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PET imaging of hypoxia and apoptosis. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822960-6.00205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Del Re DP, Amgalan D, Linkermann A, Liu Q, Kitsis RN. Fundamental Mechanisms of Regulated Cell Death and Implications for Heart Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1765-1817. [PMID: 31364924 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 103.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve regulated cell death programs have been described. We review in detail the basic biology of nine including death receptor-mediated apoptosis, death receptor-mediated necrosis (necroptosis), mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, mitochondrial-mediated necrosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, and immunogenic cell death. This is followed by a dissection of the roles of these cell death programs in the major cardiac syndromes: myocardial infarction and heart failure. The most important conclusion relevant to heart disease is that regulated forms of cardiomyocyte death play important roles in both myocardial infarction with reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion) and heart failure. While a role for apoptosis in ischemia/reperfusion cannot be excluded, regulated forms of necrosis, through both death receptor and mitochondrial pathways, are critical. Ferroptosis and parthanatos are also likely important in ischemia/reperfusion, although it is unclear if these entities are functioning as independent death programs or as amplification mechanisms for necrotic cell death. Pyroptosis may also contribute to ischemia/reperfusion injury, but potentially through effects in non-cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte loss through apoptosis and necrosis is also an important component in the pathogenesis of heart failure and is mediated by both death receptor and mitochondrial signaling. Roles for immunogenic cell death in cardiac disease remain to be defined but merit study in this era of immune checkpoint cancer therapy. Biology-based approaches to inhibit cell death in the various cardiac syndromes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Del Re
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dulguun Amgalan
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Qinghang Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, and Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Internal Medicine 3, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Chung NC, Mirza B, Choi H, Wang J, Wang D, Ping P, Wang W. Unsupervised classification of multi-omics data during cardiac remodeling using deep learning. Methods 2019; 166:66-73. [PMID: 30853547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of multi-omics in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) presents high potentials for translational discoveries. By analyzing abundance levels of heterogeneous molecules over time, we may uncover biological interactions and networks that were previously unidentifiable. However, to effectively perform integrative analysis of temporal multi-omics, computational methods must account for the heterogeneity and complexity in the data. To this end, we performed unsupervised classification of proteins and metabolites in mice during cardiac remodeling using two innovative deep learning (DL) approaches. First, long short-term memory (LSTM)-based variational autoencoder (LSTM-VAE) was trained on time-series numeric data. The low-dimensional embeddings extracted from LSTM-VAE were then used for clustering. Second, deep convolutional embedded clustering (DCEC) was applied on images of temporal trends. Instead of a two-step procedure, DCEC performes a joint optimization for image reconstruction and cluster assignment. Additionally, we performed K-means clustering, partitioning around medoids (PAM), and hierarchical clustering. Pathway enrichment analysis using the Reactome knowledgebase demonstrated that DL methods yielded higher numbers of significant biological pathways than conventional clustering algorithms. In particular, DCEC resulted in the highest number of enriched pathways, suggesting the strength of its unified framework based on visual similarities. Overall, unsupervised DL is shown to be a promising analytical approach for integrative analysis of temporal multi-omics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neo Christopher Chung
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence for Biomedical Computing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute of Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Bilal Mirza
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence for Biomedical Computing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Howard Choi
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence for Biomedical Computing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence for Biomedical Computing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ding Wang
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence for Biomedical Computing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peipei Ping
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence for Biomedical Computing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Scalable Analytics Institute (ScAi), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- NIH BD2K Center of Excellence for Biomedical Computing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Scalable Analytics Institute (ScAi), University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Papadakis E, Kanakis M, Kataki A, Spandidos DA. The spectrum of myocardial homeostasis mechanisms in the settings of cardiac surgery procedures (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2089-2099. [PMID: 29207125 PMCID: PMC5783448 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic cardiac surgery, determined through the function of cardiopulmonary bypass machine and myocardial cardioplegic arrest, represents the most controlled scenario for cardiomyocyte homeostatic disturbances due to systemic inflammatory response and myocardial reperfusion injury. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that myocardial cell homeostasis in cardiac surgery procedures is a sequence of molecularly interrelated and overlapping mechanisms in the form of apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis, which are activated by a plethora of induced inflammatory mediators and gene-related signaling pathways. In this study, we outline the molecular mechanisms of the cardiomyocyte adaptive homeostatic process and the associated clinical implications, in the settings of classic cardiac surgery procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Papadakis
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios Kanakis
- Cardiothoracic Surgery Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, WC1N 3JH London, UK
| | - Agapi Kataki
- Propaedeutic Surgery First Department, University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Kong F, Luan Y, Zhang ZH, Cheng GH, Qi TG, Sun C. Baicalin protects the myocardium from reperfusion-induced damage in isolated rat hearts via the antioxidant and paracrine effect. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:254-259. [PMID: 24348801 PMCID: PMC3861453 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of baicalin (BA) against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in isolated rat hearts. Sprague-Dawley rat hearts were rapidly removed, mounted on a Langendorff apparatus and subjected to 30 min ischemia followed by 30 min reperfusion with Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution at 37°C to establish the isolated I/R injury model. All animals (n=50) were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 in each): I, normal control; II, I/R; III, I/R plus 20 mg/kg BA; IV, I/R plus 40 mg/kg BA; and V, I/R plus 80 mg/kg BA. The degree of heart injury caused by the I/R was assessed by evaluating left ventricular function and by detecting the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) in the coronary effluent and the myocardial superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the isolated rat hearts. Myocardial infarct size and vascular density were assessed using histology and immunohistochemistry. The apoptotic cardiomyocytes were determined using flow cytometry (FCM). Compared with group II, the BA groups demonstrated improved left ventricular function, reduced CK and LDH release in the coronary effluent and increased SOD and MDA activity (P<0.05). Furthermore, histology and immunohistochemistry results showed that the infarct size was reduced and vessel density was augmented in the BA groups (P<0.01) compared with group II. The FCM results indicated that apoptosis was significantly lower in the BA groups than in group II (P<0.05) and that the protective effect was dose-dependent. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that BA exerts a dose-dependent protective effect on I/R injury in isolated rat hearts, the mechanisms of which may be associated with antioxidant and anti-apoptosis properties. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first evaluation of the efficacy of BA in isolated rat hearts using histology and immunohistochemistry, providing a foundation for the use of BA in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Kong
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Yun Luan
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Hua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Cheng
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Tong-Gang Qi
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Chao Sun
- Central Research Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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Kim SJ, Kuklov A, Crystal GJ. In vivo gene delivery of XIAP protects against myocardial apoptosis and infarction following ischemia/reperfusion in conscious rabbits. Life Sci 2011; 88:572-7. [PMID: 21277870 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We tested the hypothesis that an in vivo gene delivery of the pro-survival protein XIAP (X-chromosome linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) protects against myocardial apoptosis and infarction following ischemia/reperfusion. MAIN METHODS Nineteen rabbits were chronically instrumented with a hydraulic occluder placed around the circumflex coronary artery. Adenovirus harboring XIAP (Ad.XIAP; 1×10(10)pfu/ml) or β-galactosidase (5×10(9)pfu/ml), as a control, was constructed and transfected into the heart using a catheter placed into the left ventricle accompanied by cross-clamping. 1-2weeks after gene delivery, myocardial ischemia was induced by a 30-min occlusion followed by reperfusion for four days. Protein expression was determined by Western blot and apoptosis (% of myocytes) was quantified by TUNEL staining. KEY FINDINGS Myocardial infarct size, expressed as a fraction of the area at risk, was reduced in Ad.XIAP (n=5) compared to control (n=7) rabbits (21±3% vs. 30±2%, p<0.05). Apoptosis was reduced in Ad.XIAP rabbits compared to control rabbits (2.96±0.68% vs. 8.98±1.84%, p<0.01). This was associated with an approximate 60% decrease in the cleaved caspase-3 level in Ad.XIAP rabbits compared to control rabbits. SIGNIFICANCE The current findings demonstrate that overexpression of XIAP via in vivo delivery in an adenovirus can reduce both myocardial apoptosis and infarction following ischemia/reperfusion, at least in part, due to the ability of XIAP to inhibit caspase-3. These findings confirm previous work suggesting a link between myocardial apoptosis and infarction i.e., anti-apoptotic therapy was effective in reducing myocardial infarct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Jung Kim
- Section of Cardiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60657, United States.
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Fukushima K, Momose M, Kondo C, Higuchi T, Kusakabe K, Hagiwara N. Myocardial 99mTc-sestamibi extraction and washout in hypertensive heart failure using an isolated rat heart. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:1005-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated, cell deletion process that plays an important role in various cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, and heart failure. Since cardiomyocyte loss is the most important determinant of patient morbidity and mortality, fully understanding the regulatory mechanisms of apoptotic signaling is crucial. In fact, the inhibition of cardiac apoptosis holds promise as an effective therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases. Caspase, a critical enzyme in the induction and execution of apoptosis, has been the main potential target for achieving anti-apoptotic therapy. Studies suggest, however, that a caspase-independent pathway may also play an important role in cardiac apoptosis, although the mechanism and potential significance of caspase-independent apoptosis in the heart remain poorly understood. Herein we discuss the role of apoptosis in various cardiovascular diseases, provide an update on current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that govern apoptosis, and discuss the clinical implications of anti-apoptotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Ho Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Medical School, Iksan, Korea
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Ikeda Y, Aihara KI, Akaike M, Sato T, Ishikawa K, Ise T, Yagi S, Iwase T, Ueda Y, Yoshida S, Azuma H, Walsh K, Tamaki T, Kato S, Matsumoto T. Androgen receptor counteracts Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in male mice. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1338-48. [PMID: 20501642 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) has been used as a potent anticancer agent, but serious cardiotoxicity precludes its use in a wide range of patients. We have reported that the androgen-androgen receptor (AR) system plays important roles in cardiac growth and protection from angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling. The present study was undertaken to clarify whether the androgen-AR system exerts a cardioprotective effect against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. Male AR knockout (ARKO) and age-matched littermate male wild-type (WT) mice at 25 wk of age were given ip injections of Dox (20 mg/kg) or a vehicle. The survival rate and left ventricular function in Dox-treated male ARKO mice were reduced compared with those in Dox-treated male WT mice. Electron microscopic study showed prominent vacuole formation of myocardial mitochondria in Dox-treated male ARKO mice. Cardiac oxidative stress and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes were increased more prominently by Dox treatment in male ARKO mice than in male WT mice. In addition, Dox-induced reduction in the expression of cardiac mitochondria transcription factor A (Tfam) and phosphorylation of serine-threonine kinase (Akt) was more pronounced in male ARKO mice than in male WT mice. In cardiac myoblast cells, testosterone up-regulated Akt phosphorylation and Tfam expression and exerted an antiapoptotic effect against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. Collectively, the results demonstrate that Dox-induced cardiotoxicity is aggravated in male ARKO mice via exacerbation of mitochondrial damage and superoxide generation, leading to enhanced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. Thus, the androgen-AR system is thought to counteract Dox-induced cardiotoxicity partly through activation of the Akt pathway and up-regulation of Tfam to protect cardiomyocytes from mitochondrial damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Health Biosciences, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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10
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Pinz I, Wax SD, Anderson P, Ingwall JS. Low over-expression of TNFalpha in the mouse heart increases contractile performance via TNFR1. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:99-107. [PMID: 18452158 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
TNFalpha is a cytokine wit pleiotropic functions in many organs. In the heart increased TNFalpha levels are not only associated with heart failure, but also, paradoxically, with protection from ischemic damage. To test whether the protective role of TNFalpha in the heart is concentration-dependent, we studied two mouse heart models with low (two- to threefold) over-expression of endogenous TNFalpha: mice deficient in a translational repressor of TNFalpha mRNA, TIA-1(-/-), and mice over-expressing human TNFalpha. Hearts lacking TIA-1 were characterized for their endogenous TNFalpha over-expression during normal Langendorff perfusion. To define which TNFalpha receptor mediates cardiac protection, we also used mice lacking the TNFR1 receptor. Contractile function was assessed in isolated hearts perfused in the isovolumic Langendorff mode during and following global no-flow ischemic stress and in response to varying extracellular [Ca(2+)] to determine their contractile response and Ca(2+) sensitivity. All hearts with low over-expression of TNFalpha, independent of human or murine origin, have improved contractile performance and increased Ca(2+) sensitivity (by 0.2-0.26 pCa). Hearts lacking TNFR1 have contractile performance equal to wild type hearts. Recovery from ischemia was greater in TIA-1(-/-) and was diminished in TNFR1(-/-). Better contractile function in TNFalpha over-expressing hearts is not due to improved cardiac energetics assessed as [ATP] and glucose uptake or to differences in expression of SERCA2a or calmodulin. We suggest that low levels of TNFalpha increase the Ca(2+) sensitivity of the heart via a TNFR1-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Pinz
- NMR Laboratory for Physiological Chemistry, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Alter P, Jobmann M, Meyer E, Pankuweit S, Maisch B. Apoptosis in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy: does enterovirus genome persistence protect from apoptosis? An endomyocardial biopsy study. Cardiovasc Pathol 2001; 10:229-34. [PMID: 11673061 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-8807(01)00077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to examine the role of apoptosis in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Apoptosis is an active energy-consuming mechanism of cell death in several cardiac diseases in different quality and quantity. METHODS Endomyocardial biopsies from 81 patients with active (1) and chronic myocarditis (10), dilated cardiomyopathy with inflammation (DCMi; 10) and without inflammation (DCM; 20), with borderline myocarditis and positive PCR for cytomegalovirus-DNA (6), adenovirus-DNA, or enterovirus-RNA (7), and controls (17) were analysed. Apoptosis was detected by using the TUNEL method. The highest rate of apoptotic cardiocytes was found in active and chronic myocarditis. One patient with severe active myocarditis demonstrated 6.15% of apoptotic cardiocytes. Mean percentage of apoptotic cardiocytes in chronic myocarditis was significantly increased (0.61+/-1.25%) when compared to controls (0.01+/-0.04%, P<.05). Particularly, patients with cytomegalovirus-DNA persistence in borderline myocarditis had an elevated rate of apoptosis (0.34+/-0.68%, P<.05). Increased rates of apoptosis were found in borderline myocarditis with adenovirus-DNA persistence (0.20+/-0.57%) and in DCM (0.06+/-0.15%). Only a nonsignificant increase of apoptotic cardiocytes was found in DCMi (0.03+/-0.08%). No apoptosis was found in patients with enteroviral genome persistence in borderline myocarditis. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis of cardiac cells is increased in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, being highest in severe active myocarditis. Apoptosis thus contributes to cell death in active myocarditis and may play a role not to be neglected in dilated cardiomyopathy. Enteroviruses seem to have anti-apoptotic effects, because no apoptosis at all was found in the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alter
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Philipps-University Marburg/Lahn, Baldingerstrasse, D-35033, Marburg, Germany.
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Pulkki AS, Voipio-Pulkki LM. Significance of myocytes with positive DNA in situ nick end-labeling (TUNEL) in hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2000; 101:E239. [PMID: 10869279 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.101.25.e239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shneyvays V, Jacobson KA, Li AH, Nawrath H, Zinman T, Isaac A, Shainberg A. Induction of apoptosis in rat cardiocytes by A3 adenosine receptor activation and its suppression by isoproterenol. Exp Cell Res 2000; 257:111-26. [PMID: 10854059 PMCID: PMC10792615 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in the induction of apoptosis in newborn cultured cardiomyocytes by activation of adenosine (ADO) A3 receptors and to examine the protective effects of beta-adrenoceptors. The selective agonist for A3 ADO receptors Cl-IB-MECA (2-chloro-N6-iodobenzyl-5-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine) and the antagonist MRS1523 (5-propyl-2-ethyl-4-propyl-3-(ethylsulfanylcarbonyl)-6-phenylpy rid ine-5-carboxylate) were used. High concentrations of the Cl-IB-MECA (> or = 10 microM) agonist induced morphological modifications of myogenic cells, such as rounding and retraction of cell body and dissolution of contractile filaments, followed by apoptotic death. In addition, Cl-IB-MECA caused a sustained and reversible increase in [Ca2+]i, which was prevented by the selective antagonist MRS1523. Furthermore, MRS1523 protected the cardiocytes if briefly exposed to Cl-IB-MECA and partially protected from prolonged (48 h) agonist exposure. Apoptosis induced by Cl-IB-MECA was not redox-dependent, since the mitochondrial membrane potential remained constant until the terminal stage of cell death. Cl-IB-MECA activated caspase-3 protease in a concentration-dependent manner after 7 h of treatment and more effectively after 18 h of exposure. Bcl-2 protein was readily detected in control cells, and its expression was significantly decreased after 24 and 48 h of treatment with Cl-IB-MECA. Beta-adrenergic stimulation antagonized the pro-apoptotic effects of Cl-IB-MECA, probably through a cAMP/protein kinase A-independent mechanism, since addition of dibutyryl-cAMP did not abolish the apoptosis induced by Cl-IB-MECA. Incubation of cultured myocytes with isoproterenol (5 microM) for 3 or 24 h almost completely abolished the increase in [Ca2+]i. Prolonged incubation of cardiomyocytes with isoproterenol and Cl-IB-MECA did not induce apoptosis. Our data suggest that the apoptosis-inducing signal from activation of adenosine A3 receptors (or counteracting beta-adrenergic signal) leads to the activation of the G-protein-coupled enzymes and downstream pathways to a self-amplifying cascade. Expression of different genes within this cascade is responsible for orchestrating either cardiomyocyte apoptosis or its protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Shneyvays
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - K. A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - A-H. Li
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - H. Nawrath
- Institute for Pharmacology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Zinman
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - A. Isaac
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - A. Shainberg
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Hong BK, Kwon HM, Byun KH, Kim D, Choi EY, Kang TS, Kang SM, Chun KJ, Jang Y, Kim HS, Kim M. Apoptosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. Korean J Intern Med 2000; 15:56-64. [PMID: 10714093 PMCID: PMC4531747 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2000.15.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiomyopathy, a popular diagnosis that always obscures more than it reveals, nevertheless has several characteristic histological features. These prominently include widespread focal myocardial fibrosis and associated hypertrophy of surviving cardiac myocyte. In fact, focal noninflammatory degeneration (not necrosis) has been demonstrated as a feature of many forms of cardiac hypertrophy. We hypothesized that this loss of myocardial cells in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP) may result from cell death by apoptosis. METHODS Endomyocardial biopsy specimens from the right ventricles of six patients who suffered from DCMP were studied, and myocardial specimens from two persons who died in motor vehicle accidents were used as negative controls. For identification of apoptosis, immunohistochemistry with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling was performed. In addition, apoptosis was confirmed morphologically by confocal laser scanning microscopy with propidium iodide. RESULTS Apoptosis, that was represented by an apoptotic index ranging from 19.8 to 25.4%, could be extensively seen in myocytes and also rarely in non-myocytes of interstitium and vascular endothelium. Morphologically, there were a lot of nuclei with clumps of condensed chromatin, suggestive of apoptosis. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that myocyte loss in DCMP might be mainly due to the apoptosis of myocytes and interstitial cells, rather than inflammation or cell necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Hong
- Cardiology Division, Yonsei Cardiovascular Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Shizukuda Y, Buttrick PM, Geenen DL, Borczuk AC, Kitsis RN, Sonnenblick EH. beta-adrenergic stimulation causes cardiocyte apoptosis: influence of tachycardia and hypertrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:H961-8. [PMID: 9724301 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.3.h961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To establish whether catecholamines per se in the absence of significant increases in systolic load induce myocardial damage via apoptosis, rats were treated with vehicle or isoproterenol (400 microg . kg-1 . h-1). Apoptotic cardiocytes (Apo) were identified in paraffin-embedded sections using terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. Results were confirmed using an independent ligase assay. Systolic blood pressures were comparable in isoproterenol-treated and control rats. Twenty-four hours of treatment with isoproterenol resulted in significant numbers of Apo compared with control [7.9 +/- 2.5 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.3 (SE) cm-2, P < 0.05]. A cohort of animals was subjected to ventricular pacing to induce a tachycardia equivalent to that induced by isoproterenol, and these animals did not show an increase in Apo. The left ventricular hypertrophy induced by 2 wk of abdominal aortic banding also increased Apo ( approximately 7. 2-fold); however, 24 h of isoproterenol infusion did not induce additional Apo in these rats. Thus catecholamines, in the absence of altered systolic load, induce Apo which is not mediated solely by tachycardia. Left ventricular hypertrophy secondary to abdominal aortic banding is associated with Apo, but this does not increase sensitivity to isoproterenol-induced Apo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shizukuda
- Division of Cardiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Abstract
Cytokines have been associated with the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes and chronic heart failure (CHF), which are both associated with cardiomyocyte loss. In CHF, increased serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and also soluble TNF receptor have been found. Both TNF and Fas-ligand have been able to induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) of cardiomyocytes in various experimental studies. In ischaemic conditions of the heart, increased serum levels of soluble Fas receptor have been found. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2 and interferon-gamma can induce TNF production from target cells, including myocytes. TNF and some other cytokines are able to induce nitric oxide production, which depresses cardiac function and can induce apoptosis. However, anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, IL-4 and IL-13, secreted by T-helper type 2 lymphocytes and other cells, inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Preliminary studies suggest that cardiotrophin-1, produced by cardiomyocytes, is able to inhibit cytokine-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro. As growth hormone is able to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines in many cell types, it may also play an important role in the regulation of apoptosis induced by these cytokines. When the cytokine-induced pathways leading to altered gene expression of cardiomyocytes are understood, this knowledge may aid in the development of drugs that prevent progressive cardiomyocyte loss, in particular by inhibiting cytokine-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Pulkki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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