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Acharya R. The recent progresses in shRNA-nanoparticle conjugate as a therapeutic approach. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:109928. [PMID: 31500065 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent trend of gene therapy is using short hairpin RNA conjugated with different types of nanoparticles. shRNAs have a significant role in gene silencing and have a promising role in treating several genetic and infectious diseases. There are several drawbacks of delivering bare shRNA in the blood as they are fragile in nature and readily degradable. To overcome this problem shRNAs can be conjugated with nanoparticles for a safe deliver. In this article several nanoparticles are mentioned which play significant role in delivery of this payload. On one hand they protect the shRNA from degradation on the other they help to penetrate this large molecule in to the cell. Some of these nanoconjugates are in clinical trials and have a promising role in treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Acharya
- School of Bio-science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, 188, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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Saw PE, Song EW. siRNA therapeutics: a clinical reality. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 63:485-500. [PMID: 31054052 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Since the revolutionary discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), a remarkable progress has been achieved in understanding and harnessing gene silencing mechanism; especially in small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapeutics. Despite its tremendous potential benefits, major challenges in most siRNA therapeutics remains unchanged-safe, efficient and target oriented delivery of siRNA. Twenty years after the discovery of RNAi, siRNA therapeutics finally charts its way into clinics. As we journey through the decades, we reminisce the history of siRNA discovery and its application in a myriad of disease treatments. Herein, we highlight the breakthroughs in siRNA therapeutics, with special feature on the first FDA approved RNAi therapeutics Onpattro (Patisiran) and the consideration of effective siRNA delivery system focusing on current siRNA nanocarrier in clinical trials. Lastly, we present some challenges and multiple barriers that are yet to be fully overcome in siRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phei Er Saw
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Er-Wei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Breast Surgery, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Erdem-Çakmak F, Özbaş-Turan S, Şalva E, Akbuğa J. Comparison of VEGF gene silencing efficiencies of chitosan and protamine complexes containing shRNA. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:1260-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fulden Erdem-Çakmak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Marmara University; Tıbbiye Street 34668 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Suna Özbaş-Turan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Marmara University; Tıbbiye Street 34668 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Emine Şalva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Inonu University; Central Campus 44280 Malatya Turkey
| | - Jülide Akbuğa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Marmara University; Tıbbiye Street 34668 Istanbul Turkey
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Su Y, Yu L, Liu N, Guo Z, Wang G, Zheng J, Wei M, Wang H, Yang AG, Qin W, Wen W. PSMA specific single chain antibody-mediated targeted knockdown of Notch1 inhibits human prostate cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. Cancer Lett 2013; 338:282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tian Y, Guo B, Jia H, Ji K, Sun Y, Li Y, Zhao T, Gao L, Meng Y, Kalvakolanu DV, Kopecko DJ, Zhao X, Zhang L, Xu D. Targeted therapy via oral administration of attenuated Salmonella expression plasmid-vectored Stat3-shRNA cures orthotopically transplanted mouse HCC. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:393-401. [PMID: 22555509 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of RNA interference-based cancer gene therapies has been delayed due to the lack of effective tumor-targeting delivery systems. Attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) has a natural tropism for solid tumors. We report here the use of attenuated S. Typhimurium as a vector to deliver shRNA directly into tumor cells. Constitutively activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a key transcription factor involved in both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) growth and metastasis. In this study, attenuated S. Typhimurium was capable of delivering shRNA-expressing vectors to the targeted cancer cells and inducing RNA interference in vivo. More importantly, a single oral dose of attenuated S. Typhimurium carrying shRNA-expressing vectors targeting Stat3 induced remarkably delayed and reduced HCC (in 70% of mice). Cancer in these cured mice did not recur over 2 years following treatment. These data demonstrated that RNA interference combined with Salmonella as a delivery system may offer a novel clinical approach for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tian
- Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Centre and Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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Lee YK, Kim KS, Kim JS, Baek JE, Park SI, Jeong HY, Yoon SS, Jung KC, Song HG, Park YS. Leukemia-specific siRNA delivery by immunonanoplexes consisting of anti-JL1 minibody conjugated to oligo-9 Arg-peptides. Mol Cells 2010; 29:457-62. [PMID: 20396968 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted mRNA degradation by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) offers a great potential to treat cancers. siRNA therapeutics for leukemias are, however, hindered by poor intracellular uptake, limited blood stability and nonspecific delivery. To solve these problems, we developed an anti-JL1 immunonanoplex (antibody-coupled nanocomplex) for siRNA delivery using anti-JL1 minibody (leukemia cell-specific minibody) conjugated to oligo-9-Arg peptide (9R) for effective siRNA delivery to leukemic cells. The anti-JL1 immunonanoplexes were able to deliver siRNA specifically to leukemic cells (CEM and Jurkat), but not to control cancer cells (H9). According to FACS and confocal microscopic analysis, siRNAs delivered by immunonanoplex particles were rapidly taken up by the JL1-positive cancer cells in 2 h. Furthermore, we showed that the anti-JL1 immunonanoplexes were effectively targeted to JL1-positive cells (CEM) inoculated in the mouse bone marrow. These results suggest that the anti-JL1 immunonanoplex is a powerful siRNA delivery system for human leukemia therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia, T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, T-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Engineering
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Kyung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 220-710, Korea
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Zhang T, Wang CY, Zhang W, Gao YW, Yang ST, Wang TC, Zhang RZ, Qin C, Xia XZ. Generation and characterization of a fusion protein of single-chain fragment variable antibody against hemagglutinin antigen of avian influenza virus and truncated protamine. Vaccine 2010; 28:3949-55. [PMID: 20382243 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hemagglutinin antigen (HA) of avian influenza virus (AIV) is an immunogen abundant on the surfaces of infected cells, and can be used as a target for specific antibodies to clear viral infection. Protamine has been demonstrated to deliver DNA into cells effectively. Accordingly, a fusion protein of anti-HA single-chain fragment variable (scFv) and truncated protamine (tP) may be used as a vehicle for delivering the anti-AIV siRNA into the AIV-infected cells for gene therapy. To test this hypothesis, we constructed a novel recombinant plasmid, pET28-scFv-tP, by connecting the genes for anti-H5N1 AIV HA-specific scFv with synthesized oligonucleotides encoding the 22 amino acids of human tP and a linker. Furthermore, the recombinant scFV-tP was expressed and purified, with a yield of 7-8mg of scFv-tP and a purity of >92% from 1L of bacterial culture. Characterization of its bioactivity revealed that scFv-tP recognized HA, similar to its scFv control, in a dose-dependent manner and that the scFv-tP, but not its scFv control, bound to DNA and delivered plasmid and oligonucleotide DNA into the AIV-infected MDCK cells effectively. More importantly, transfection with the mixture of the scFv-tP and plasmid for the NP-specific siRNA significantly inhibited the replication of AIV in MDCK cells, as compared with that transfection with the scFv-plasmid mixture, even with the plasmid in liposome. Our data demonstrated that the recombinant scFv-tP retained the functions of both scFv and tP, and might be potentially used for delivering genetic materials for targeting therapy of AIV infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
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DeLong RK, Akhtar U, Sallee M, Parker B, Barber S, Zhang J, Craig M, Garrad R, Hickey AJ, Engstrom E. Characterization and performance of nucleic acid nanoparticles combined with protamine and gold. Biomaterials 2009; 30:6451-9. [PMID: 19726081 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular nucleic acids such as DNA vaccines, siRNA, and splice-site switching oligomers (SSO) have vast chemotherapeutic potential. Nanoparticulate biomaterials hold promise for DNA and RNA delivery when a means for binding is identified that retains structure-function and provides stabilization by the nanoparticles. In order to provide these benefits of binding, we combined DNA and RNA with protamine-demonstrating association to gold microparticles by electrophoretic, gel shot, fluorescence, and dynamic laser light spectroscopy (DLLS). A pivotal finding in these studies is that the Au-protamine-DNA conjugates greatly stabilize the DNA; and DNA structure and vaccine activity are maintained even after exposure to physical, chemical, and temperature-accelerated degradation. Specifically, protamine formed nanoparticles when complexed to RNA. These complexes could be detected by gel shift and were probed by high throughput absorbance difference spectroscopy (HTADS). Biological activity of these RNA nanoparticles (RNPs) was demonstrated also by a human tumor cell splice-site switching assay and by siRNA delivery against B-Raf-a key cancer target. Finally, RNA:protamine particles inhibited growth of cultured human tumor cells and bacteria. These data provide new insights into DNA and RNA nanoparticles and prospects for their delivery and chemotherapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K DeLong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA.
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Abstract
Molecular analyses have become an integral part of biomedical research as well as clinical medicine. The definition of the molecular and genetic basis of many human diseases has led to a better understanding of their pathogenesis and has in addition offered new perspectives for their diagnosis, therapy and prevention. Genetically, liver diseases can be classified as hereditary monogenic, acquired monogenic, complex genetic and diseases. Based on this classification, gene therapy is based on six concepts: gene repair, gene substitution, cell therapy, block of gene expression or function, DNA vaccination as well as gene augmentation. While recent developments are promising, various delivery, targeting and safety issues need to be addressed before gene therapy will enter clinical practice. In the future, molecular diagnosis and therapy liver diseases will be part of our patient management and complement existing diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Blum
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Wen WH, Liu JY, Qin WJ, Zhao J, Wang T, Jia LT, Meng YL, Gao H, Xue CF, Jin BQ, Yao LB, Chen SY, Yang AG. Targeted inhibition of HBV gene expression by single-chain antibody mediated small interfering RNA delivery. Hepatology 2007; 46:84-94. [PMID: 17596868 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED RNA interference is highly effective at inhibiting HBV gene expression and replication. However, before small interfering RNA (siRNA) can be used in the clinic, it is essential to develop a system to target their delivery. Antibody-mediated delivery is a novel approach for targeting siRNA to appropriate cells. In this report, we asked whether this siRNA delivery strategy would be effective against HBV. Of 5 candidates, a specific siRNA that effectively inhibited HBV gene expression and replication was determined. Two fusion proteins, s-tP and sCkappa-tP, were constructed to contain a single chain of the human variable fragment, scFv, against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), a truncated protamine (tP), and in the case of sCkappa-tP, a constant region of the kappa chain (Ckappa). S-tP and sCkappa-tP were developed to provide targeted delivery of the siRNA, siRNA expressing cassettes (SEC), and siRNA-producing plasmids. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-siRNA, fluorescein isothiocyanate-SEC, and plasmid DNA were specifically delivered into HBsAg-positive cells using the sCkappa-tP fusion protein, and effectively inhibited HBV gene expression and replication. HBV gene expression was also inhibited by siRNA or siRNA-producing plasmids in HBV transgenic mice. CONCLUSION Our results describe a potential method for the targeted delivery of siRNA or siRNA-producing plasmids against HBV, using anti-HBsAg fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Schwab R, Caccamo A, Bettuzzi S, Anderson J, Sala A. B-MYB is hypophosphorylated and resistant to degradation in neuroblastoma: implications for cell survival. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 39:263-71. [PMID: 17588787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
B-MYB is an oncoprotein highly expressed and frequently amplified in human neoplasia. B-MYB is more expressed in neuroblastoma patients with adverse prognostic indicators, corroborating the hypothesis that it plays an important role in this pediatric malignancy. While attempting targeting strategies for therapeutic purposes, we found that the B-MYB protein was difficult to downregulate in neuroblastoma cells using siRNA approaches. This lead us to discover that the B-MYB protein half-life is increased in neuroblastoma compared to other normal or transformed human cell lines. The B-MYB protein is quickly destroyed and apoptosis is induced in Ewing sarcoma cells exposed to UV irradiation. In contrast, neuroblastoma cells are resistant to UV-induced apoptosis and B-MYB protein levels do not change in UV-treated cells. In further experiments, we show that the B-MYB protein extracted from neuroblastoma cells is hypophosphorylated. It was previously shown that B-MYB phosphorylation activates its transcriptional activity but also promotes its destruction. Overexpression of a non-phosphorylatable B-MYB mutant protects cells from UV-induced apoptosis, suggesting that its reduced phosphorylation, rather than causing its inactivation, facilitates B-MYB pro-survival activity. Thus, expression of stable, hypophosphorylated B-MYB in neuroblastoma may promote cell survival and induce aggressive tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Schwab
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Kirkpatrick CJ, Fuchs S, Peters K, Brochhausen C, Hermanns MI, Unger RE. Visions for Regenerative Medicine: Interface Between Scientific Fact and Science Fiction. Artif Organs 2006; 30:822-7. [PMID: 17026583 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2006.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article gives a brief overview of the authors' views on the future development of tissue engineering with respect to the challenges both to the materials and life sciences. Emphasis will be placed on the advantages of three-dimensional bioresorbable polymers in combination with relevant molecular cues and the application of autologous stem or progenitor cells. There is a requirement for much more diversity in the synthesis of so-called "intelligent" materials, which respond to external stimuli, as well as the development of novel drug and gene delivery systems. In addition, much more basic research is necessary in developmental biology and the application of modern cell and molecular biology to biomaterial questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C James Kirkpatrick
- Laboratory for REgenerative PAthology & Interface Research (REPAIR-lab), Institute of Pathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
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Fredenburgh LE, Perrella MA, Mitsialis SA. The role of heme oxygenase-1 in pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:158-65. [PMID: 16980551 PMCID: PMC2176110 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0331tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1, the inducible isoform of heme oxygenase, is a cytoprotective enzyme that plays a central role in the defense against oxidative and inflammatory insults in the lung. HO-1 catalyzes the degradation of heme, a potent oxidant, into biliverdin, iron, and carbon monoxide (CO). These downstream products of heme catabolism have recently been found to mediate the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antiproliferative, vasodilatory, and anti-inflammatory properties of HO-1. Although absence of HO-1 is rare in humans, a number of HO-1 promoter polymorphisms have been identified that may influence HO-1 expression in vivo and lead to disease states. This review will summarize studies that implicate HO-1 and heme metabolites in the pathophysiology of pulmonary disease and discuss recent advances in the therapeutic applications of HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Fredenburgh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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