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Lazúrová I, Jochmanová I, Sotak Š, Špaková I, Mareková M. Is there a role for the IGF system and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical adenomas? A preliminary case-control study. Physiol Res 2020; 69:1085-1094. [PMID: 33210933 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal incidentalomas (AI) are very common and mostly they are non-functioning adenomas (NFA). NFAs are often associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Several biomarkers, including certain growth factors, may participatein the pathogenesis ofmetabolic changes in patients with adrenal adenomas.Patients with NFA and age-matched control subjects were enrolled in the study. Data on age, gender, presence of metabolic syndrome or its components were obtained for each subject. Blood samples were obtained and glycemia, insulinemia, lipid profile, and selected growth factor levels were measured. Forty-three patients with NFA and 40 controls were included in the study. Differences were not found in the metabolic syndrome and its components prevalence or in the biochemical profile between patients and the control group. Significant differences were noticed in the levels of IGF1, IGF2, and IGFBP3 (p=0.016, p=0.005, p=0.004, respectively), but there were no differences in VEGF or EGF concentrations. In NFA patients, an association between glycemia and EGF levels was present (p=0.026). No significant correlations between tumor size and insulin or growth factor concentrations were present in AI patients. Significantly higher serum IGF1, IGF2, and IGFBP3 concentrations in NFA patients may support the role of the IGF axis in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical lesions.No correlation between IGFs or IGFBP3 and parameters of glucose or lipid metabolism was found. Present results may support the role of the growth hormone axis rather than hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lazúrová
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.
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LoGiurato D, Antal Z, Zhou P. LONG-TERM FOLLOW UP AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES OF A 2 YEAR-OLD-BOY WITH METASTATIC TESTOSTERONE-SECRETING ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA. AACE Clin Case Rep 2020; 6:e300-e304. [PMID: 33244489 DOI: 10.4158/accr-2020-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Treatment of metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is challenging and long-term survival rates are exceedingly low. Long-term outcome data for pediatric patients who received mitotane is very limited. Methods We describe the case of a 2-year-old boy with ACC with a lung metastasis. He was treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and mitotane, and remains disease-free 13 years after diagnosis. Results The key endocrine issues learned from this case include: adrenal-derived sex-steroid and insulin-like growth factor-2 levels are correlated with disease status; very high doses of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid are required while on treatment of mitotane; and central precocious puberty needs to be detected and treated in a timely manner to preserve final adult height. Conclusion We report a case of pediatric ACC with metastasis that was successfully treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and adjuvant therapy with mitotane. Appropriate endocrine testing and management are important for long-term survival and quality of life.
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Identification of important invasion and proliferation related genes in adrenocortical carcinoma. Med Oncol 2019; 36:73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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De Martino MC, van Koetsveld PM, Feelders RA, de Herder WW, Dogan F, Janssen JAMJL, Hofste Op Bruinink D, Pivonello C, Waaijers AM, Colao A, de Krijger RR, Pivonello R, Hofland LJ. IGF and mTOR pathway expression and in vitro effects of linsitinib and mTOR inhibitors in adrenocortical cancer. Endocrine 2019; 64:673-684. [PMID: 30838516 PMCID: PMC6551351 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The IGF and mTOR-pathways are considered as potential targets for therapy in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). This study aims to describe the IGF pathway in ACC and to explore the response to the combined treatment with the IGF1R/IR inhibitor linsitinib, and mTOR inhibitors (sirolimus and everolimus) in in vitro models of ACC. METHODS The protein expression level of IGF2, IGF1R and IGF2R was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 17 human ACCs and the mRNA expression level of IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R, IR isoforms A and B, IGF2R, IGF-Binding-Proteins[IGFBP]-1, 2, 3 and 6 was evaluated by RT-qPCR in 12 samples. In H295R and HAC15 ACC cell lines the combined effects of linsitinib and sirolimus or everolimus on cell survival were evaluated. RESULTS A high protein expression of IGF2, IGF1R and IGF2R was observed in 82, 65 and 100% of samples, respectively. A high relative expression of IGF2 mRNA was found in the majority of samples. The mRNA levels of the IRA were higher than that of IRB and IGF1R in the majority of samples (75%). Linsitinib inhibits cell growth in the H295R and HAC15 cell lines and, combined with sirolimus or everolimus, linsitinib showed a significant additive effect. CONCLUSIONS In addition to IGF2 and IGF1R, ACC express IGF2R, IRA and several IGFBPs, suggesting that the interplay between the different components of the IGF pathway in ACC could be more complex than previously considered. The addition of mTOR inhibitors to linsitinib may have stronger antiproliferative effects than linsitinib alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina De Martino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Davine Hofste Op Bruinink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - A Marlijn Waaijers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Departments of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kiseljak-Vassiliades K, Zhang Y, Kar A, Razzaghi R, Xu M, Gowan K, Raeburn CD, Albuja-Cruz M, Jones KL, Somerset H, Fishbein L, Leong S, Wierman ME. Elucidating the Role of the Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2532-2544. [PMID: 29790920 PMCID: PMC6669820 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive cancer with a 5-year survival rate <35%. Mortality remains high due to lack of targeted therapies. Using bioinformatic analyses, we identified maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) as 4.1-fold overexpressed in ACC compared with normal adrenal samples. High MELK expression in human tumors correlated with shorter survival and with increased expression of genes involved in cell division and growth. We investigated the functional effects of MELK inhibition using newly developed ACC cell lines with variable MELK expression, CU-ACC1 and CU-ACC2, compared with H295R cells. In vitro treatment with the MELK inhibitor, OTSSP167, resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in rates of cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell survival, with relative sensitivity of each ACC cell line based upon the level of MELK overexpression. To confirm a MELK-specific antitumorigenic effect, MELK was inhibited in H295R cells via multiple short hairpin RNAs. MELK silencing resulted in 1.9-fold decrease in proliferation, and 3- to 10-fold decrease in colony formation in soft agar and clonogenicity assays, respectively. In addition, although MELK silencing had no effect on survival in normoxia, exposure to a hypoxia resulted in a sixfold and eightfold increase in apoptosis as assessed by caspase-3 activation and TUNEL, respectively. Together these data suggest that MELK is a modulator of tumor cell growth and survival in a hypoxic microenvironment in adrenal cancer cells and support future investigation of its role as a therapeutic kinase target in patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Research Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Yu Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Adwitiya Kar
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Raud Razzaghi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mei Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Katherine Gowan
- Department of Pediatrics, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Maria Albuja-Cruz
- Department of Surgery, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hilary Somerset
- Department of Pathology, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lauren Fishbein
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Research Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Stephen Leong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Margaret E Wierman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Research Service Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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Patel D, Ellis R, Howard B, Boufraqech M, Gara SK, Zhang L, Quezado MM, Nilubol N, Kebebew E. Analysis of IGF and IGFBP as Prognostic Serum Biomarkers for Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:3541-7. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Shankavaram U, Fliedner SMJ, Elkahloun AG, Barb JJ, Munson PJ, Huynh TT, Matro JC, Turkova H, Linehan WM, Timmers HJ, Tischler AS, Powers JF, de Krijger R, Baysal BE, Takacova M, Pastorekova S, Gius D, Lehnert H, Camphausen K, Pacak K. Genotype and tumor locus determine expression profile of pseudohypoxic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Neoplasia 2013; 15:435-47. [PMID: 23555188 PMCID: PMC3612915 DOI: 10.1593/neo.122132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PHEOs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) related to mutations in the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits A, B, C, and D, SDH complex assembly factor 2, and the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) genes share a pseudohypoxic expression profile. However, genotype-specific differences in expression have been emerging. Development of effective new therapies for distinctive manifestations, e.g., a high rate of malignancy in SDHB- or predisposition to multifocal PGLs in SDHD patients, mandates improved stratification. To identify mutation/location-related characteristics among pseudohypoxic PHEOs/PGLs, we used comprehensive microarray profiling (SDHB: n = 18, SDHD-abdominal/thoracic (AT): n = 6, SDHD-head/neck (HN): n = 8, VHL: n = 13). To avoid location-specific bias, typical adrenal medulla genes were derived from matched normal medullas and cortices (n = 8) for data normalization. Unsupervised analysis identified two dominant clusters, separating SDHB and SDHD-AT PHEOs/PGLs (cluster A) from VHL PHEOs and SDHD-HN PGLs (cluster B). Supervised analysis yielded 6937 highly predictive genes (misclassification error rate of 0.175). Enrichment analysis revealed that energy metabolism and inflammation/fibrosis-related genes were most pronouncedly changed in clusters A and B, respectively. A minimum subset of 40 classifiers was validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction vs. microarray: r = 0.87). Expression of several individual classifiers was identified as characteristic for VHL and SDHD-HN PHEOs and PGLs. In the present study, we show for the first time that SDHD-HN PGLs share more features with VHL PHEOs than with SDHD-AT PGLs. The presented data suggest novel subclassification of pseudohypoxic PHEOs/PGLs and implies cluster-specific pathogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Shankavaram
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephanie M J Fliedner
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- 1st Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Abdel G Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jenifer J Barb
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter J Munson
- Mathematical and Statistical Computing Laboratory, Center for Information Technology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Thanh T Huynh
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joey C Matro
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hana Turkova
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Henri J Timmers
- Department of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - James F Powers
- Department of Pathology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Ronald de Krijger
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bora E Baysal
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Martina Takacova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - David Gius
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg Northwestern Medical School, Chicago, IL
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- 1st Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Ribeiro TC, Latronico AC. Insulin-like growth factor system on adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 351:96-100. [PMID: 22019903 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway has many important roles in normal cell growth and development. Remarkably, all of the components of this system (IGFs, receptors, and binding proteins) are expressed in human fetal adrenals. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, a congenital overgrowth disorder characterized by a high risk of development of childhood tumors, is also distinguished by a high incidence of adrenocortical carcinomas. This disease has been associated with structural abnormalities at the 11p15 locus, which harbors the IGF2 gene as well as the genes coding for insulin, H19, and p57kip2. Notably, rearrangements at the 11p15 locus and overexpression of IGF2 were also described in sporadic adrenocortical tumors. In addition, the IGF2 overexpression was exclusively demonstrated in adults with adrenocortical tumors as a frequent feature of the malignant state. More recent studies demonstrated that the interaction of IGF-2 with IGF receptor type 1 (IGF-1R) plays also a pivotal role in adrenocortical tumorigenesis. IGF1R expression levels were significantly higher in pediatric adrenocortical carcinomas, suggesting that IGF1R expression represents a potential prognostic marker in this group of patients. These findings indicate that the IGF system is an important pathway for autonomous growth of adrenocortical cells and potential inhibitors of this system could be a rational therapeutic target for adrenocortical tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaya Castro Ribeiro
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Levi J, Huynh FK, Denroche HC, Neumann UH, Glavas MM, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Hepatic leptin signalling and subdiaphragmatic vagal efferents are not required for leptin-induced increases of plasma IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) in ob/ob mice. Diabetologia 2012; 55:752-62. [PMID: 22202803 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The fat-derived hormone leptin plays a crucial role in the maintenance of normal body weight and energy expenditure as well as in glucose homeostasis. Recently, it was reported that the liver-derived protein, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), is responsible for at least some of the glucose-normalising effects of leptin. However, the exact mechanism by which leptin upregulates IGFBP-2 production is unknown. Since it is believed that circulating IGFBP-2 is predominantly derived from the liver and leptin has been shown to have both direct and indirect actions on the liver, we hypothesised that leptin signalling in hepatocytes or via brain-liver vagal efferents may mediate leptin control of IGFBP-2 production. METHODS To address our hypothesis, we assessed leptin action on glucose homeostasis and plasma IGFBP-2 levels in both leptin-deficient ob/ob mice with a liver-specific loss of leptin signalling and ob/ob mice with a subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. We also examined whether restoring hepatic leptin signalling in leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice could increase plasma IGFBP-2 levels. RESULTS Continuous leptin administration increased plasma IGFBP-2 levels in a dose-dependent manner, in association with reduced plasma glucose and insulin levels. Interestingly, leptin was still able to increase plasma IGFBP-2 levels and improve glucose homeostasis in both ob/ob mouse models to the same extent as their littermate controls. Further, restoration of hepatic leptin signalling in db/db mice did not increase either hepatic or plasma IGFBP-2 levels. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Taken together, these data indicate that hepatic leptin signalling and subdiaphragmatic vagal inputs are not required for leptin upregulation of plasma IGFBP-2 nor blood glucose lowering in ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Levi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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Kuo YS, Tang YB, Lu TY, Wu HC, Lin CT. IGFBP-6 plays a role as an oncosuppressor gene in NPC pathogenesis through regulating EGR-1 expression. J Pathol 2010; 222:299-309. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
CONTEXT In surgical pathology practice adrenal cortical tumors are rare. However, in autopsy series adrenal cortical nodules are found frequently. These are now being identified more commonly in life when the abdomen is scanned for other disease. It is important to differentiate between benign and malignant lesions as adrenal cortical carcinoma is an aggressive tumor. Molecular genetic investigations are providing new information on both pathogenesis of adrenal tumors and basic adrenal development and physiology. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of current knowledge on adrenal cortical development and structure that informs our understanding of genetic diseases of the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical tumors. DATA SOURCES Literature review using PubMed via the Endnote bibliography tool. CONCLUSIONS The understanding of basic developmental and physiologic processes permits a better understanding of diseases of the adrenal cortex. The information coming from investigation of the molecular pathology of adrenal cortical tumors is beginning to provide additional tests for the assessment of malignant potential in diagnosis but the mainstay remains traditional histologic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie McNicol
- Pathology Department, University of Glasgow, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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12
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Abstract
The adrenal gland is not a common specimen in surgical pathology practice as, until recently, adrenal tumors were recognized in life only if associated with hypersecretion of hormones or evidence of malignancy. However, adrenal nodules are not uncommon at autopsy, and the number of these found in life is now increasing as they are identified when the abdomen is scanned for the investigation of other diseases using computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. It is therefore becoming increasingly important for the surgical pathologist to be aware of the range of pathology in the gland and to understand how to approach the specimens. This short review will deal with lesions of the adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie McNicol
- Molecular and Cellular Pathology, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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13
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Chen JY, Chou MJ, Gong HY, Huang TC, Wu JL, Kuo CM. Cloning and biological analysis of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 proximal promoter region. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:199-208. [PMID: 15767786 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2) plays an important role in the regulation of IGF's action and endocrinology in fish. To understand the molecular mechanism which controls transcription of the IGFBP-2 gene, we cloned and sequenced the IGFBP-2 proximal promoter region of the zebrafish IGFBP-2 gene and characterized its activity by firefly luciferase transient transfection expression assays. Different fragments of the zebrafish IGFBP-2 5'-flanking region were transfected into Hela and ZFL cells. In these cell lines, maximum promoter activity was located in the 900 base pairs (bp) of the zebrafish IGFBP-2 5' flanking region in the ZFL cell line and 318 bp of the zebrafish IGFBP-2 5' flanking region in the Hela cell line. The in vivo actions of the IGFBP-2 promoter on developmental stage expression were further investigated in transgenic zebrafish in which an IGFBP-2 (900-bp) promoter-driven green fluorescent protein encoding the GFP cDNA transgene was microinjected into zebrafish embryos. Morphological and RT-PCR studies of transgenic zebrafish indicated that the IGFBP-2 promoter-driven GFP transcripts appeared for the first time in the 32-cell stage. These results indicate that the IGFBP-2 promoter is active in a development-specific manner. These results suggest that the IGFBP-2 promoter plays an important role in teleost embryo growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Grønning M, Serck-Hanssen G. Production of insulin-like growth factor binding-proteins by bovine adrenomedullary cells: differential regulation by IGF-I and dexamethasone. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2003; 134:727-38. [PMID: 12814781 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we examined the production of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), in chromaffin cells, a model system for sympathetic neurons. Four IGFBPs of approximately 27, approximately 31, approximately 36 and a doublet of approximately 45-50 kDa, detected in Western ligand blots of conditioned medium, were identified in Western immunoblots as IGFBP-4, IGFBP-5, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3, respectively. In ligand blots IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 appeared as the most prominent species. IGF-I (1 nM) enhanced release of IGFBP-3 while dexamethasone (1 nM) diminished release of IGFBP-4. No significant proteolytic degradation of the IGFBPs was demonstrated. Cycloheximide completely attenuated release of the IGFBPs, indicating dependency on new synthesis of the proteins. These findings are consistent with autocrine modulation of the IGF system in bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells by IGFBPs. Furthermore, the specific stimulatory and inhibitory effects of IGF-I and dexamethasone, respectively, on release of the predominant species of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4, suggested that IGFBP production may be selectively modulated in a positive and negative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Grønning
- Department of Physiology, PKI, University of Bergen, Arstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Ly DH, Rosenthal DS, Konopka G, Luo R, Wang ZQ, Schultz PG, Smulson ME. Misregulation of gene expression in primary fibroblasts lacking poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:11274-9. [PMID: 11016956 PMCID: PMC17190 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.200285797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is implicated in the maintenance of genomic integrity, given that inhibition or depletion of this enzyme increases genomic instability in cells exposed to genotoxic agents. We previously showed that immortalized fibroblasts derived from PARP(-/-) mice exhibit an unstable tetraploid population, and partial chromosomal gains and losses in PARP(-/-) mice and immortalized fibroblasts are accompanied by changes in the expression of p53, Rb, and c-Jun, as well as other proteins. A tetraploid population has also now been detected in primary fibroblasts derived from PARP(-/-) mice. Oligonucleotide microarray analysis was applied to characterize more comprehensively the differences in gene expression between asynchronously dividing primary fibroblasts derived from PARP(-/-) mice and their wild-type littermates. Of the 11,000 genes monitored, 91 differentially expressed genes were identified. The loss of PARP results in down-regulation of the expression of several genes involved in regulation of cell cycle progression or mitosis, DNA replication, or chromosomal processing or assembly. PARP deficiency also up-regulates genes that encode extracellular matrix or cytoskeletal proteins that are implicated in cancer initiation or progression or in normal or premature aging. These results provide insight into the mechanism by which PARP deficiency impairs mitotic function, thereby resulting in the genomic alterations and chromosomal abnormalities as well as in altered expression of genes that may contribute to genomic instability, cancer, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Wulbrand U, Remmert G, Zöfel P, Wied M, Arnold R, Fehmann HC. mRNA expression patterns of insulin-like growth factor system components in human neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30:729-39. [PMID: 10964166 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and their corresponding receptors and binding proteins are important in carcinogenesis for several tumours, but their expression pattern in the functionally and biologically heterogeneous human neuroendocrine tumours of the gastroenteropancreatic tract is largely unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study searched for the mRNA expression patterns of components of the IGF system: IGF-1 and IGF-2, IGF receptors 1 and 2 (IGF-1R, IGF-2R), IGF-binding proteins 1-6 (IGFBP1-6)) in the most frequent human gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (gastrinomas, insulinomas, tumours associated with carcinoid syndrome and functionally inactive tumours) employing reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS In the 37 tumour samples analysed (nine gastrinomas, 10 insulinomas, nine tumours associated with carcinoid syndrome and nine functionally inactive tumours) IGFBP-2 was found in all tumour samples while the IGFBP-1 was expressed only at low frequency (10-22%) among the four tumour types. The IGF-2R was predominantly expressed in gastrinomas. Among the four tumour types the expression of IGF-1R, IGF-2R and IGFBP-6 varied significantly. In addition, 12 pairs of significantly coexpressed IGF system components were detected (IGF-1 <--> IGF-1R, IGF-1 <--> IGF-2R, IGF-1 <--> IGFBP-3, IGF-1 <--> IGFBP-6, IGFBP-3 <--> IGF-1R, IGFBP-6 <--> IGF-1R, IGFBP-1 <--> IGF-2R, IGFBP-3 <--> IGF-2R, IGFBP-5 <--> IGF-2R, IGFBP-3 <--> IGFBP-5, IGFBP-3 <--> IGFBP-6, IGFBP-5 <--> IGFBP-6). CONCLUSIONS The described differences of the expression patterns of the IGF system components in neuroendocrine tumour subtypes suggest tumour type-dependent different pathways in tumour growth control by IGF system components.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Wulbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany.
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