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von Máriássy D, Reibke R, Verbeek M, Gätjens B, Schiller R, Anslinger K. STR typing of skin swabs from individuals after an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:227-236. [PMID: 35657433 PMCID: PMC9816181 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the pre-requisites for forensic DNA analysis is the fact that all nucleated cells of a person carry the same genetic information. However, this is not the case for individuals who have received an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation, as all new cells formed by the bone marrow no longer show the genetic information of the recipient but that of the donor, while all other cells still carry the original information before transplantation. Thus, STR typing of a blood sample after successful transplantation yields a DNA profile that differs from the recipient's original profile and corresponds to the donor genotype instead. Evidence from a routine case suggests that transplanted individuals may show donor alleles in skin swabs, as well. In order to examine this issue more closely, various skin swabs from 28 patients who have received an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were examined in this study. Swabs from the right and left palm, the back of the hand, one of the two upper arms, and the neck were collected from each person. Ninety-one of the 140 resulting swabs delivered useful results. All of those samples showed mixtures of recipient and donor DNA with different mixture ratios and the proportions of donor and recipient alleles revealed inter- and intra-individual differences. Those results were discussed with respect to graft versus host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar von Máriássy
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstr. 26, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Roland Reibke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Klinikum Bad Trissl, Oberaudorf, Germany
| | - Mareike Verbeek
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Britta Gätjens
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstr. 26, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Roberta Schiller
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstr. 26, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Anslinger
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nußbaumstr. 26, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Patel AA, Ginhoux F, Yona S. Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils: an update on lifespan kinetics in health and disease. Immunology 2021; 163:250-261. [PMID: 33555612 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytes form a family of immune cells that play a crucial role in tissue maintenance and help orchestrate the immune response. This family of cells can be separated by their nuclear morphology into mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes. The generation of these cells in the bone marrow, to the blood and finally into tissues is a tightly regulated process. Ensuring the adequate production of these cells and their timely removal is key for both the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Insight into the kinetic profiles of innate myeloid cells during steady state and pathology will permit the rational development of therapies to boost the production of these cells in times of need or reduce them when detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simon Yona
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Tumor-Infiltrating Macrophages in Post-Transplant, Relapsed Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Are Donor-Derived. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163559. [PMID: 27685855 PMCID: PMC5042490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated inflammatory cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) typically outnumber the neoplastic Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (H/RS) cells. The composition of the inflammatory infiltrate, particularly the fraction of macrophages, has been associated with clinical behavior. Emerging work from animal models demonstrates that most tissue macrophages are maintained by a process of self-renewal under physiologic circumstances and certain inflammatory states, but the contribution from circulating monocytes may be increased in some disease states. This raises the question of the source of macrophages involved in human disease, particularly that of CHL. Patients with relapsed CHL following allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) provide a unique opportunity to begin to address this issue. We identified 4 such patients in our archives. Through molecular chimerism and/or XY FISH studies, we demonstrated the DNA content in the post-BMT recurrent CHL was predominantly donor-derived, while the H/RS cells were derived from the patient. Where possible to evaluate, the cellular composition of the inflammatory infiltrate, including the percentage of macrophages, was similar to that of the original tumor. Our findings suggest that the H/RS cells themselves define the inflammatory environment. In addition, our results demonstrate that tumor-associated macrophages in CHL are predominantly derived from circulating monocytes rather than resident tissue macrophages. Given the association between tumor microenvironment and disease progression, a better understanding of macrophage recruitment to CHL may open new strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Haniffa M, Ginhoux F, Wang XN, Bigley V, Abel M, Dimmick I, Bullock S, Grisotto M, Booth T, Taub P, Hilkens C, Merad M, Collin M. Differential rates of replacement of human dermal dendritic cells and macrophages during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Exp Med 2009; 206:371-85. [PMID: 19171766 PMCID: PMC2646566 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have been used to analyze the turnover of bone marrow-derived cells and to demonstrate the critical role of recipient antigen-presenting cells (APC) in graft versus host disease (GVHD). In humans, the phenotype and lineage relationships of myeloid-derived tissue APC remain incompletely understood. It has also been proposed that the risk of acute GVHD, which extends over many months, is related to the protracted survival of certain recipient APC. Human dermis contains three principal subsets of CD45(+)HLA-DR(+) cells: CD1a(+)CD14(-) DC, CD1a(-)CD14(+) DC, and CD1a(-)CD14(+)FXIIIa(+) macrophages. In vitro, each subset has characteristic properties. After transplantation, both CD1a(+) and CD14(+) DC are rapidly depleted and replaced by donor cells, but recipient macrophages can be found in GVHD lesions and may persist for many months. Macrophages isolated from normal dermis secrete proinflammatory cytokines. Although they stimulate little proliferation of naive or memory CD4(+) T cells, macrophages induce cytokine expression in memory CD4(+) T cells and activation and proliferation of CD8(+) T cells. These observations suggest that dermal macrophages and DC are from distinct lineages and that persistent recipient macrophages, although unlikely to initiate alloreactivity, may contribute to GVHD by sustaining the responses of previously activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzlifah Haniffa
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England, UK
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Xiao-Nong Wang
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England, UK
| | - Venetia Bigley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England, UK
| | - Michal Abel
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ian Dimmick
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England, UK
| | - Sarah Bullock
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England, UK
| | - Marcos Grisotto
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Trevor Booth
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England, UK
| | - Peter Taub
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Catharien Hilkens
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England, UK
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Matthew Collin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England, UK
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
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Collin MP, Hart DNJ, Jackson GH, Cook G, Cavet J, Mackinnon S, Middleton PG, Dickinson AM. The fate of human Langerhans cells in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:27-33. [PMID: 16390938 PMCID: PMC2118090 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) and other antigen-presenting cells are believed to be critical in initiating graft versus host responses that influence the outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, their fate in humans is poorly understood. We have sought to define the effect of conditioning regimes and graft versus host disease (GVHD) on the survival of recipient LC and reconstitution of donor cells after transplant. Confocal microscopy of epidermal sheets shows that full intensity transplant (FIT) depletes LC more rapidly than reduced intensity transplant (RIT) at day 0, although the nadir is similar in both at 14-21 d. Recovery occurs rapidly within 40 d in the absence of acute GVHD, but is delayed beyond 100 d when GVHD is active. LC chimerism was determined in sex-mismatched transplants using a two-step Giemsa/fluorescence in situ hybridization assay on isolated cells. Acquisition of donor chimerism at 40 d is more rapid after FIT (97%) than RIT (36.5%), irrespective of blood myeloid engraftment. At 100 d, all transplants achieve at least 90% LC donor chimerism and over half achieve 100%. Complete donor chimerism is associated with prior acute cutaneous GVHD, suggesting a role for allogeneic T cells in promoting LC engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Collin
- Haematological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, England, UK.
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Spyridonidis A, Schmitt-Gräff A, Tomann T, Dwenger A, Follo M, Behringer D, Finke J. Epithelial tissue chimerism after human hematopoietic cell transplantation is a real phenomenon. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:1147-55. [PMID: 15039204 PMCID: PMC1615347 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation in animals has been shown to generate epithelial populations, a phenomenon that has also recently been suggested to take place after human hematopoietic cell transplantation. However, reports in humans are not conclusive because they still leave open the possibility that the identified donor-derived cells are not epithelial cells but intraepithelial lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate that donor-derived CD45(+) hematopoietic cells in close contact with epithelial tissue may be falsely characterized as donor-derived epithelial cells if the three-dimensional structure of the tissue is not considered and the hematopoietic markers are not examined. By using a rigorous three-dimensional analysis on single sections of colon biopsies triple stained with donor-specific, epithelial-specific, and hematopoietic-specific markers we demonstrate that chimerism of colon epithelium is a real phenomenon occurring constantly after human hematopoietic cell transplantation. We exclude horizontal DNA transfer or cell fusion as the underlying mechanism of our findings. Tissue damage enhances the engraftment of the donor-derived epithelial cells. The physiological and therapeutical role of the donor-derived epithelial cells after human hematopoietic cell transplantation needs further investigation. However, their identification requires stringent and unequivocal detection systems.
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Becker Y. Milestones in the research on skin epidermal Langerhans/dendritic cells (LCs/DCs) from the discovery of Paul Langerhans 1868-1989. Virus Genes 2003; 26:131-4. [PMID: 12803464 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023479212095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Almost 100 years elapsed after the discovery of dendritic cells in the human skin epithelium by Paul Langerhans in 1868 until the initiation of research on those cells was reinitiated. The present paper provides the milestones in the research on Langerhans/dendritic cells (LCs/DCs) between 1960 and 1989. This historical review will explain how researchers gradually discovered the role of the bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in the immune response. The paper is an appendix to the manuscript entitled: "Immunological and regulatory functions of uninfected and infected immature and mature subtypes of dendritic cells" (Virus Genes 26: 119-130, 2003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yechiel Becker
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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Aractingi S, Gluckman E, Dauge-Geffroy MC, Le Goué C, Flahaut A, Dubertret L, Carosella E. Langerhans' cells are depleted in chronic graft versus host disease. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50:305-9. [PMID: 9215146 PMCID: PMC499880 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.50.4.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To measure Langerhans' cells in skin of patients treated by bone marrow transplantation who developed chronic graft versus host disease (GvHD); to determine whether the reduction in Langerhans' cells resulted directly from the GvHD or from other factors, such as the immunosuppressive regimens used in bone marrow transplant patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Lesional and nonlesional skin specimens from nine patients with lichen planus-like lesions and three patients with sclerodermoid lesions were studied. Control skin specimens were taken from three patients undergoing breast reduction surgery. The number of Langerhans' cells/mm2 and the area of Langerhans' cells as a percentage of total epidermis were measured by counting cells labelled with antihuman CD1a. RESULTS A significant reduction in Langerhans' cell area and number were found in specimens with lesions (area 3.5%; number 507/mm2) compared with specimens without lesions (8.42%; 2375/mm2). In contrast, Langerhans' cell area and number in skin without lesions were similar to controls (10.26%; 2968/mm2). CONCLUSIONS Langerhans' cells were significantly reduced in skin with lesions of chronic GvHD but not in skin without lesions from the same patient, suggesting that the reduction is a direct consequence of GvHD and not linked to immunosuppressive drugs or late effects of conditioning regimens. In long term bone marrow transplant recipients, Langerhans' cells are derived mainly from the donor cells; therefore, this result suggests the occurrence of autoreactive phenomenon in chronic GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aractingi
- Service de recherche en hémato-immunologie-DRM-DSV, CEA, Paris, France
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Link H, Kolb HJ, Ebell W, Hossfeld DK, Zander A, Niethammer D, Wandt H, Grosse-Wilde H, Schaefer UW. [Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. I: Definitions, principle indications, complications]. MEDIZINISCHE KLINIK (MUNICH, GERMANY : 1983) 1997; 92:480-91, 505. [PMID: 9340473 PMCID: PMC7146030 DOI: 10.1007/bf03044917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The transplantation of hematopoietic and lymphopoetic stem and progenitor cells has become a standard procedure for the treatment of many malignant diseases. Autologous stem cells are derived from the patient himself, allogeneic cells from an HLA-identical or HLA-compatible family or unrelated donor. Hematopoietic stem cells can be obtained from bone marrow, blood and fetal cord blood. After 3 to 5 days treatment, the granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilizes stem- and progenitor cells from the marrow into the blood. This method is now standard in autologous transplantation and is increasingly preferred in allogeneic transplantation. The time to hematopoietic recovery is shorter with blood stem cells than with bone marrow cells. With myeloablative high dose therapy followed by stem cell transplantation, long term disease free survival is possible in many cases and great proportions of patients can be cured (see part II). Improvements of supportive care have reduced toxicity of treatment substantially, however severe complications still occur at oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, liver, lung, skin, kidney, urinary tract and nervous system. After allogeneic transplantation immunocompetent donor cells can react with the recipients tissue. In HLA-identical donor and recipients differences in the minor histocompatibility antigens account for this graft-versus-host-reaction (GvH), which is mainly mediated by transplanted T-cells. The GvH-reaction can affect skin, liver, gut and other organs and cause clinically relevant GvH-disease (GvHD). The GvHD is more severe in HLA-mismatched or unrelated transplantations. Immunodeficiency and organ dysfunction due to GvHD may predispose infections and impair the outcome of transplantation. Unrelated cord blood stem cells may have a minor risk of inducing acute GvHD, as stem and T-cells are immature. After allogeneic stem cell transplantation, the relapse rate of leukemia or lymphoma is significantly reduced by immunoreactive cells:graft-versus-tumor (GvT) or graft-versus-leukemia effect (GvL).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Link
- Abteilung Hämatologie und Onkologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
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Teunissen MB. Dynamic nature and function of epidermal Langerhans cells in vivo and in vitro: a review, with emphasis on human Langerhans cells. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1992; 24:697-716. [PMID: 1428996 DOI: 10.1007/bf01460823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are Birbeck granule-containing bone-marrow-derived cells, which are located mainly in the suprabasal layer of the epidermis. They can be readily identified by their strong expression of CD1a and MHC class II molecules. In addition to these 'classical' properties, an extensive phenotypic profile of normal human LC, summarized in this review, is now available. The powerful capacity of LC to activate T lymphocytes is clearly documented and, to date, LC are recognized as the prominent antigen-presenting cells of the skin immune system. They are generally believed to pick up antigens encountered in the epidermis and to migrate subsequently from the epidermis to the skin-draining lymph nodes. Upon arrival in the paracortex of lymph nodes, the antigen-laden LC transform into interdigitating cells and they present antigen to naive T lymphocytes in a MHC class II-restricted fashion; this results in the generation of antigen-specific immune responses. It has also been demonstrated that transformation of LC into interdigitating cells occurs when LC are cultured in vitro. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that properties of LC, such as phenotype, morphology and the stimulatory potential to activate T lymphocytes, are dependent on the local microenvironment in which the LC reside. The essential role of LC in the induction of contact allergic skin reactions and skin transplant rejection is well established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Teunissen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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