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Tian H, Li XP, Zhao J, Gao HW, Xu QM, Wang JW. Biotransformation of artemisinic acid to bioactive derivatives by endophytic Penicillium oxalicum B4 from Artemisia annua L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 185:112682. [PMID: 33582588 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a biosynthetic precursor of the antimalarial drug artemisinin, artemisinic acid (AA) is abundant in Artemisia annua L. with a content of 8-10-fold higher than artemisinin, but less effective. In this study, the biotransformation of AA was carried out with an endophytic fungus Penicillium oxalicum B4 to extend its utility. After 10-day-culture of the endophyte with AA at 2 mg/mL, eight biotransformation metabolites were isolated from the culture broth, including five undescribed metabolites, namely 3α,14-dihydroxyartemisinic acid, 14-hydroxy-3-oxo-artemisinic acid, 15-hydroxy-3-oxo-artemisinic acid, 12, 15-artemisindioic acid and 1,2,3,6-tetradehydro-12, 15-artemisindioic acid. The fungal enzymes possess the selective capacity to hydroxylate, carbonylate and ketonize the allyl group of AA. The major biotransformation metabolite was the hydroxylated product 3-α-hydroxyartemisinic acid (33.3%) in the cultures of early stage (day 1-6), whereas most of the other biotransformation products were synthesized in the later stage (day 8-10). Compared with AA, some metabolites (3α,14-dihydroxyartemisinic acid, 15-hydroxy-3-oxo-artemisinic acid and 1,2,3,6-tetradehydro-12, 15-artemisindioic acid) possessed stronger cytotoxic activity to the human colon carcinoma cell line (LS174T) and promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60). The metabolites 12, 15-artemisindioic acid and 3-α-hydroxyartemisinic acid exhibited significant inhibitory activity to the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitrite production of RAW 264.7 cells at 10.00 μM and 2.50 μM, respectively. The results demonstrated the potential of fungal endophytes on biotransforming AA to its bioactive derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xin Ping Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Hong Wei Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Qiong Ming Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Jian Wen Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Ciftci ON, Cahyadi J, Guigard SE, Saldaña MDA. Optimization of artemisinin extraction from Artemisia annua L. with supercritical carbon dioxide + ethanol using response surface methodology. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1926-1933. [PMID: 29756212 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a high priority life-threatening public health concern in developing countries, and therefore there is a growing interest to obtain artemisinin for the production of artemisinin-based combination therapy products. In this study, artemisinin was extracted from the Artemisia annua L. plant using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2 ) modified with ethanol. Response surface methodology based on central composite rotatable design was employed to investigate and optimize the extraction conditions of pressure (9.9-30 MPa), temperature (33-67°C), and co-solvent (ethanol, 0-12.6 wt.%). Optimum SC-CO2 extraction conditions were found to be 30 MPa and 33°C without ethanol. Under optimized conditions, the predicted artemisinin yield was 1.09% whereas the experimental value was 0.71 ± 0.07%. Soxhlet extraction with hexane resulted in higher artemisinin yields and there was no significant difference in the purity of the extracts obtained with SC-CO2 and Soxhlet extractions. Results indicated that SC-CO2 and SC-CO2 +ethanol extraction is a promising alternative for the extraction of artemisinin to eliminate the use of organic solvents, such as hexane, and produce extracts that can be used for the production of antimalarial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Nazim Ciftci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jessica Cahyadi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Selma E Guigard
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marleny D A Saldaña
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Zhu J, Chen L, Hu X, Song L, Wang M, Yu R. Region-selective biosynthesis of artemisinic acid glycosides by crown galls of Panax quinquefolium and their in vitro antitumor activities. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:518-23. [PMID: 26246726 PMCID: PMC4522837 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.160460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biosynthesis of artemisinin derivatives is one of the interesting subjects. Artemisinic acid (AA) has been widely studied as a supposed intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway leading to artemisinin in Artemisia annua. OBJECTIVE To investigate the bioconversion of AA by transgenic crown galls of Panax quinquefolium. MATERIALS AND METHODS AA was administered into crown galls of P. quinquefolium and co-cultured for 2 days. The methanol extract was separated by column chromatography, and the structures of two biosynthesis products were elucidated by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods. Co-culture time curves on conversion were also established. In addition, the effects of AA on the growth and ginsenosides production of crown galls of P. quinquefolium were investigated. Furthermore, the in vitro antitumor activities of AA and two glycosides against HepG2 cell line were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS Glycosylation of AA by crown galls of P. quinquefolium was observed, and two region-selectively glycosylated products were obtained (AA-1, AA-2), involving one new compound (AA-2). Their structures were elucidated to be AA β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (AA-1) and AA β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2 → 1)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (AA-2). The maximum yield of AA-1 was 19.3% on the 1(st) co-culture day while that of AA-2 was 59.1% on the 2(nd) day. MTT assay showed that the activity of monosaccharide glycoside (AA-1) was better than that of disaccharide glycoside (AA-2). CONCLUSION Two AA glycosides involved one new compound with potential antitumor activity were obtained by region-selective biosynthesis with crown galls of P. quinquefolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, China ; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lijia Chen
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, China
| | - Xianjing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingxuan Wang
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, China
| | - Rongmin Yu
- Biotechnological Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Jinan University, China ; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Kong J, Yang Y, Wang W, Cheng K, Zhu P. Artemisinic acid: A promising molecule potentially suitable for the semi-synthesis of artemisinin. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40525g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Komori A, Suzuki M, Seki H, Nishizawa T, Meyer JJM, Shimizu H, Yokoyama S, Muranaka T. Comparative functional analysis of CYP71AV1 natural variants reveals an important residue for the successive oxidation of amorpha-4,11-diene. FEBS Lett 2012; 587:278-84. [PMID: 23246612 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin is an antimalarial sesquiterpenoid isolated from the aerial parts of the plant Artemisia annua. CYP71AV1, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase was identified in the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway. CYP71AV1 catalyzes three successive oxidation steps at the C12 position of amorpha-4,11-diene to produce artemisinic acid. In this study, we isolated putative CYP71AV1 orthologs in different species of Artemisia. Comparative functional analysis of CYP71AV1 and its putative orthologs, together with homology modeling, enabled us to identify an amino acid residue (Ser479) critical for the second oxidation reaction catalyzed by CYP71AV1. Our results clearly show that a comparative study of natural variants is useful to investigate the structure-function relationships of CYP71AV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Komori
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokahama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
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Brown GD. The biosynthesis of artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and the phytochemistry of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao). Molecules 2010; 15:7603-98. [PMID: 21030913 PMCID: PMC6259225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15117603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese medicinal plant Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao) is the only known source of the sesquiterpene artemisinin (Qinghaosu), which is used in the treatment of malaria. Artemisinin is a highly oxygenated sesquiterpene, containing a unique 1,2,4-trioxane ring structure, which is responsible for the antimalarial activity of this natural product. The phytochemistry of A. annua is dominated by both sesquiterpenoids and flavonoids, as is the case for many other plants in the Asteraceae family. However, A. annua is distinguished from the other members of the family both by the very large number of natural products which have been characterised to date (almost six hundred in total, including around fifty amorphane and cadinane sesquiterpenes), and by the highly oxygenated nature of many of the terpenoidal secondary metabolites. In addition, this species also contains an unusually large number of terpene allylic hydroperoxides and endoperoxides. This observation forms the basis of a proposal that the biogenesis of many of the highly oxygenated terpene metabolites from A. annua - including artemisinin itself - may proceed by spontaneous oxidation reactions of terpene precursors, which involve these highly reactive allyllic hydroperoxides as intermediates. Although several studies of the biosynthesis of artemisinin have been reported in the literature from the 1980s and early 1990s, the collective results from these studies were rather confusing because they implied that an unfeasibly large number of different sesquiterpenes could all function as direct precursors to artemisinin (and some of the experiments also appeared to contradict one another). As a result, the complete biosynthetic pathway to artemisinin could not be stated conclusively at the time. Fortunately, studies which have been published in the last decade are now providing a clearer picture of the biosynthetic pathways in A. annua. By synthesising some of the sesquiterpene natural products which have been proposed as biogenetic precursors to artemisinin in such a way that they incorporate a stable isotopic label, and then feeding these precursors to intact A. annua plants, it has now been possible to demonstrate that dihydroartemisinic acid is a late-stage precursor to artemisinin and that the closely related secondary metabolite, artemisinic acid, is not (this approach differs from all the previous studies, which used radio-isotopically labelled precursors that were fed to a plant homogenate or a cell-free preparation). Quite remarkably, feeding experiments with labeled dihydroartemisinic acid and artemisinic acid have resulted in incorporation of label into roughly half of all the amorphane and cadinane sesquiterpenes which were already known from phytochemical studies of A. annua. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that many of the highly oxygenated sesquiterpenoids from this species arise by oxidation reactions involving allylic hydroperoxides, which seem to be such a defining feature of the chemistry of A. annua. In the particular case of artemisinin, these in vivo results are also supported by in vitro studies, demonstrating explicitly that the biosynthesis of artemisinin proceeds via the tertiary allylic hydroperoxide, which is derived from oxidation of dihydroartemisinic acid. There is some evidence that the autoxidation of dihydroartemisinic acid to this tertiary allylic hydroperoxide is a non-enzymatic process within the plant, requiring only the presence of light; and, furthermore, that the series of spontaneous rearrangement reactions which then convert this allylic hydroperoxide to the 1,2,4-trioxane ring of artemisinin are also non-enzymatic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Brown
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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Novel biotransformation processes of dihydroartemisinic acid and artemisinic acid to their hydroxylated derivatives by two plant cell culture systems. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Marchand E, Atemnkeng MA, Vanermen S, Plaizier-Vercammen J. Development and validation of a simple thin layer chromatographic method for the analysis of artemisinin inArtemisia annua L. plant extracts. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:454-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lin YL, Yang CC, Hsu HK, Hsu SL, Chang CMJ. Response surface methodology to supercritical fluids extraction of artemisinin and the effects on rat hepatic stellate cell in vitro. J Supercrit Fluids 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kamagaté M, Die-Kacou H, Balayssac E, Yavo JC, Daubret PT, Kakou-Augustine K, Gboignon VM. Essais cliniques des médicaments à base de plantes : revue bibliographique. Therapie 2005; 60:413-8. [PMID: 16268442 DOI: 10.2515/therapie:2005060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of traditional medicine, one of the fundamentals of the cultural heritage of African, Asian and South American peoples, is evident in that such medicine is practised by more than 80% of these populations. METHODS To analyse the methodology of clinical trials using medicinal plants, we reviewed articles published on this topic between 1980 and 2000. RESULTS Forty-eight clinical trials were identified. Most were carried out in developed countries. Standard methodological principles were applied in almost all the trials: randomisation (85.4%), comparison (87.5%) versus placebo (95.2%), and blinded design (81.3%). The duration of the studies was short. Sample sizes were generally small, ranging from 30 to 99 subjects; statistical tests were used in 90% of the trials. Adverse effects were infrequently collected. CONCLUSION Most clinical trials included in this survey were conducted in accordance with WHO guidelines. Respect for methodological principles and the implementation of a legislative framework are important in obtaining credibility and international recognition of the traditional pharmacopoeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Kamagaté
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique, Université Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
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Haynes RK, Chan HW, Ho WY, Ko CKF, Gerena L, Kyle DE, Peters W, Robinson BL. Convenient Access Both to Highly Antimalaria-Active 10-Arylaminoartemisinins, and to 10-Alkyl Ethers Including Artemether, Arteether, and Artelinate. Chembiochem 2005; 6:659-67. [PMID: 15812783 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An economical phase-transfer method is used to prepare 10-arylaminoartemisinins from DHA and arylamines, and artemether, arteether, and artelinate from the corresponding alcohols. In vivo sc screens against Plasmodium berghei and P. yoelii in mice reveal that the p-fluorophenylamino derivative 5 g is some 13 and 70 times, respectively, more active than artesunate; this reflects the very high sc activity of 10-alkylaminoartemisinins. However, through the po route, the compounds are less active than the alkylaminoartemisinins, but still approximately equipotent with artesunate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Dhingra V, Vishweshwar Rao K, Lakshmi Narasu M. Current status of artemisinin and its derivatives as antimalarial drugs. Life Sci 2000; 66:279-300. [PMID: 10665980 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin is a promising and a potent antimalarial drug, which meets the dual challenge posed by drug-resistant parasites and rapid progression of malarial illness. This review article focuses on the progress achieved during the last years in the production of artemisinin from Artemisia annua. The structure, biosynthesis and analysis of artemisinin and its mode of action are described. The review also focuses on clinical studies, toxicity studies, pharmacokinetics and activity of artemisinin related compounds. The production strategies including organic synthesis, extraction from plants, in vitro cultures and alternative strategies for enhancing the yields are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dhingra
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Post Graduate Studies & Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Mahaveer marg, Hyderabad, India
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A novel endoperoxide and related sesquiterpenes from Artemisia annua which are possibly derived from allylic hydroperoxides. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Woerdenbag HJ, Pras N, van Uden W, Wallaart TE, Beekman AC, Lugt CB. Progress in the research of artemisinin-related antimalarials: an update. PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE : PWS 1994; 16:169-80. [PMID: 7951130 DOI: 10.1007/bf01872865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated from Artemisia annua L., and a number of its semisynthetic derivatives have shown to possess antimalarial properties. They are all effective against Plasmodium parasites that are resistant to the newest and commonly used antimalarial drugs. This article gives a survey of the literature dealing with artemisinin-related antimalarial issues that have appeared from the end of 1989 up to the beginning of 1994. A broad range of medical and pharmaceutical disciplines is covered, including phytochemical aspects like the selection of high-producing plants, analytical procedures, and plant biotechnology. Furthermore, the organic synthesis of artemisinin derivatives is discussed, as well as their mechanism of action and antimalarial activity, metabolism and pharmacokinetics, clinical studies, side-effects and toxicology, and biological activities other than antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Woerdenbag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Haynes RK, Vonwiller SC. Extraction of artemisinin and artemisinic acid: preparation of artemether and new analogues. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88 Suppl 1:S23-6. [PMID: 8053018 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The preparation of artemether from artemisinin is reviewed. Firstly, the extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua is described and an estimation of the yield per hectare based on literature data is given. Artemisinin is reduced with sodium borohydride to produce dihydroartemisinin as a mixture of epimers. The mixture is treated with methanol and an acid catalyst to provide artemether. Increasing demand for use of artemether places pressure on the supply of artemisinin, and an alternative means of preparing the drug from artemisinic acid, an abundant constituent of A. annua, which could triple current yields, is described. In anticipation of problems of drug resistance emerging with the continued use of artemether and artesunate to treat malaria, development of new derivatives of artemisinin which have enhanced stability is required. Examples of such derivatives which have been prepared in our laboratories, or proposed, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon
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