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De R, Maity M, Joseph A, Gupta SP, Nailwal Y, Namboothiry MAG, Pal SK. High Electrical Conductivity and Hole Transport in an Insightfully Engineered Columnar Liquid Crystal for Solution-Processable Nanoelectronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308983. [PMID: 38332439 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) are widely acknowledged as a class of organic semiconductors that can harmonize charge carrier mobility and device processability through supramolecular self-assembly. In spite of circumventing such a major challenge in fabricating low-cost charge transport layers, DLC-based hole transport layers (HTLs) have remained elusive in modern organo-electronics. In this work, a minimalistic design strategy is envisioned to effectuate a cyanovinylene-integrated pyrene-based discotic liquid crystal (PY-DLC) with a room-temperature columnar hexagonal mesophase and narrow bandgap for efficient semiconducting behavior. Adequately combined photophysical, electrochemical, and theoretical studies investigate the structure-property relations, logically correlating them with efficient hole transport. With a low reorganization energy of 0.2 eV, PY-DLC exhibits superior charge extraction ability from the contact electrodes at low values of applied voltage, achieving an electrical conductivity of 3.22 × 10-4 S m-1, the highest reported value for any pristine DLC film in a vertical charge transport device. The columnar self-assembly, in conjunction with solution-processable self-healed films, results in commendably elevated values of hole mobility (≈10-3 cm2 V-1s-1). This study provides an unprecedented constructive outlook toward the development of DLC semiconductors as practical HTLs in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritobrata De
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Madhusudan Maity
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Alvin Joseph
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | | | - Yogendra Nailwal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Manoj A G Namboothiry
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab, 140306, India
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2
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Sudyoadsuk T, Funchien P, Petdee S, Loythaworn T, Chasing P, Waengdongbung W, Saenubol A, Hadsadee S, Jungsuttiwong S, Promarak V. Benzothiadiazole-based fluorophores as efficient non-doped emitters for solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04354h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
New HLCT fluorophores are synthesized and successfully applied as non-doped emissive layers in solution-processed double-layered OLEDs. These devices exhibit intense yellow-green emission colors with superior performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taweesak Sudyoadsuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Patteera Funchien
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Sujinda Petdee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Loythaworn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Chasing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Wijitra Waengdongbung
- Research Network of NANOTEC-VISTEC on Nanotechnology for Energy, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Atthapon Saenubol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Sarinya Hadsadee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warinchumrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Siriporn Jungsuttiwong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warinchumrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
- Research Network of NANOTEC-VISTEC on Nanotechnology for Energy, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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3
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Narra S, Tsai S, Awasthi K, Rana S, Diau EW, Ohta N. Photoluminescence of
P3HT
:
PCBM
bulk heterojunction thin films and effect of external electric field. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Narra
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Shuo‐En Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Kamlesh Awasthi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Shailesh Rana
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Eric Wei‐Guang Diau
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohta
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan
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4
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Valianti S, Skourtis SS. Observing Donor-to-Acceptor Electron-Transfer Rates and the Marcus Inverted Parabola in Molecular Junctions. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:9641-9653. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b07371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Song P, Li Y, Ma F, Pullerits T, Sun M. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Organic Solar Cells. CHEM REC 2016; 16:734-53. [PMID: 26853631 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer (ET) is the key process in light-driven charge separation reactions in organic solar cells. The current review summarizes the progress in theoretical modelling of ET in these materials. First we give an account of ET, with a description originating from Marcus theory. We systematically go through all the relevant parameters and show how they depend on different material properties, and discuss the consequences such dependencies have for the performance of the devices. Finally, we present a set of visualization methods which have proven to be very useful in analyzing the elementary processes in absorption and charge separation events. Such visualization tools help us to understand the properties of the photochemical and photobiological systems in solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,State Key laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzuo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Fengcai Ma
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, P. R. China
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, Lund, 22100, Sweden.,State Key laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Mengtao Sun
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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6
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Abstract
Photoinduced electron-transfer processes are enhanced or quenched by application
of electric fields, depending on the donor–acceptor pairs.
Electric-field-induced quenching of photoluminescence, which results from the
field-induced dissociation of the exciton state that depends on the
photoexcitation wavelength, is observed in π-conjugated polymers. These
electric-field effects on photoinduced dynamics have been confirmed by the
measurements both of electroabsorption and electrophotoluminescence spectra and
of time-resolved electrophotoluminescence decays. Time-resolved measurements of
photocurrent, with which novel material function in electrical conductivity of
organic materials induced by photo-irradiation and application of electric
fields is confirmed, are also reviewed.
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7
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Li LS. Fluorescence probes for membrane potentials based on mesoscopic electron transfer. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:2981-6. [PMID: 17880257 DOI: 10.1021/nl071163p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A new type of voltage-sensitive dye is proposed based on the electric-field dependence of electron transfer. These dyes contain an electron donor-acceptor pair in which intramolecular electron transfer competes with fluorescence emission, converting changes in electric field to those in fluorescence intensity. With electron-transfer distance of nanometers, theoretical analysis shows that these dyes can have high sensitivity to neuron action potentials with high fluorescence quantum yield, allowing for fast optical neuroimaging with large signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-shi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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Iavarone AT, Patriksson A, van der Spoel D, Parks JH. Fluorescence probe of Trp-cage protein conformation in solution and in gas phase. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:6726-35. [PMID: 17487969 DOI: 10.1021/ja065092s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of protein unfolding in the absence of solvent, when combined with unfolding studies in solution, offer a unique opportunity to measure the effects of solvent on protein structure and dynamics. The experiments presented here rely on the fluorescence of an attached dye to probe the local conformational dynamics through interactions with a Trp residue and fields originating on charge sites. We present fluorescence measurements of thermal fluctuations accompanying conformational change of a miniprotein, Trp-cage, in solution and in gas phase. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed as a function of temperature, charge state, and charge location to elucidate the dye-protein conformational dynamics leading to the changes in measured fluorescence. The results indicate that the stability of the unsolvated protein is dominated by hydrogen bonds. Substituting asparagine for aspartic acid at position 9 results in a dramatic alteration of the solution unfolding curve, indicating that the salt bridge involving Lys8, Asp9, and Arg16 (+ - +) is essential for Trp-cage stability in solution. In contrast, this substitution results in minor changes in the unfolding curve of the unsolvated protein, showing that hydrogen bonds are the major contributor to the stability of Trp-cage in gas phase. Consistent with this hypothesis, the decrease in the number of hydrogen bonds with increasing temperature indicated by MD simulations agrees reasonably well with the experimentally derived enthalpies of conformational change. The simulation results display relatively compact conformations compared with NMR structures that are generally consistent with experimental results. The measured unfolding curves of unsolvated Trp-cage ions are invariant with the acetonitrile content of the solution from which they are formed, possibly as a result of conformational relaxation during or after desolvation. This work demonstrates the power of combined solution and gas-phase studies and of single-point mutations to identify specific noncovalent interactions which contribute to protein-fold stability. The combination of experiment and simulation is particularly useful because these approaches yield complementary information which can be used to deduce the details of structural changes of proteins in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Iavarone
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Iavarone AT, Duft D, Parks JH. Shedding Light on Biomolecule Conformational Dynamics Using Fluorescence Measurements of Trapped Ions. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:12714-27. [PMID: 17125284 DOI: 10.1021/jp064933e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecule conformational change has been widely investigated in solution using several methods; however, much less experimental data about structural changes are available for completely isolated, gas-phase biomolecules. Studies of conformational change in unsolvated biomolecules are required to complement the interpretation of mass spectrometry measurements and in addition, can provide a means to directly test theoretical simulations of biomolecule structure and dynamics independent of a simulated solvent. In this Feature Article, we review our recent introduction of a fluorescence-based method for probing local conformational dynamics in unsolvated biomolecules through interactions of an attached dye with tryptophan (Trp) residues and fields originating on charge sites. Dye-derivatized biomolecule ions are formed by electrospray ionization and are trapped in a variable-temperature quadrupole ion trap in which they are irradiated with either continuous or short pulse lasers to excite fluorescence. Fluorescence is measured as a function of temperature for different charge states. Optical measurements of the dye fluorescence include average intensity changes, changes in the emission spectrum, and time-resolved measurements of the fluorescence decay. These measurements have been applied to the miniprotein, Trp-cage, polyproline peptides and to a beta-hairpin-forming peptide, and the results are presented as examples of the broad applicability and utility of these methods. Model fits to Trp-cage fluorescence data measured as a function of temperature provide quantitative information on the thermodynamics of conformational changes, which are reproduced well by molecular dynamics. Time-resolved measurements of the fluorescence decays of Trp-cage and small polyproline peptides definitively demonstrate the occurrence of fluorescence quenching by the amino acid Trp in unsolvated biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Iavarone
- The Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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10
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Nakabayashi T, Wahadoszamen M, Ohta N. External Electric Field Effects on State Energy and Photoexcitation Dynamics of Diphenylpolyenes. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:7041-52. [PMID: 15884948 DOI: 10.1021/ja0401444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
External electric field effects on state energy and photoexcitation dynamics have been examined for para-substituted and unsubstituted all-trans-diphenylpolyenes doped in a film, based on the steady-state and picosecond time-resolved measurements of the field effects on absorption and fluorescence. The substitution dependence of the electroabsorption spectra shows that the dipole moment of the substituted stilbene in the Franck-Condon excited state becomes larger with increasing difference between the Hammet constants of the substituents. Fluorescence quantum yields of 4-(dimethylamino)-4'-nitrostilbene and 4-(dimethylamino)-4'-nitrodiphenylbutadiene are markedly reduced by an electric field, suggesting that the rates of the intramolecular charge transfer (CT) from the fluorescent state to the nonradiative CT state are accelerated by an external electric field. The magnitude of the field-induced decrease in fluorescence lifetime has been evaluated. The isomerization of the unsubstituted all-trans-diphenylpolyenes to the cis forms is shown to be a significant nonradiative pathway even in a film. Field-induced quenching of their fluorescence as well as field-induced decrease in fluorescence lifetime suggests that the trans to cis photoisomerization is enhanced by an electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Nakabayashi
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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11
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Hilczer M, Bandyopadhyay T, Tachiya M. Electric field effect on electron transfer between donor and acceptor in polymer matrix. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Tsushima M, Ohta N. Electric field effects on photoinduced electron transfer processes of methylene-linked compounds of pyrene and N,N-dimethylaniline in a polymer film. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:6238-45. [PMID: 15267511 DOI: 10.1063/1.1651086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved measurements of the electric-field-induced change in fluorescence intensity have been made for methylene-linked compounds of pyrene and N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) doped in a polymer film. The lifetime of the fluorescence emitted from the locally excited state of pyrene chromophore becomes shorter in the presence of electric field (F), when the dopant concentration is high. The lifetime of the excipelx fluorescence resulting from the photoinduced electron transfer (PIET) from DMA to the excited state of pyrene chromophore between different molecules also becomes shorter in the presence of F. Based on the simulation of the electric field effect on fluorescence decay, the mechanism of intermolecular PIET between DMA and pyrene chromophore in a polymer film is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tsushima
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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13
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Seki K, Traytak SD, Tachiya M. Rigorous calculation of electric field effects on the free energy change of the electron transfer reaction. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1527632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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