1
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Feng H, Li R, Wu Y, Liu X. Computational Insights into S N 2 and Proton Transfer Reactions of CH 3 O - with NH 2 Y and CH 3 Y. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300525. [PMID: 37905393 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN 2) reactions have been extensively studied in both theory and experiment. While research on C-centered SN 2 reactions (SN 2@C) has been ongoing, SN 2 reactions at neutral nitrogen (SN 2@N) have received increased attention in recent years. To recommend methods for dynamics simulations, the comparison for the properties of the geometries, vibrational frequencies, and energies is done between MP2 and six DFT functional calculations and experimental data as well as the high-level CCSD(T) method for CH3 O- +NH2 Cl/CH3 Cl reactions. The relative energy diagrams at the M06 method for CH3 O- with CH3 Y/NH2 Y reactions (Y=F, Cl, Br, I) in the gas and solution phase are explored to investigate the effects of the leaving groups, different reaction centers, and solvents. We mainly focus on the computational of inv-SN 2 and proton transfer (PT) pathways. The PT channel in the gas phase is more competitive than the SN 2 channel for N-center reactions, while the opposite is observed for C-centered reactions. Solvation completely inhibits the PT channel, making SN 2 the dominant pathway. Our study provides new insight into the SN 2 reaction mechanisms and rich the novel reaction model in gas-phase organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huining Feng
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 110036, Shenyang, China
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2
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Hansen T, Sun X, Dalla Tiezza M, van Zeist W, van Stralen JNP, Geerke DP, Wolters LP, Poater J, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. C−X Bond Activation by Palladium: Steric Shielding versus Steric Attraction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201093. [PMID: 35420229 PMCID: PMC9401605 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The C−X bond activation (X = H, C) of a series of substituted C(n°)−H and C(n°)−C(m°) bonds with C(n°) and C(m°) = H3C− (methyl, 0°), CH3H2C− (primary, 1°), (CH3)2HC− (secondary, 2°), (CH3)3C− (tertiary, 3°) by palladium were investigated using relativistic dispersion‐corrected density functional theory at ZORA‐BLYP‐D3(BJ)/TZ2P. The effect of the stepwise introduction of substituents was pinpointed at the C−X bond on the bond activation process. The C(n°)−X bonds become substantially weaker going from C(0°)−X, to C(1°)−X, to C(2°)−X, to C(3°)−X because of the increasing steric repulsion between the C(n°)‐ and X‐group. Interestingly, this often does not lead to a lower barrier for the C(n°)−X bond activation. The C−H activation barrier, for example, decreases from C(0°)−X, to C(1°)−X, to C(2°)−X and then increases again for the very crowded C(3°)−X bond. For the more congested C−C bond, in contrast, the activation barrier always increases as the degree of substitution is increased. Our activation strain and matching energy decomposition analyses reveal that these differences in C−H and C−C bond activation can be traced back to the opposing interplay between steric repulsion across the C−X bond versus that between the catalyst and substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
- Departament de Química Inorgànicai i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Departament de Química Inorgànicai i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Marco Dalla Tiezza
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Willem‐Jan van Zeist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. P. van Stralen
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Daan P. Geerke
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Lando P. Wolters
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànicai i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona Spain
- ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS) Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM) Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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3
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Xu LP, Zhuang Z, Qian S, Yu JQ, Musaev DG. Roles of Ligand and Oxidant in Pd(II)-Catalyzed and Ligand-Enabled C(sp 3)–H Lactonization in Aliphatic Carboxylic Acid: Mechanistic Studies. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Xu
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shaoqun Qian
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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4
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Hansen T, Sun X, Dalla Tiezza M, van Zeist WJ, Poater J, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. C(spn)-X (n = 1-3) Bond Activation by Palladium. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103953. [PMID: 34958486 PMCID: PMC9306469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the palladium-mediated activation of C( sp n )-X bonds (n = 1-3 and X = H, CH 3 , Cl) in archetypal model substrates H 3 C-CH 2 -X, H 2 C=CH-X and HC≡C-X by catalysts PdL n with L n = no ligand, Cl - , and (PH 3 ) 2 , using relativistic density functional theory at ZORA-BLYP/TZ2P. The oxidative addition barrier decreases along this series, even though the strength of the bonds increases going from C( sp 3 )-X, to C( sp 2 )-X, to C( sp )-X. Activation strain and matching energy decomposition analyses reveal that the decreased oxidative addition barrier going from sp 3 to sp 2 to sp , originates from a reduction in the destabilizing steric (Pauli) repulsion between catalyst and substrate. This is the direct consequence of the decreasing coordination number of the carbon atom in C( sp n )-X, which goes from four, to three, to two along this series. The associated net stabilization of the catalyst-substrate interaction dominates the trend in strain energy which indeed becomes more destabilizing along this same series as the bond becomes stronger from C( sp 3 )-X to C( sp )-X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Theoretical Chemistry, NETHERLANDS
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Theoretical Chemistry, NETHERLANDS
| | | | | | - Jordi Poater
- University of Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, Inorganic and organic chemistry, SPAIN
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS
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5
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Soam P, Gaba H, Mandal D, Tyagi V. A Pd-catalyzed one-pot cascade consisting of C-C/C-O/N-N bond formation to access benzoxazine fused 1,2,3-triazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9936-9945. [PMID: 34739023 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01539g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Pd-catalyzed one-pot cascade consisting of C-C/C-O/N-N bond formation to access clinically important fused 1,2,3-triazoles using N-aryl-α-(tosylhydrazone)acetamides with isocyanide has been developed. Besides, various substitutions on the N-aryl part of acetamides along with different isocyanides show good compatibility in this protocol. Next, two plausible mechanistic routes were proposed; however, one of the routes was more favourable which involved the formation of a benzoxazine ring first followed by the realization of a triazole ring. Additionally, the more favourable mechanistic route was investigated using DFT studies which suggests that the formations of a Pd(II)-isocyanide complex and α-diazoimino intermediates were key steps in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Soam
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Hashmita Gaba
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Debasish Mandal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
| | - Vikas Tyagi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala-147004, Punjab, India.
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6
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Lim S, Cho H, Jeong J, Jang M, Kim H, Cho SH, Lee E. Cobalt-Catalyzed Defluorosilylation of Aryl Fluorides via Grignard Reagent Formation. Org Lett 2020; 22:7387-7392. [PMID: 32903016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed transformations of the carbon-fluorine bond not only tackle an interesting problem of challenging bond activation but also offer new synthetic strategies where the relatively inert C-F bond is converted to versatile functional groups. Herein we report a practical cobalt-catalyzed silylation of aryl fluorides that uses a cheap electrophilic silicon source with magnesium. This method is compatible with various silicon sources and can be operated under aerobic conditions. Mechanistic studies support the in situ formation of a Grignard reagent, which is captured by the electrophilic silicon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soobin Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungdo Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongheon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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7
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Svatunek D, Pemberton RP, Mackey JL, Liu P, Houk KN. Concerted [4 + 2] and Stepwise (2 + 2) Cycloadditions of Tetrafluoroethylene with Butadiene: DFT and DLPNO-UCCSD(T) Explorations. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3858-3864. [PMID: 32031811 PMCID: PMC7063576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Tetrafluoroethylene and butadiene
form the 2 + 2 cycloadduct under
kinetic control, but the Diels–Alder cycloadduct is formed
under thermodynamic control. Borden and Getty showed that the preference
for 2 + 2 cycloaddition is due to the necessity for syn-pyramidalization of the two CF2 groups in the 4 + 2 transition
state. We have explored the full potential energy surface for the
concerted and stepwise reactions of tetrafluoroethylene and butadiene
with density functional theory, DFT (B3LYP and M06-2X), DLPNO-UCCSD(T),
and CASSCF-NEVPT2 methods and with the distortion/interaction–activation
strain model to explain the energetics of different pathways. The
2 + 2 cycloadduct is formed by an anti-transition state followed by
two rotations and a final bond formation transition state. Energetics
are compared to the reaction of maleic anhydride and ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Svatunek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ryan P Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Joel L Mackey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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8
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Sun X, Soini TM, Poater J, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. PyFrag 2019-Automating the exploration and analysis of reaction mechanisms. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2227-2233. [PMID: 31165500 PMCID: PMC6771738 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a substantial update to the PyFrag 2008 program, which was originally designed to perform a fragment-based activation strain analysis along a provided potential energy surface. The original PyFrag 2008 workflow facilitated the characterization of reaction mechanisms in terms of the intrinsic properties, such as strain and interaction, of the reactants. The new PyFrag 2019 program has automated and reduced the time-consuming and laborious task of setting up, running, analyzing, and visualizing computational data from reaction mechanism studies to a single job. PyFrag 2019 resolves three main challenges associated with the automated computational exploration of reaction mechanisms: it (1) computes the reaction path by carrying out multiple parallel calculations using initial coordinates provided by the user; (2) monitors the entire workflow process; and (3) tabulates and visualizes the final data in a clear way. The activation strain and canonical energy decomposition results that are generated relate the characteristics of the reaction profile in terms of intrinsic properties (strain, interaction, orbital overlaps, orbital energies, populations) of the reactant species. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Computational Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale ModelingVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HVAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Thomas M. Soini
- Software for Chemistry & Materials B.V.De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HVAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Jordi Poater
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain and Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUBUniversitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale ModelingVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HVAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale ModelingVrije Universiteit AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HVAmsterdamNetherlands
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJNijmegenNetherlands
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9
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Tsuji Y, Kitamura Y, Someya M, Takano T, Yaginuma M, Nakanishi K, Yoshizawa K. Adhesion of Epoxy Resin with Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Graphite. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:4491-4504. [PMID: 31459644 PMCID: PMC6648480 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion interaction of epoxy resin with the basal surfaces of h-BN and graphite is investigated with the first-principles density functional theory calculations in conjunction with the dispersion correction. The h-BN/epoxy and graphite/epoxy interfaces play an important role in producing nanocomposite materials with excellent thermal dissipation properties. The epoxy resin structure is simulated by using four kinds of fragmentary models. Their structures are optimized on the h-BN and graphite surfaces after an annealing simulation. The distance between the epoxy fragment and the surface is about 3 Å. At the interface between h-BN and epoxy resin, no H-bonding formation is observed, though one could expect that the active functional groups of epoxy resin, such as hydroxyl (-OH) group, would be involved in a hydrogen-bonding interaction with nitrogen atoms of the h-BN surface. The adhesion energies for the two interfaces are calculated, showing that these two interfaces are characterized by almost the same strength of adhesion interaction. To obtain the adhesion force-separation curve for the two interfaces, the potential energy surface associated with the detachment of the epoxy fragment from the surface is calculated with the help of the nudged elastic band method and then the adhesion force is obtained by using either the Morse-potential approximation or the Hellmann-Feynman force calculation. The results from both methods agree with each other. The maximum adhesion force for the h-BN/epoxy interface is as high as that for the graphite/epoxy interface. To better understand this result, a force-decomposition analysis is carried out, and it has been disclosed that the adhesion forces working at both interfaces mainly come from the dispersion force. The trend of increase in the C 6 parameters used for the dispersion correction for the atoms included in the h-BN or graphite surface is in the order: N < C < B, which reasonably explains why the strengths of the dispersion forces operating at the two interfaces are similar. Also, the electron localization function analysis can explain why the h-BN surface cannot form an H bond with the hydroxyl group in epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsuji
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kitamura
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masao Someya
- Mitsubishi
Gas Chemical Company Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8324, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takano
- Mitsubishi
Gas Chemical Company Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8324, Japan
| | - Michio Yaginuma
- Mitsubishi
Gas Chemical Company Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8324, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakanishi
- Mitsubishi
Gas Chemical Company Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8324, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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10
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Effect of solvent polarity on the potential energy surface in the SN2 reaction of F− + CH3Cl. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Satpathy L, Sahu PK, Behera PK, Mishra BK. Solvent Effect on the Potential Energy Surfaces of the F - + CH 3CH 2Br Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5861-5869. [PMID: 29909618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although substantial work has been undertaken on reaction pathways involved in base-promoted elimination reactions and bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction of F- on CH3CH2X (X = Cl, Br, I), the effect of solvents with varying dielectric constants on the stereochemistry of each of the reaction species involved across the reaction profile have not yet been clearly understood. The present investigation reports the effect of solvents on the potential energy surfaces (PES) and structures of the species appearing in the reaction pathway of F- with bromoethane. The PESs in the gas phase have been computed at MP2 level and CCSD(T) level. The performance of several hybrid density functional, such as B3LYP, M06, M06L, BHandH, X3LYP, M05, M05-2X, and M06-2X have also been investigated toward describing the elimination and nucleophilic substitution reactions. With respect to MAE values and to make the computation cost-effective, we have explored the implicit continuum solvent model, CPCM in solvents like cyclohexane, methanol, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide and water. The reactant complexes proceed through the subsequent steps to produce fluoroethane as the substitution product and ethylene as one of the elimination products. For elimination reaction both syn and anti elimination have been explored. The calculated relatives energies values, which are negative in the gas phase, are found to be positive in polar solvents since the point charge in the separated reactants are more stabilized than the dispersed charge in the transient complex, which has also been analyzed through NBO analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopamudra Satpathy
- Centre of Studies in Surface Science and Technology, School of Chemistry , Sambalpur University , Jyoti Vihar 768 019 , India
| | - Prabhat K Sahu
- Computational Modeling Research Laboratory , School of Chemistry Sambalpur University , Jyoti Vihar 768 019 , India
| | - Pradipta K Behera
- Centre of Studies in Surface Science and Technology, School of Chemistry , Sambalpur University , Jyoti Vihar 768 019 , India
| | - Bijay K Mishra
- Centre of Studies in Surface Science and Technology, School of Chemistry , Sambalpur University , Jyoti Vihar 768 019 , India
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12
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Zhang Q, Liu Y, Wang T, Zhang X, Long C, Wu YD, Wang MX. Mechanistic Study on Cu(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reaction between Arenes and Boronic Acids under Aerobic Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5579-5587. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Long
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun-Dong Wu
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Zhao L, von Hopffgarten M, Andrada DM, Frenking G. Energy decomposition analysis. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | | | | | - Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringJiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps‐Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) Donostia Spain
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14
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Melvin PR, Nova A, Balcells D, Hazari N, Tilset M. DFT Investigation of Suzuki-Miyaura Reactions with Aryl Sulfamates Using a Dialkylbiarylphosphine-Ligated Palladium Catalyst. Organometallics 2017; 36:3664-3675. [PMID: 29805192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aryl sulfamates are valuable electrophiles for cross-coupling reactions because they can easily be synthesized from phenols and can act as directing groups for C-H bond functionalization prior to cross-coupling. Recently, it was demonstrated that (1-tBu-Indenyl)Pd(XPhos)Cl (XPhos = 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2',4',6'-triisopropylbiphenyl) is a highly active precatalyst for room-temperature Suzuki-Miyaura couplings of a variety of aryl sulfamates. Herein, we report an in-depth computational investigation into the mechanism of Suzuki-Miyaura reactions with aryl sulfamates using an XPhos-ligated palladium catalyst. Particular emphasis is placed on the turnover-limiting oxidative addition of the aryl sulfamate C-O bond, which has not been studied in detail previously. We show that bidentate coordination of the XPhos ligand via an additional interaction between the biaryl ring and palladium plays a key role in lowering the barrier to oxidative addition. This result is supported by NBO and NCI-Plot analysis on the transition states for oxidative addition. After oxidative addition, the catalytic cycle is completed by transmetalation and reductive elimination, which are both calculated to be facile processes. Our computational findings explain a number of experimental results, including why elevated temperatures are required for the coupling of phenyl sulfamates without electron-withdrawing groups and why aryl carbamate electrophiles are not reactive with this catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Melvin
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ainara Nova
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Nilay Hazari
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mats Tilset
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, Oslo 0315, Norway
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15
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Bickelhaupt FM, Houk KN. Das Distortion/Interaction‐Activation‐Strain‐Modell zur Analyse von Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry und Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam Niederlande
- Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM) Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry und Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
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16
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Bickelhaupt FM, Houk KN. Analyzing Reaction Rates with the Distortion/Interaction-Activation Strain Model. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10070-10086. [PMID: 28447369 PMCID: PMC5601271 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 963] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation strain or distortion/interaction model is a tool to analyze activation barriers that determine reaction rates. For bimolecular reactions, the activation energies are the sum of the energies to distort the reactants into geometries they have in transition states plus the interaction energies between the two distorted molecules. The energy required to distort the molecules is called the activation strain or distortion energy. This energy is the principal contributor to the activation barrier. The transition state occurs when this activation strain is overcome by the stabilizing interaction energy. Following the changes in these energies along the reaction coordinate gives insights into the factors controlling reactivity. This model has been applied to reactions of all types in both organic and inorganic chemistry, including substitutions and eliminations, cycloadditions, and several types of organometallic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1569, USA
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17
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Abstract
![]()
Fundamental
principles that determine chemical reactivity and reaction
mechanisms are the very foundation of chemistry and many related fields
of science. Bimolecular nucleophilic substitutions (SN2)
are among the most common and therefore most important reaction types.
In this report, we examine the trends in the SN2 reactions
with respect to increasing electronegativity of the reaction center
by comparing the well-studied backside SN2 Cl– + CH3Cl with similar Cl– substitutions
on the isoelectronic series with the second period elements N, O,
and F in place of C. Relativistic (ZORA) DFT calculations are used
to construct the gas phase reaction potential energy surfaces (PES),
and activation strain analysis, which allows decomposition of the
PES into the geometrical strain and interaction energy, is employed
to analyze the observed trends. We find that SN2@N and
SN2@O have similar PES to the prototypical SN2@C, with the well-defined reaction complex (RC) local minima and
a central barrier, but all stationary points are, respectively, increasingly
stable in energy. The SN2@F, by contrast, exhibits only
a single-well PES with no barrier. Using the activation strain model,
we show that the trends are due to the interaction energy and originate
mainly from the decreasing energy of the empty acceptor orbital (σ*A–Cl) on the reaction center A in the order of C, N,
O, and F. The decreasing steric congestion around the central atom
is also a likely contributor to this trend. Additional decomposition
of the interaction energy using Kohn–Sham molecular orbital
(KS-MO) theory provides further support for this explanation, as well
as suggesting electrostatic energy as the primary reason for the distinct
single-well PES profile for the FCl reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kubelka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82070, United States
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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de S. Vilhena F, de M. Carneiro JW. Reactivity and regioselectivity in reactions of methyl and ethyl azides with cyclooctynes: activation strain model and energy decomposition analysis. J Mol Model 2016; 23:14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixun Luo
- State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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20
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Theoretical study on the H2S activation by PtCH2 + in the gas phase. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Mondal T, De S, Maity B, Koley D. Exploring the Oxidative-Addition Pathways of Phenyl Chloride in the Presence of Pd II Abnormal N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: A DFT Study. Chemistry 2016; 22:15778-15790. [PMID: 27642746 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to elucidate the oxidative addition mechanism of the dimeric palladium(II) abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene complex 2 in the presence of phenyl chloride and NaOMe base under the framework of a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Pre-catalyst 2 undergoes facile, NaOMe-assisted dissociation, which led to monomeric palladium(II) species 5, 6, and 7, each of them independently capable of initiating oxidative addition reactions with PhCl. Thereafter, three different mechanistic routes, path a, path b, and path c, which originate from the catalytic species 5, 7, and 6, were calculated at M06-L-D3(SMD)/LANL2TZ(f)(Pd)/6-311++G**//M06-L/LANL2DZ(Pd)/6-31+G* level of theory. All studied routes suggested the rather uncommon PdII /PdIV oxidative addition mechanism to be favourable under the ambient reaction conditions. Although the Pd0 /PdII routes are generally facile, the final reductive elimination step from the catalytic complexes were energetically formidable. The PdII /PdIV activation barriers were calculated to be 11.3, 9.0, 26.7 kcal mol-1 (ΔΔ≠ GLS-D3 ) more favourable than the PdII /Pd0 reductive elimination routes for path a, path b, and path c, respectively. Out of all the studied pathways, path a was the most feasible as it comprised of a PdII /PdIV activation barrier of 24.5 kcal mol-1 (ΔGLS-D3 ). To further elucidate the origin of transition-state barriers, EDA calculations were performed for some key saddle points populating the energy profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Totan Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India
| | - Sriman De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India
| | - Bholanath Maity
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur -, 741 246, India.
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22
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de Jong GT, Bickelhaupt FM. Catalytic Carbon-Halogen Bond Activation: Trends in Reactivity, Selectivity, and Solvation. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 3:514-29. [PMID: 26637032 DOI: 10.1021/ct600342j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have theoretically studied the oxidative addition of all halomethanes CH3X (with X = F, Cl, Br, I, At) to Pd and PdCl(-), using both nonrelativistic and zeroth-order-regular-approximation-relativistic density functional theory at BLYP/QZ4P. Our study covers the gas phase as well as the condensed phase (water), where solvent effects are described with the conductor-like screening model. The activation of the C*-X bond may proceed via two stereochemically different pathways: (i) direct oxidative insertion (OxIn) which goes with retention of the configuration at C* and (ii) an alternative SN2 pathway which goes with inversion of the configuration at C*. In the gas phase, for Pd, the OxIn pathway has the lowest reaction barrier for all CH3X's. Anion assistance, that is, going from Pd to PdCl(-), changes the preference for all CH3X's from OxIn to the SN2 pathway. Gas-phase reaction barriers for both pathways to C-X activation generally decrease as X descends in group 17. Two striking solvent effects are (i) the shift in reactivity of Pd + CH3X from OxIn to SN2 in the case of the smaller halogens, F and Cl, and (ii) the shift in reactivity of PdCl(-) + CH3X in the opposite direction, that is, from SN2 to OxIn, in the case of the heavier halogens, I and At. We use the activation strain model to arrive at a qualitative understanding of how the competition between OxIn and SN2 pathways is determined by the halogen atom in the activated C-X bond, by anion assistance, and by solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Theodoor de Jong
- Afdeling Theoretische Chemie, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Afdeling Theoretische Chemie, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Bento AP, Solà M, Bickelhaupt FM. E2 and SN2 Reactions of X(-) + CH3CH2X (X = F, Cl); an ab Initio and DFT Benchmark Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 4:929-40. [PMID: 26621234 DOI: 10.1021/ct700318e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have computed consistent benchmark potential energy surfaces (PESs) for the anti-E2, syn-E2, and SN2 pathways of X(-) + CH3CH2X with X = F and Cl. This benchmark has been used to evaluate the performance of 31 popular density functionals, covering local-density approximation, generalized gradient approximation (GGA), meta-GGA, and hybrid density-functional theory (DFT). The ab initio benchmark has been obtained by exploring the PESs using a hierarchical series of ab initio methods [up to CCSD(T)] in combination with a hierarchical series of Gaussian-type basis sets (up to aug-cc-pVQZ). Our best CCSD(T) estimates show that the overall barriers for the various pathways increase in the order anti-E2 (X = F) < SN2 (X = F) < SN2 (X = Cl) ∼ syn-E2 (X = F) < anti-E2 (X = Cl) < syn-E2 (X = Cl). Thus, anti-E2 dominates for F(-) + CH3CH2F, and SN2 dominates for Cl(-) + CH3CH2Cl, while syn-E2 is in all cases the least favorable pathway. Best overall agreement with our ab initio benchmark is obtained by representatives from each of the three categories of functionals, GGA, meta-GGA, and hybrid DFT, with mean absolute errors in, for example, central barriers of 4.3 (OPBE), 2.2 (M06-L), and 2.0 kcal/mol (M06), respectively. Importantly, the hybrid functional BHandH and the meta-GGA M06-L yield incorrect trends and qualitative features of the PESs (in particular, an erroneous preference for SN2 over the anti-E2 in the case of F(-) + CH3CH2F) even though they are among the best functionals as measured by their small mean absolute errors of 3.3 and 2.2 kcal/mol in reaction barriers. OLYP and B3LYP have somewhat higher mean absolute errors in central barriers (5.6 and 4.8 kcal/mol, respectively), but the error distribution is somewhat more uniform, and as a consequence, the correct trends are reproduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patrícia Bento
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institut de Química Computacional, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institut de Química Computacional, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Institut de Química Computacional, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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24
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Zhou L, Yi H, Zhu L, Qi X, Jiang H, Liu C, Feng Y, Lan Y, Lei A. Tuning the Reactivity of Radical through a Triplet Diradical Cu(II) Intermediate in Radical Oxidative Cross-Coupling. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15934. [PMID: 26525888 PMCID: PMC4630646 DOI: 10.1038/srep15934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly selective radical/radical cross-coupling is paid more attention in bond formations. However, due to their intrinsic active properties, radical species are apt to achieve homo-coupling instead of cross-coupling, which makes the selective cross-coupling as a great challenge and almost untouched. Herein a notable strategy to accomplish direct radical/radical oxidative cross-coupling has been demonstrated, that is metal tuning a transient radical to a persistent radical intermediate followed by coupling with another transient radical. Here, a transient nitrogen-centered radical is tuned to a persistent radical complex by copper catalyst, followed by coupling with a transient allylic carbon-centered radical. Firstly, nitrogen-centered radical generated from N-methoxybenzamide stabilized by copper catalyst was successfully observed by EPR. Then DFT calculations revealed that a triplet diradical Cu(II) complex formed from the chelation N-methoxybenzamide nitrogen-centered radical to Cu(II) is a persistent radical species. Moreover, conceivable nitrogen-centered radical Cu(II) complex was observed by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Ultimately, various allylic amides derivatives were obtained in good yields by adopting this strategy, which might inspire a novel and promising landscape in radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Hanpeng Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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25
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Wolters LP, Bickelhaupt FM. The activation strain model and molecular orbital theory. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2015; 5:324-343. [PMID: 26753009 PMCID: PMC4696410 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The activation strain model is a powerful tool for understanding reactivity, or inertness, of molecular species. This is done by relating the relative energy of a molecular complex along the reaction energy profile to the structural rigidity of the reactants and the strength of their mutual interactions: ΔE(ζ) = ΔEstrain(ζ) + ΔEint(ζ). We provide a detailed discussion of the model, and elaborate on its strong connection with molecular orbital theory. Using these approaches, a causal relationship is revealed between the properties of the reactants and their reactivity, e.g., reaction barriers and plausible reaction mechanisms. This methodology may reveal intriguing parallels between completely different types of chemical transformations. Thus, the activation strain model constitutes a unifying framework that furthers the development of cross-disciplinary concepts throughout various fields of chemistry. We illustrate the activation strain model in action with selected examples from literature. These examples demonstrate how the methodology is applied to different research questions, how results are interpreted, and how insights into one chemical phenomenon can lead to an improved understanding of another, seemingly completely different chemical process. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:324-343. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lando P Wolters
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamAmsterdam, The Netherlands; Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di PadovaPadova, Italy
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University AmsterdamAmsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University NijmegenNijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Fernández I. Combined activation strain model and energy decomposition analysis methods: a new way to understand pericyclic reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:7662-71. [PMID: 24638229 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00346b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recently introduced activation strain model (ASM) has allowed us to gain more insight into the intimacies of different fundamental processes in chemistry. In combination with the energy decomposition analysis (EDA) method, we have nowadays a very useful tool to quantitatively understand the physical factors that govern the activation barriers of reactions within organic and organometallic chemistry. In this Perspective article, we present selected illustrative examples of the application of this method to pericyclic reactions (Diels-Alder and double group transfer reactions) to show that this methodology nicely complements other more traditional, widely used theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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27
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Cui CX, Liu YJ. Role of Encapsulated Metal Cation in the Reactivity and Regioselectivity of the C60 Diels–Alder Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3098-106. [PMID: 25714730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xing Cui
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical and
Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Theoretical and
Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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28
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Liang J, Su Q, Wang Y, Geng Z. SN2 Reaction of IO− + CH3Cl: An Ab Initio and DFT Benchmark Study. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20140194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junxi Liang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composites and Biomass Utilization, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities
| | - Qiong Su
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composites and Biomass Utilization, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composites and Biomass Utilization, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University for Nationalities
| | - Zhiyuan Geng
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Eco-environment-related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Northwest Normal University
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29
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Jin R, Liu S, Lan Y. Distortion–interaction analysis along the reaction pathway to reveal the reactivity of the Alder-ene reaction of enes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10345b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of uncatalyzed Alder-ene type reactions of hetero-substituted propylene is interpreted by distortion–interaction analysis of both the transition states and the complete reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Song Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400030
- China
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30
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Cui CX, Liu YJ. A DFT study on Diels-Alder cycloadditions oftrans-1,3-butadiene to C60and C70. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Institute of Science and Technology; Xinxiang 453003 China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
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31
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Pandey KK, Patidar P, Patidar SK, Vishwakarma R. Effects of density functionals and dispersion interactions on geometries, bond energies and harmonic frequencies of EUX3 (E=N, P, CH; X=H, F, Cl). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 133:846-855. [PMID: 25014545 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantum-chemical calculations have been performed to evaluate the geometries, bonding nature and harmonic frequencies of the compounds [EUX3] at DFT, DFT-D3, DFT-D3(BJ) and DFT-dDSc levels using different density functionals BP86, BLYP, PBE, revPBE, PW91, TPSS and M06-L. The stretching frequency of UN bond in [NUF3] calculated with DFT/BLYP closely resembles with the experimental value. The performance of different density functionals for accurate UN vibrational frequencies follows the order BLYP>revPBE>BP86>PW91>TPSS>PBE>M06-L. The BLYP functional gives accurate value of the UE bond distances. The uranium atom in the studied compounds [EUX3] is positively charged. Upon going from [EUF3] to [EUCl3], the partial Hirshfeld charge on uranium atom decreases because of the lower electronegativity of chlorine compared to flourine. The Gopinathan-Jug bond order for UE bonds ranges from 2.90 to 3.29. The UE bond dissociation energies vary with different density functionals as M06-L<TPSS<BLYP<revPBE<BP86<PBE≈PW91. The orbital interactions ΔEorb, in all studied compounds [EUX3] are larger than the electrostatic interaction ΔEelstat, which means the UN bonds in these compound have greater degree of covalent character (in the range 63.8-77.2%). The UE σ-bonding interaction is the dominant bonding interaction in the nitride and methylidyne complexes while it is weaker in [PUX3]. The dispersion energy contributions to the total bond dissociation energies are rather small. Compared to the Grimme's D3(BJ) corrections, the Corminboeuf's dispersion corrections are larger with metaGGA functionals (TPSS, M06-L) while smaller with GGA functionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Pandey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Indore, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore 452 001, India.
| | - Pankaj Patidar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Indore, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore 452 001, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Patidar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Indore, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore 452 001, India
| | - Ravi Vishwakarma
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Indore, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore 452 001, India
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32
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Guo X, Zipse H, Mayr H. Mechanisms of Hydride Abstractions by Quinones. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13863-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507598y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Guo
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße
5-13 (Haus
F), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße
5-13 (Haus
F), 81377 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Mayr
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße
5-13 (Haus
F), 81377 München, Germany
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33
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Denmark SE, Rossi S, Webster MP, Wang H. Catalytic, enantioselective sulfenylation of ketone-derived enoxysilanes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13016-28. [PMID: 25192220 PMCID: PMC4183607 DOI: 10.1021/ja506133z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic, enantioselective, Lewis base-catalyzed α-sulfenylation of silyl enol ethers has been developed. To avoid acidic hydrolysis of the silyl enol ether substrates, a sulfenylating agent that did not require additional Brønsted acid activation, namely N-phenylthiosaccharin, was developed. Three classes of Lewis bases-tertiary amines, sulfides, and selenophosphoramides-were identified as active catalysts for the α-sulfenylation reaction. Among a wide variety of chiral Lewis bases in all three classes, only chiral selenophosphoramides afforded α-phenylthio ketones in generally high yield and with good enantioselectivity. The selectivity of the reaction does not depend on the size of the silyl group but is highly sensitive to the double bond geometry and the bulk of the substituents on the double bond. The most selective substrates are those containing a geminal bulky substituent on the enoxysilane. Computational analysis revealed that the enantioselectivity arises from an intriguing interplay among sterically guided approach, distortion energy, and orbital interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | | | - Hao Wang
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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34
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Cui CX, Liu YJ. A theoretical study of the mechanisms for 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of diphenyldiazomethane to C60and C70. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Henan Institute of Science and Technology; Xinxiang 453003 China
| | - Ya-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 China
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35
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Wolters LP, van Zeist WJ, Bickelhaupt FM. New Concepts for Designing d10-M(L)nCatalysts: d Regime, s Regime and Intrinsic Bite-Angle Flexibility. Chemistry 2014; 20:11370-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Fernández I, Solà M, Bickelhaupt FM. Origin of Reactivity Trends of Noble Gas Endohedral Fullerenes Ng2@C60 (Ng = He to Xe). J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:3863-70. [PMID: 26588531 DOI: 10.1021/ct500444z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We have computationally studied the factors governing the enhanced Diels-Alder reactivity of noble gas endohedral fullerenes Ng2@C60 when Ng = Ar, Kr, and Xe as compared to Ng = none, He, and Ne. To this end, we have employed the activation strain model of reactivity in combination with the energy decomposition analysis (EDA) method in DFT calculations on the Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction between Ng2@C60 and 1,3-butadiene. Our results indicate that when heavier noble gas dimers are introduced inside the C60 cage, dramatic effects on both the geometrical and electronic structure of the fullerenic cage occur leading to a remarkable enhanced interaction between the deformed reactants along the entire reaction coordinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense , 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona , Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University Nijmegen , Heyendaalseweg 135, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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37
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Qiao Y, Han KL. Theoretical investigations toward the tandem reactions of N-aziridinyl imine compounds forming triquinanes via trimethylenemethane diyls: mechanisms and stereoselectivity. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1220-31. [PMID: 24336836 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42115e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we have investigated the tandem reaction mechanism for the N-aziridinyl imine compounds forming triquinanes via trimethylenemethane (TMM) diyls in detail. Based on the calculated results, the reaction is initiated by the cleavage of the N-aziridinyl in the substrate, followed by an intramolecular 1,3-dipolar (3 + 2) cycloaddition preferentially leading to a linearly-fused tetrahydrocyclopentapyrazole intermediate. Next, the intermediate loses N2 to form the singlet TMM diyl M3S, which can then undergo another concerted (3 + 2) cycloaddition to generate the linearly-fused cis–trans or cis–syn triquinane products. In addition, M3S can also undergo intersystem crossing to the triplet TMM diyl M3T, and the six possible reaction pathways associated with M3T have also been identified. The calculated results reveal that the cis–trans fused pathway associated with M3S is energetically preferred with the highest free energy barrier of 25.0 kcal mol(−1). In comparison, the cyclization of M3T requires much higher activation free energies (ΔG(≠) = 34.4–57.8 kcal mol(−1)). At the experimental temperature 110 °C, only the linearly-fused cis–trans and cis–syn pathways associated with M3T (ΔG(≠) = 34.4 and 35.5 kcal mol(−1) respectively) are possible. The calculated results also indicate that for both M3S and M3T, the linearly-fused cis–trans triquinane should be the main product, which is consistent with the experimental observation. At last, conformational and NBO analyses on key transition states identified the cis–trans stereocontrol factors. Further calculations indicate that the methyl substituent on the allene group of the reactant substrate improves the stereoselectivity of the reaction but does not affect the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.
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38
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Sarotti AM. Unraveling polar Diels–Alder reactions with conceptual DFT analysis and the distortion/interaction model. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:187-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41628c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Pandey KK, Patidar P. Structure and bonding energy calculations of nitrosyl, thionitrosyl and selenonitrosyl complexes [(PNP)Ir(NX)]+ (X=O, S, Se): A DFT study. Polyhedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Fernández I, Bickelhaupt FM. Origin of the "endo rule" in Diels-Alder reactions. J Comput Chem 2013; 35:371-6. [PMID: 24449044 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Detailed density functional theory calculations definitively rationalize the preference for the endo cycloadduct (also known as endo rule) in text-book thermal Diels-Alder reactions involving maleic anhydride and cyclopentadiene or butadiene. This selectivity is mainly caused by an unfavorable steric arrangement in the transition-state region of the exo pathway which translates into a more destabilizing activation strain. In contrast with the widely accepted, orbital-interaction-based explanation for the endo rule, it is found that neither the orbital interactions nor the total interaction between the deformed reactants contributes to the endo selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Yang Z, Yu H, Fu Y. Mechanistic Study on Ligand-Controlled Cobalt-Catalyzed Regioselectivity-Switchable Hydroarylation of Styrenes. Chemistry 2013; 19:12093-103. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Godin F, Prévost M, Gorelsky SI, Mochirian P, Nguyen M, Viens F, Guindon Y. Diastereoselective hydrogen-transfer reactions: an experimental and DFT study. Chemistry 2013; 19:9308-18. [PMID: 23733260 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Radical reductions of halogenated precursors bearing a heterocycle exo (α) to the carbon-centered radical proceed with enhanced anti-selectivity, a phenomenon that we termed "exocyclic effect". New experimental data and DFT calculations at the BHandHLYP/TZVP level demonstrate that the origin of the exocyclic effect is linked to the strain energy required for a radical intermediate to reach its reactive conformation at the transition state (ΔE(≠)(strain)). Furthermore, radical reductions of constrained THP systems indicate that high 2,3-anti inductions are reached only when the radical chain occupies an equatorial orientation. Hydride deliveries to different acyclic substrates and calculations also suggest that the higher anti-selectivities obtained with borinate intermediates are not related to the formation of a complex mimicking an exocycle. From a broader standpoint, this study reveals important conformational factors for reactions taking place at a center vicinal to a heterocycle or an α-alkoxy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Godin
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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43
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Lyngvi E, Schoenebeck F. Oxidative addition transition states of Pd(0) complexes in polar solvent—a DFT study involving implicit and explicit solvation. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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44
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Steinmetz M, Grimme S. Benchmark study of the performance of density functional theory for bond activations with (ni,pd)-based transition-metal catalysts. ChemistryOpen 2013; 2:115-24. [PMID: 24551548 PMCID: PMC3703816 DOI: 10.1002/open.201300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of 23 density functionals, including one LDA, four GGAs, three meta-GGAs, three hybrid GGAs, eight hybrid meta-GGAs, and ten double-hybrid functionals, was investigated for the computation of activation energies of various covalent main-group single bonds by four catalysts: Pd, PdCl−, PdCl2, and Ni (all in the singlet state). A reactant complex, the barrier, and reaction energy were considered, leading to 164 energy data points for statistical analysis. Extended Gaussian AO basis sets were used in all calculations. The best functional for the complete benchmark set relative to estimated CCSD(T)/CBS reference data is PBE0-D3, with an MAD value of 1.1 kcal mol−1 followed by PW6B95-D3, the double hybrid PWPB95-D3, and B3LYP-D3 (1.9 kcal mol−1 each). The other tested hybrid meta-GGAs perform less well (M06-HF: 7.0 kcal mol−1; M06-2X: 6.3 kcal mol−1; M06: 4.9 kcal mol−1) for the investigated reactions. In the Ni case, some double hybrids show larger errors due to partial breakdown of the perturbative treatment for the correlation energy in cases with difficult electronic structures (partial multi-reference character). Only double hybrids either with very low amounts of perturbative correlation (e.g., PBE0-DH) or that use the opposite-spin correlation component only (e.g., PWPB95) seem to be more robust. We also investigated the effect of the D3 dispersion correction. While the barriers are not affected by this correction, significant and mostly positive results were observed for reaction energies. Furthermore, six very recently proposed double-hybrid functionals were analyzed regarding the influence of the amount of Fock exchange as well as the type of perturbative correlation treatment. According to these results, double hybrids with <50–60 % of exact exchange and ∼30 % perturbative correlation perform best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Steinmetz
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn (Germany)
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn (Germany)
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45
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Faza ON, López CS, Fernández I. Noyori Hydrogenation: Aromaticity, Synchronicity, and Activation Strain Analysis. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5669-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400837n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olalla Nieto Faza
- Departmento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo,
Lagoas-Marcosende s/n 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Silva López
- Departmento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo,
Lagoas-Marcosende s/n 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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46
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Lakuntza O, Matxain JM, Ruipérez F, Ugalde JM, Armentrout PB. Quantum Chemical Study of the Reactions between Pd+/Pt+and H2O/H2S. Chemistry 2013; 19:8832-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Pandey KK, Jones C. Nature of M–Ge Bonds in the Metallogermylene Complexes of Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten [(η5-C5H5)(CO)3M{GeN(SiMe3)R}] and [(η5-C5H5)(CO)3M{GeN(Ph)R}] (R = Ph, Mesityl (Mes)): A Theoretical Study. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400351b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K. Pandey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University Indore, Khandwa Road Campus, Indore 452001,
India
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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48
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Jones GO, Al Somaa A, O’Brien JM, Albishi H, Al-Megren HA, Alabdulrahman AM, Alsewailem FD, Hedrick JL, Rice JE, Horn HW. Computational Investigations on Base-Catalyzed Diaryl Ether Formation. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5436-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jo400550c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin O. Jones
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120,
United States
| | - Ali Al Somaa
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh
11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeannette M. O’Brien
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120,
United States
| | - Hassan Albishi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh
11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamid A. Al-Megren
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh
11442, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fares D. Alsewailem
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh
11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120,
United States
| | - Julia E. Rice
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120,
United States
| | - Hans W. Horn
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120,
United States
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49
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Pandey KK. Nature of M-(η2-H-SiR2) bonds in chromium, molybdenum and tungsten complexes [(η5-C5H5)(dmpe)M(η2-H-SiR2)] and [(η5-C5H5)(CO)2M(η2-H-SiMe2)]: A theoretical study. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Fernández I, Solà M, Bickelhaupt FM. Why Do Cycloaddition Reactions Involving C60Prefer [6,6] over [5,6] Bonds? Chemistry 2013; 19:7416-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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