conceptual advances over the past 2 years. RECENT FINDINGS The analysis of NAFLD-associated genetic variant effects on the whole-transcriptome, including quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with gene expression (eQTL) or splicing (sQTL) may explain pleiotropic effects. Functional experiments on NAFLD-epigenetics, including profiling of liver chromatin accessibility quantitative trait loci (caQTL) show co-localization with numerous genome-wide association study signals linked to metabolic and cardiovascular traits. Novel studies provide insights into the modulation of the hepatic transcriptome and epigenome by tissue microbiotas. Genetic variation of components of the liver cellular respirasome may result in broad cellular and metabolic effects. Mitochondrial noncoding RNAs may regulate liver inflammation and fibrogenesis. RNA modifications as N6-methyladenosine may explain sex-specific differences in liver gene transcription linked to lipid traits. SUMMARY The latest developments in the field of NAFLD-genomics can be leveraged for identifying novel disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets that may prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with disease progression. VIDEO ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/COL/A23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Pirola
- Institute of Medical Research A Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, School of Medicine
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biology of Complex Diseases, Institute of Medical Research (IDIM), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) - University of Buenos Aires
| | - Silvia Sookoian
- Institute of Medical Research A Lanari, University of Buenos Aires, School of Medicine
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, Institute of Medical Research (IDIM), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) - University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Westhaus A, Cabanes Creus M, Jonker T, Sallard E, Navarro RG, Zhu E, Baltazar G, Lee S, Wilmott P, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Santilli G, Thrasher AJ, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. AAV-p40 bioengineering platform for variant selection based on transgene expression. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:664-682. [PMID: 35297686 PMCID: PMC10112876 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The power of AAV directed evolution for identifying novel vector variants with improved properties is well established, as evidenced by numerous publications reporting novel AAV variants. However, most capsid variants reported to date have been identified using either replication-competent selection platforms or PCR-based capsid DNA recovery methods, which can bias the selection towards efficient replication or unproductive intracellular trafficking, respectively. A central objective of this study was to validate a functional transduction (FT)-based method for rapid identification of novel AAV variants based on AAV capsid mRNA expression in target cells. We performed a comparison of the FT platform to existing replication competent strategies. Based on the selection kinetics and function of novel capsids identified in an in vivo screen in a xenograft model of human hepatocytes, we identified the mRNA-based FT selection as the most optimal AAV selection method. Lastly, to gain insight into the mRNA-based selection mechanism driven by the native AAV-p40 promoter, we studied its activity in a range of in vitro and in vivo targets. We found AAV-p40 to be a ubiquitously active promoter that can be modified for cell type-specific expression by incorporating binding sites for silencing transcription factors, allowing for cell-type-specific library selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Westhaus
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia, 2145;
| | - Marti Cabanes Creus
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Timo Jonker
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Erwan Sallard
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia, 2145;
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Gene Therapy Research Unit, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Scott Lee
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Patrick Wilmott
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, 214 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia, 2145;
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, 522555, Stem Cell & Organoid Facility and Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2145;
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- UCL-Institute of Child Health, Centre for Immunodeficiencies, 30 guilford street, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, WC1N 1EH;
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Institute of Child Health, London, UK, Molecular Immunology Unit, 30 guilford street, london, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, wc1n1eh;
| | - Ian Edward Alexander
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and Children's Medical Research Institute, Corner Hawkesbury Rd & Hainsworth St, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia, 2145 Sydney;
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
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18
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Cabanes-Creus M, Navarro RG, Zhu E, Baltazar G, Liao SHY, Drouyer M, Amaya AK, Scott S, Nguyen LH, Westhaus A, Hebben M, Wilson LOW, Thrasher AJ, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. Novel human liver-tropic AAV variants define transferable domains that markedly enhance the human tropism of AAV7 and AAV8. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:88-101. [PMID: 34977275 PMCID: PMC8693155 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical successes have intensified interest in using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for therapeutic gene delivery. The liver is a key clinical target, given its critical physiological functions and involvement in a wide range of genetic diseases. Here, we report the bioengineering of a set of next-generation AAV vectors, named AAV-SYDs (where “SYD” stands for Sydney, Australia), with increased human hepato-tropism in a liver xenograft mouse model repopulated with primary human hepatocytes. We followed a two-step process that staggered directed evolution and domain-swapping approaches. Using DNA-family shuffling, we first mapped key AAV capsid regions responsible for efficient human hepatocyte transduction in vivo. Focusing on these regions, we next applied domain-swapping strategies to identify and study key capsid residues that enhance primary human hepatocyte uptake and transgene expression. Our findings underscore the potential of AAV-SYDs as liver gene therapy vectors and provide insights into the mechanism responsible for their enhanced transduction profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Anais K Amaya
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Loan Hanh Nguyen
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Great Ormond Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Matthias Hebben
- LogicBio Therapeutics, 65 Hayden avenue, Lexington, 02421 MA, USA
| | - Laurence O W Wilson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Military Institute of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Simultaneous measurement of mouse and human albumin in chimeric mice with humanized livers. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:267-278. [PMID: 35195037 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The degree of human hepatocyte replacement in chimeric mice with humanized liver has previously been shown to correlate with human plasma albumin measurements. However, there are no reports that directly compare the remaining endogenous mouse albumin with the newly expressed human albumin following engraftment. To better understand the disposition of serum albumin in PXB-mice, we developed a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to simultaneously quantitate both human and mouse albumin from plasma. Results: A robust correlation was observed between the serum human albumin levels measured by LC-MS/MS and the estimated replacement index of PXB-mice. Conclusion: All data were shown to be specific and suitable to accurately quantify both human and mouse albumin from plasma of chimeric mice with humanized livers.
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20
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Luo Y, Lu H, Peng D, Ruan X, Chen YE, Guo Y. Liver-humanized mice: A translational strategy to study metabolic disorders. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:489-506. [PMID: 34661916 PMCID: PMC9126562 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the metabolic core of the whole body. Tools commonly used to study the human liver metabolism include hepatocyte cell lines, primary human hepatocytes, and pluripotent stem cells-derived hepatocytes in vitro, and liver genetically humanized mouse model in vivo. However, none of these systems can mimic the human liver in physiological and pathological states satisfactorily. Liver-humanized mice, which are established by reconstituting mouse liver with human hepatocytes, have emerged as an attractive animal model to study drug metabolism and evaluate the therapeutic effect in "human liver" in vivo because the humanized livers greatly replicate enzymatic features of human hepatocytes. The application of liver-humanized mice in studying metabolic disorders is relatively less common due to the largely uncertain replication of metabolic profiles compared to humans. Here, we summarize the metabolic characteristics and current application of liver-humanized mouse models in metabolic disorders that have been reported in the literature, trying to evaluate the pros and cons of using liver-humanized mice as novel mouse models to study metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiangbo Ruan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Advanced Models and Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Address correspondence to: Yanhong Guo, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, Phone: 734-764-1405, . Or Y. Eugene Chen, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Phone: 734-936-9548,
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Address correspondence to: Yanhong Guo, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, Phone: 734-764-1405, . Or Y. Eugene Chen, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Phone: 734-936-9548,
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21
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Yamada T. Application of humanized mice to toxicology studies: Evaluation of the human relevance of the mode of action for rodent liver tumor formation by activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:283-297. [PMID: 34629731 PMCID: PMC8484926 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)-mediated mode of action (MOA) for phenobarbital (PB)-induced rodent liver tumor formation has been established, with increased hepatocyte proliferation, which is a key event in tumor formation. Previous studies have demonstrated that PB and other CAR-activators stimulate proliferation in cultured rodent hepatocytes, but not in cultured human hepatocytes. However, in the genetically humanized CAR and pregnane X receptor (PXR) mouse (hCAR/hPXR mouse, downstream genes are still mouse), PB increased hepatocyte proliferation and tumor production in vivo. In contrast to the hCAR/hPXR mouse, studies with chimeric mice with human hepatocytes (PXB-mouse, both receptor and downstream genes are human) demonstrated that PB did not increase human hepatocyte proliferation in vivo. PB increased hepatocyte proliferation in a chimeric mouse model with rat hepatocytes, indicating that the lack of human hepatocyte proliferation is not due to any functional defect in the chimeric mouse liver environment. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the downstream genes of CAR/PXR activation were similar in hCAR/hPXR and CD-1 mice, but differed from those observed in chimeric mice with human hepatocytes. These findings strongly support the conclusion that the MOA for CAR-mediated rodent liver tumor formation is qualitatively implausible for humans. Indeed, epidemiological studies have found no causal link between PB and human liver tumors. There are many similarities with respect to hepatic effects and species differences between rodent CAR and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activators. Based on our research, the chimeric mouse with human hepatocytes (PXB-mouse) is reliable for human cancer risk assessment of test chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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22
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Yamada T, Ohara A, Ozawa N, Maeda K, Kondo M, Okuda Y, Abe J, Cohen SM, Lake BG. Comparison of the Hepatic Effects of Phenobarbital in Chimeric Mice Containing Either Rat or Human Hepatocytes With Humanized Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Pregnane X Receptor Mice. Toxicol Sci 2021; 177:362-376. [PMID: 32735318 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a chimeric mouse humanized liver model, we provided evidence that human hepatocytes are refractory to the mitogenic effects of rodent constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activators. To evaluate the functional reliability of this model, the present study examined mitogenic responses to phenobarbital (PB) in chimeric mice transplanted with rat hepatocytes, because rats are responsive to CAR activators. Treatment with 1000 ppm PB for 7 days significantly increased replicative DNA synthesis (RDS) in rat hepatocytes of the chimeric mice, demonstrating that the transplanted hepatocyte model is functionally reliable for cell proliferation analysis. Treatment of humanized CAR and pregnane X receptor (PXR) mice (hCAR/hPXR mice) with 1000 ppm PB for 7 days significantly increased hepatocyte RDS together with increases in several mitogenic genes. Global gene expression analysis was performed with liver samples from this and from previous studies focusing on PB-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling and showed that altered genes in hCAR/hPXR mice clustered most closely with liver tumor samples from a diethylnitrosamine/PB initiation/promotion study than with wild-type mice. However, different gene clusters were observed for chimeric mice with human hepatocytes for Wnt/β-catenin signaling when compared with those of hCAR/hPXR mice, wild-type mice, and liver tumor samples. The results of this study demonstrate clear differences in the effects of PB on hepatocyte RDS and global gene expression between human hepatocytes of chimeric mice and hCAR/hPXR mice, suggesting that the chimeric mouse model is relevant to humans for studies on the hepatic effects of rodent CAR activators whereas the hCAR/hPXR mouse is not.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayako Ohara
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Naoya Ozawa
- Bioscience Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | | | | | - Yu Okuda
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory
| | - Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-3135
| | - Brian G Lake
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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23
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Sugahara G, Yamasaki C, Yanagi A, Furukawa S, Ogawa Y, Fukuda A, Enosawa S, Umezawa A, Ishida Y, Tateno C. Humanized liver mouse model with transplanted human hepatocytes from patients with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:618-628. [PMID: 33336822 PMCID: PMC8247293 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is a metabolic and genetic disease caused by dysfunction of the hepatocytic urea cycle. To develop new drugs or therapies for OTCD, it is ideal to use models that are more closely related to human metabolism and pathology. Primary human hepatocytes (HHs) isolated from two patients (a 6-month-old boy and a 5-year-old girl) and a healthy donor were transplanted into host mice (hemi-, hetero-OTCD mice, and control mice, respectively). HHs were isolated from these mice and used for serial transplantation into the next host mouse or for in vitro experiments. Histological, biochemical, and enzyme activity analyses were performed. Cultured HHs were treated with ammonium chloride or therapeutic drugs. Replacement rates exceeded 80% after serial transplantation in both OTCD mice. These highly humanized OTCD mice showed characteristics similar to OTCD patients that included increased blood ammonia levels and urine orotic acid levels enhanced by allopurinol. Hemi-OTCD mice showed defects in OTC expression and significantly low enzymatic activities, while hetero-OTCD mice showed residual OTC expression and activities. A reduction in ammonium metabolism was observed in cultured HHs from OTCD mice, and treatment with the therapeutic drug reduced the ammonia levels in the culture medium. In conclusion, we established in vivo OTC mouse models with hemi- and hetero-patient HHs. HHs isolated from the mice were useful as an in vitro model of OTCD. These OTC models could be a source of valuable patient-derived hepatocytes that would enable large scale and reproducible experiments using the same donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Sugahara
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
| | - Chihiro Yamasaki
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
| | - Ami Yanagi
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
| | - Suzue Furukawa
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
| | - Yuko Ogawa
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
| | - Akinari Fukuda
- National Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Shin Enosawa
- Division for Advanced Medical SciencesNational Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Regenerative MedicineNational Center for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
- Research Center for Hepatology and GastroenterologyHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research and Development DepartmentPhoenixBio Co., LtdHigashi‐HiroshimaJapan
- Research Center for Hepatology and GastroenterologyHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
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24
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Yamada T, Cohen SM, Lake BG. Critical evaluation of the human relevance of the mode of action for rodent liver tumor formation by activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:373-394. [PMID: 34264181 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1939654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many nongenotoxic chemicals have been shown to produce liver tumors in mice and/or rats by a mode of action (MOA) involving activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Studies with phenobarbital (PB) and other compounds have identified the key events for this MOA: CAR activation; increased hepatocellular proliferation; altered foci formation; and ultimately the development of adenomas/carcinomas. In terms of human relevance, the pivotal species difference is that CAR activators are mitogenic agents in mouse and rat hepatocytes, but they do not stimulate increased hepatocellular proliferation in humans. This conclusion is supported by substantial in vitro studies with cultured rodent and human hepatocytes and also by in vivo studies with chimeric mice with human hepatocytes. Examination of the literature reveals many similarities in the hepatic effects and species differences between activators of rodent CAR and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), with PPARα activators also not being mitogenic agents in human hepatocytes. Overall, a critical analysis of the available data demonstrates that the established MOA for rodent liver tumor formation by PB and other CAR activators is qualitatively not plausible for humans. This conclusion is supported by data from several human epidemiology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Samuel M Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brian G Lake
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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25
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Ishida Y, Yamasaki C, Iwanari H, Yamashita H, Ogawa Y, Yanagi A, Furukawa S, Kojima Y, Chayama K, Kamiie J, Tateno C. Detection of acute toxicity of aflatoxin B1 to human hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo using chimeric mice with humanized livers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239540. [PMID: 32966316 PMCID: PMC7510964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a mycotoxin, is acutely hepatotoxic to many animals including humans. However, there are marked interspecies differences in sensitivity to AFB1-induced toxicity depending on bioactivation by cytochrome P450s (CYPs). In the present study, we examined the applicability of chimeric mice with humanized livers and derived fresh human hepatocytes for in vivo and vitro studies on AFB1 cytotoxicity to human hepatocytes. Chimeric mice with highly humanized livers and SCID mice received daily injections of vehicle (corn oil), AFB1 (3 mg/kg), and carbon tetrachloride (50 mg/kg) for 2 days. Histological analysis revealed that AFB1 promoted hepatocyte vacuolation and inflammatory cell infiltration in the area containing human hepatocytes. A novel human alanine aminotransferase 1 specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated the acute toxicity of AFB1 to human hepatocytes in the chimeric mouse livers. The sensitivity of cultured fresh human hepatocytes isolated from the humanized liver mice for AFB1 cytotoxicity was comparable to that of primary human hepatocytes. Long-term exposure to AFB1 (6 or 14 days) produced a more severe cytotoxicity. The half-maximal lethal concentration was 10 times lower in the 2-week treatment than after 2 days of exposure. Lastly, the significant reduction of AFB1 cytotoxicity by a pan-CYP inhibitor or transfection with CYP3A4 specific siRNA clearly suggested that bioactivation of AFB1 catalyzed by CYPs was essential for AFB1 cytotoxicity to the human hepatocytes in our mouse model. Collectively, our results implicate the humanized liver mice and derived fresh human hepatocytes are useful models for studies of AFB1 cytotoxicity to human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishida
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yamasaki
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iwanari
- Quantitative Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Ogawa
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ami Yanagi
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Suzue Furukawa
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuha Kojima
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junichi Kamiie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Department of Research and Development, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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