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Weng CY, Sun SP, Cai C, Xu JL, Lv B. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for early signet ring cell gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:6915-6926. [PMID: 36051146 PMCID: PMC9297431 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i20.6915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for treating early signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC) is controversial due to the risk of lymph node metastasis.
AIM To carry out a meta-analysis to evaluate ESD for therapeutic efficacy and safety in early signet ring cell gastric cancer.
METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases were used to search for relevant studies evaluating the therapeutic efficacy and safety of ESD in SRC. The rates of recurrence, complete resection, incomplete resection, curative resection, en bloc resection, and adverse events were extracted and analyzed. The methodological quality of the enrolled studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Publication bias was evaluated by the Egger’s test. Institutional review board approval and written consent were not needed for this report.
RESULTS This meta-analysis enrolled seven studies with 653 participants undergoing ESD treatment for early SRC. The overall recurrence rate was 0.010 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.000-0.040, Z = 1.422, P = 0.155]. The total lymphovascular invasion rate was 0.038 (95%CI: 0.007-0.088, Z = 3.026, P = 0.002). The total en bloc resection rate was estimated at 0.984 (95%CI: 0.925-1.000, Z = 19.463, P = 0.000). The total complete and incomplete resection rates were estimated at 0.785 (95%CI: 0.596-0.928, Z = 9.789, P = 0.000) and 0.188 (95%CI: 0.016-0.468, Z = 2.531, P = 0.011), respectively. The total procedure-associated gastric hemorrhage and perforation rates were estimated at 0.026 (95%CI: 0.005-0.061, Z = 3.006 P = 0.003) and 0.004 (95%CI: 0.000-0.028, Z = 0.938, P = 0.348), respectively. The curative resection, vertical margin invasion, and lateral margin invasion rates were 72.1% (145/341), 2.3% (8/348), and 34.45% (41/119), respectively.
CONCLUSION ESD constitutes a promising therapeutic approach for early undifferentiated SRC gastric cancer. However, further improvements are required for increasing its treatment efficacy and reducing adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Weng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shao-Peng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chang Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Li Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Clinical Medical University of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
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Jeong SH, Kim JW, Kim HM. Prevalence of Regional Lymph Node Metastasis of Mucosal Gastric Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma: Analysis of the Collaborative Stage Data Survey of the Korean Central Cancer Registry. Dig Surg 2021; 38:330-336. [PMID: 34521093 DOI: 10.1159/000518898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with very early-stage gastric signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC) are eligible for minimally invasive treatment, like endoscopic submucosal dissection. However, population-based data on regional lymph node metastasis (LNM) and distant metastasis of gastric SRC are lacking. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of LNM and distant metastasis in mucosal cancer (T1a) of gastric SRC. METHODS The Collaborative Stage Data Survey was performed by the Korean Center of Cancer Registry between 2010 and 2015 to establish collaborative stage data of the stomach, colon, rectum, rectosigmoid junction, and breast. From the survey data, information on patients with gastric SRC was extracted for analysis. Variables including age, sex, diagnosis date, primary site, tumor size, histology, American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system scores, and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results summary stage were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 1,335 (65.7%) patients had mucosal gastric SRC, and 1,189 (89.1%) patients had surgery and 134 (10%) had endoscopic treatment. Of them, 1,283 (96.1%) patients did not have regional LNM, and 52 (3.9%) patients had regional LNM and 6 (0.4%) had distant metastasis. The hazard ratios of LNM and distant metastasis were 14.98 (95% CI: 4.18-53.2) and 10.09 (95% CI: 2.30-44.17). CONCLUSIONS Reginal LNM and distant metastasis occur very less in mucosal gastric SRC, but they are associated with an increased risk of cancer-related death. Even in early stage, surgery should be considered as a standard treatment of mucosal gastric SRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Hoo Jeong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea,
| | - Hee Man Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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Fujita I, Toyokawa T, Makino T, Matsueda K, Omote S, Horii J. Small early gastric cancer with synchronous bone metastasis: A case report. Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 12:202-207. [PMID: 32064095 PMCID: PMC7016521 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis during the early stages of gastric cancer is rare, and synchronous bone metastasis is even less common. The present report outlines a case of a small early gastric cancer, which was detected due to bone metastasis. A 63-year-old man was referred to Fukuyama Medical Center with back pain and anorexia of 2 weeks' evolution. MRI revealed multiple metastatic lesions in the thoracic and spinal bone. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography revealed focal uptake in the lesser curvature of the stomach and in the spinal bone, pelvic and thigh bone, but uptake was not detected in the stomach. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a 10 mm slightly elevated lesion with a central depression in the middle-third of the stomach. Endoscopic ultrasonography confirmed that the tumor was confined to the mucosa. A biopsy specimen acquired from the gastric lesion indicated signet-ring cell carcinoma, and the specimen acquired from the lumbar spine revealed cell aggregation such as that found in signet-ring cell carcinoma. The patient received first-line chemotherapy with S-1 and cisplatin, and second-line chemotherapy with nab-paclitaxel. However, the patient died 120 days after consultation at Fukuyama Medical Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Fukuyama Medical Center, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 720-8520, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Toyokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Fukuyama Medical Center, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 720-8520, Japan
| | - Takafumi Makino
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Fukuyama Medical Center, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 720-8520, Japan
| | - Katsunori Matsueda
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Fukuyama Medical Center, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 720-8520, Japan
| | - Shizuma Omote
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Fukuyama Medical Center, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 720-8520, Japan
| | - Joichiro Horii
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization, Fukuyama Medical Center, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 720-8520, Japan
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Ma S, Jr BDL, Zhang WL, Xu HT, Yang LH, Wang E. Signet-ring cells in the bone marrow as an indication of cryptic metastasis of breast carcinoma: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14883. [PMID: 30882698 PMCID: PMC6426579 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Signet-ring cell is a rare morphological finding in bone marrow, which usually indicates metastatic carcinoma from either the gastrointestinal tract or a primary hematolymphoid neoplasm. Here, we present a very unusual case of lobular breast carcinoma with metastasis to the bone marrow. PATIENT CONCERNS A 67-year-old female with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive lobular breast carcinoma was staged as T3N3M0, and treated with modified radical mastectomy followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One year after treatment, she was noted to have moderate thrombocytopenia on complete blood count with the remainder of the parameters within normal limits. Radiographic examination revealed no evidence of recurrent disease. DIAGNOSIS Bone marrow biopsy was performed to exclude therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), which demonstrated hypercellularity with "hyperplastic" hematopoiesis. Upon closer inspection, a few signet-ring cells were identified which morphologically resembled histiocytes. These formed an interstitial infiltrate among the predominantly hematopoietic elements, and could have been easily overlooked. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that these signet-ring cells were positive for pancytokeratin as well as ER which confirmed metastatic lobular breast carcinoma. On retrospective review of the aspirate smear, rare signet-ring cells were identified. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with additional chemotherapy. OUTCOMES The patient eventually succumbed to overt dissemination after 14 months. LESSONS Due to the relative discohesiveness of lobular breast carcinoma, the cells frequently assume single-cell infiltration in bone marrow. This attribute, along with small cell size, bland cytologic features and paucity of tissue response, contributes to its escaping from identification on hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) sections. In this case, the signet-ring cells were hidden in apparently hyperplastic hematopoiesis. Careful inspection raised the possibility of occult metastasis which was readily detected and confirmed with immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ma
- Department of Neurology, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | | | - Wan-Lin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong-Tao Xu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lian-He Yang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Endi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Kang SH, Kim JS, Moon HS, Lee ES, Kim SH, Sung JK, Lee BS, Jeong HY. Signet ring cell carcinoma of early gastric cancer, is endoscopic treatment really risky? Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7532. [PMID: 28816940 PMCID: PMC5571677 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRC) is a poorly differentiated cancer of the stomach. Generally, poorly differentiated cancer is believed to show poor prognosis and aggressive behavior. Recently, however, there is debate on the aggressiveness of SRC in early gastric cancer (EGC). We therefore studied postoperation biopsies to investigate the aggressiveness of SRC in EGC.We reviewed medical records of patients with EGC who had surgery from January 2011 to December 2015 in a tertiary hospital in Daejeon, South Korea. We evaluated the histologic type, invasion depth, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and lymph node (LN) metastasis.A total of 822 EGC lesions from 789 patients were studied. Approximately 498 differentiated cancer, 65 poorly differentiated cancer, 91 SRC, 26 poorly differentiated with SRC, 41 mixed type, 10 medullary carcinoma, and 91 poorly cohesive carcinoma other than SRC were included. LN metastasis was associated with the histologic type of EGC (P = .000). Nine percent of differentiated cancer, 21.5% of poorly differentiated cancer, 5.5% of SRC, 11.5% of poor differentiation with SRC, 26.8% of mixed type, 20% of medullary type, and 15.4% of poorly cohesive carcinoma other than SRC showed LN metastasis. The risk of SRC was not higher than well to moderated differentiated cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 0.842, P = .768). Risk of LVI was also similar with LN metastasis. Compared with differentiated cancer, OR of SRC was 1.969 (P = .172).Our results show that SRC is not more aggressive than differentiated cancer. SRC may be considered a candidate for endoscopic treatment.
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Okazaki J, Muguruma N, Kitamura S, Kimura T, Okamoto K, Miyamoto H, Kishi K, Bando Y, Kondo T, Endo I, Abe M, Takayama T. Paraneoplastic Hypocalcemia Developed in Gastric Cancer Accompanied by Osteoblastic Metastasis. Intern Med 2017; 56:1345-1349. [PMID: 28566596 PMCID: PMC5498197 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.8545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraneoplastic syndromes are generally defined as clinical disorders associated with malignant diseases, and hypocalcemia associated with cancer is a rare condition. A woman in her 60s was referred to our hospital for the further examination of massive ascites due to carcinoma of unknown primary origin. She complained of numbness around her lips, and marked hypocalcemia of 5.0 mg/dL was noted. After two courses of chemotherapy, computed tomography showed a decrease in the ascites, and her serum calcium level increased. Although hypocalcemia is a very rare condition in patients with gastric cancer, serum calcium values should be evaluated when neurological symptoms are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Okazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Naoki Muguruma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Koichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Higashi Tokushima Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Bando
- Division of Pathology, Tokushima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Itsuro Endo
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Masahiro Abe
- Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Takayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
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Gurzu S, Jung I, Kadar Z. Aberrant metastatic behavior and particular features of early gastric cancer. APMIS 2015; 123:999-1006. [PMID: 26547366 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we have focused on the metastatic behavior of EGC and its particularities. The main factors that are currently considered as predictors of the metastatic behavior and that are used in the therapeutic decision (endoscopic resection vs surgical removal) are the tumor size (upper or bellow 2 cm), depth of infiltration, angiolymphatic invasion, the presence or absence of ulceration, and histologic type (undifferentiated vs differentiated carcinomas). However, most of the metastatic cases were published as case reports or case series. This is the reason why a proper estimation of metastatic risk in EGC is not well known. To date, 79 cases presenting bone metastases, three reports of brain metastases, and one EGC that was associated with skin metastasis were published. However, occult metastasis, lymph node micrometastasis, and skip metastasis can also occur and should be identified. Making a synthesis of the literature data that is correlated with our experience, we finally proposed the inclusion of the six Japanese subgrouping system, tumor size, angiolymphatic invasion, and micrometastasis as components of the pTNM staging system, which should be particularly adapted for EGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gurzu
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tirgu-Mures, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| | - Ioan Jung
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tirgu-Mures, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| | - Zoltan Kadar
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tirgu-Mures, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
- Department of Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tirgu-Mures, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
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Tawara K, Oxford JT, Jorcyk CL. Clinical significance of interleukin (IL)-6 in cancer metastasis to bone: potential of anti-IL-6 therapies. Cancer Manag Res 2011; 3:177-89. [PMID: 21625400 PMCID: PMC3101113 DOI: 10.2147/cmr.s18101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic events to the bone occur frequently in numerous cancer types such as breast, prostate, lung, and renal carcinomas, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and multiple myeloma. Accumulating evidence suggests that the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 is frequently upregulated and is implicated in the ability of cancer cells to metastasize to bone. IL-6 is able to activate various cell signaling cascades that include the STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway, the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) pathway, and the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. Activation of these pathways may explain the ability of IL-6 to mediate various aspects of normal and pathogenic bone remodeling, inflammation, cell survival, proliferation, and pro-tumorigenic effects. This review article will discuss the role of IL-6: 1) in bone metabolism, 2) in cancer metastasis to bone, 3) in cancer prognosis, and 4) as potential therapies for metastatic bone cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Tawara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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