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Loos PF, Boggio-Pasqua M, Scemama A, Caffarel M, Jacquemin D. Reference Energies for Double Excitations. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:1939-1956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Loos
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Martial Boggio-Pasqua
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Scemama
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Caffarel
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM (UMR 6230), CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44399 Cedex 3 Nantes, France
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Glover WJ, Mori T, Schuurman MS, Boguslavskiy AE, Schalk O, Stolow A, Martínez TJ. Excited state non-adiabatic dynamics of the smallest polyene, trans 1,3-butadiene. II. Ab initio multiple spawning simulations. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:164303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5018130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Glover
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- NYU Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Shanghai 200122, China
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, 3663 Zhongshan Road North, Shanghai 200062, China
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Toshifumi Mori
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- School of Physical Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Michael S. Schuurman
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Andrey E. Boguslavskiy
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Oliver Schalk
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Stolow
- National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Du L, Lan Z. An On-the-Fly Surface-Hopping Program JADE for Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics of Polyatomic Systems: Implementation and Applications. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 11:1360-74. [PMID: 26574348 DOI: 10.1021/ct501106d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations have rapidly become an indispensable tool for understanding ultrafast photochemical processes in complex systems. Here, we present our recently developed on-the-fly nonadiabatic dynamics package, JADE, which allows researchers to perform nonadiabatic excited-state dynamics simulations of polyatomic systems at an all-atomic level. The nonadiabatic dynamics is based on Tully's surface-hopping approach. Currently, several electronic structure methods (CIS, TDHF, TDDFT(RPA/TDA), and ADC(2)) are supported, especially TDDFT, aiming at performing nonadiabatic dynamics on medium- to large-sized molecules. The JADE package has been interfaced with several quantum chemistry codes, including Turbomole, Gaussian, and Gamess (US). To consider environmental effects, the Langevin dynamics was introduced as an easy-to-use scheme into the standard surface-hopping dynamics. The JADE package is mainly written in Fortran for greater numerical performance and Python for flexible interface construction, with the intent of providing open-source, easy-to-use, well-modularized, and intuitive software in the field of simulations of photochemical and photophysical processes. To illustrate the possible applications of the JADE package, we present a few applications of excited-state dynamics for various polyatomic systems, such as the methaniminium cation, fullerene (C20), p-dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN) and its primary amino derivative aminobenzonitrile (ABN), and 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline (10-HBQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Likai Du
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao, 266101 Shandong, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,The Qingdao Key Lab of Solar Energy Utilization and Energy Storage Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao, 266101 Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao, 266101 Shandong, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.,The Qingdao Key Lab of Solar Energy Utilization and Energy Storage Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao, 266101 Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Tuna D, Lu Y, Koslowski A, Thiel W. Semiempirical Quantum-Chemical Orthogonalization-Corrected Methods: Benchmarks of Electronically Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:4400-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Tuna
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - You Lu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Axel Koslowski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Gieseking RL, Mukhopadhyay S, Risko C, Marder SR, Brédas JL. 25th anniversary article: Design of polymethine dyes for all-optical switching applications: guidance from theoretical and computational studies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:68-83. [PMID: 24302357 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
All-optical switching--controlling light with light--has the potential to meet the ever-increasing demand for data transmission bandwidth. The development of organic π-conjugated molecular materials with the requisite properties for all-optical switching applications has long proven to be a significant challenge. However, recent advances demonstrate that polymethine dyes have the potential to meet the necessary requirements. In this review, we explore the theoretical underpinnings that guide the design of π-conjugated materials for all-optical switching applications. We underline, from a computational chemistry standpoint, the relationships among chemical structure, electronic structure, and optical properties that make polymethines such promising materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Gieseking
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and Center for Organic Materials for All-Optical Switching, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0400, USA
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Shemesh D, Lan Z, Gerber RB. Dynamics of Triplet-State Photochemistry of Pentanal: Mechanisms of Norrish I, Norrish II, and H Abstraction Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:11711-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401309b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Shemesh
- Department of Physical Chemistry
and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
and the Qingdao Key Lab of Solar Energy Utilization and Energy Storage
Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinqdao 266101, China
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Department of Physical Chemistry
and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, Irvine, California
92597, United States
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Abstract
We apply the valence shell model OM2 [W. Weber and W. Thiel, Theor. Chem. Acc. 103, 495, (2000)] combined with multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) to compute the vertical excitation energies and transition dipole moments of the low-energy singlet excitations in the polyenes with 4 ≤ N ≤ 22π-electrons. We find that the OM2/MRCI descriptions closely resemble those of Pariser-Parr-Pople (PPP) π-electron models [P. Tavan and K. Schulten, Phys. Rev. B 36, 4337, (1987)], if equivalent MRCI procedures and regularly alternating model geometries are used. OM2/MRCI optimized geometries are shown to entail improved descriptions particularly for smaller polyenes (N ≤ 12), for which sizeable deviations from the regular model geometries are found. With configuration interaction active spaces covering also the σ- in addition to the π-electrons, OM2/MRCI excitation energies turn out to become smaller by at most 0.35 eV for the ionic and 0.15 eV for the covalent excitations. The particle-hole (ph) symmetry, which in Pariser-Parr-Pople models arises from the zero-differential overlap approximation, is demonstrated to be only weakly broken in OM2 such that the oscillator strengths of the covalent 1B(u)(-) states, which artificially vanish in ph-symmetric models, are predicted to be very small. According to OM2/MRCI and experimental data the 1B(u)(-) state is the third excited singlet state for N < 12 and becomes the second for N ≥ 14. By comparisons with results of other theoretical approaches and experimental evidence we argue that deficiencies of the particular MRCI method employed by us, which show up in a poor size consistency of the covalent excitations for N > 12, are caused by its restriction to at most doubly excited references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmidt
- Lehrstuhl für BioMolekulare Optik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Oettingenstr. 67, 80538 München, Germany
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Shemesh D, Gerber RB. Femtosecond timescale deactivation of electronically excited peroxides at ice surfaces. Mol Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2012.666279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rinkevicius Z, Vahtras O, Ågren H. Spin-flip time dependent density functional theory applied to excited states with single, double, or mixed electron excitation character. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:114104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3479401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Palmer MH, Walker IC. The electronic states of buta-1,3-diene studied by ab initio configuration interaction and DFT methods, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Chem Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Silva-Junior MR, Thiel W. Benchmark of Electronically Excited States for Semiempirical Methods: MNDO, AM1, PM3, OM1, OM2, OM3, INDO/S, and INDO/S2. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 6:1546-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ct100030j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario R. Silva-Junior
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Lehtonen O, Sundholm D, Send R, Johansson MP. Coupled-cluster and density functional theory studies of the electronic excitation spectra of trans-1,3-butadiene and trans-2-propeniminium. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:024301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3158990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Schreiber M, Silva-Junior MR, Sauer SPA, Thiel W. Benchmarks for electronically excited states: CASPT2, CC2, CCSD, and CC3. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:134110. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2889385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 749] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hoffmann M, Wanko M, Strodel P, König PH, Frauenheim T, Schulten K, Thiel W, Tajkhorshid E, Elstner M. Color tuning in rhodopsins: the mechanism for the spectral shift between bacteriorhodopsin and sensory rhodopsin II. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:10808-18. [PMID: 16910676 DOI: 10.1021/ja062082i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of color tuning in the rhodopsin family of proteins has been studied by comparing the optical properties of the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin (bR) and the light detector sensory rhodopsin II (sRII). Despite a high structural similarity, the maximal absorption is blue-shifted from 568 nm in bR to 497 nm in sRII. The molecular mechanism of this shift is still a matter of debate, and its clarification sheds light onto the general mechanisms of color tuning in retinal proteins. The calculations employ a combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) technique, using a DFT-based method for ground state properties and the semiempirical OM2/MRCI method and ab initio SORCI method for excited state calculations. The high efficiency of the methodology has allowed us to study a wide variety of aspects including dynamical effects. The absorption shift as well as various mutation experiments and vibrational properties have been successfully reproduced. Our results indicate that several sources contribute to the spectral shift between bR and sRII. The main factors are the counterion region at the extracellular side of retinal and the amino acid composition of the binding pocket. Our analysis allows a distinction and identification of the different effects in detail and leads to a clear picture of the mechanism of color tuning, which is in good agreement with available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoffmann
- Theoretische Physik, Universität Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Dreuw A. Quantum Chemical Methods for the Investigation of Photoinitiated Processes in Biological Systems: Theory and Applications. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:2259-74. [PMID: 17009357 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of modern computers and advances in the development of efficient quantum chemical computer codes, the meaningful computation of large molecular systems at a quantum mechanical level became feasible. Recent experimental effort to understand photoinitiated processes in biological systems, for instance photosynthesis or vision, at a molecular level also triggered theoretical investigations in this field. In this Minireview, standard quantum chemical methods are presented that are applicable and recently used for the calculation of excited states of photoinitiated processes in biological molecular systems. These methods comprise configuration interaction singles, the complete active space self-consistent field method, and time-dependent density functional theory and its variants. Semiempirical approaches are also covered. Their basic theoretical concepts and mathematical equations are briefly outlined, and their properties and limitations are discussed. Recent successful applications of the methods to photoinitiated processes in biological systems are described and theoretical tools for the analysis of excited states are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Dreuw
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Max von Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Starcke JH, Wormit M, Schirmer J, Dreuw A. How much double excitation character do the lowest excited states of linear polyenes have? Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2006.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wanko M, Hoffmann M, Strodel P, Koslowski A, Thiel W, Neese F, Frauenheim T, Elstner M. Calculating Absorption Shifts for Retinal Proteins: Computational Challenges. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:3606-15. [PMID: 16851399 DOI: 10.1021/jp0463060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhodopsins can modulate the optical properties of their chromophores over a wide range of wavelengths. The mechanism for this spectral tuning is based on the response of the retinal chromophore to external stress and the interaction with the charged, polar, and polarizable amino acids of the protein environment and is connected to its large change in dipole moment upon excitation, its large electronic polarizability, and its structural flexibility. In this work, we investigate the accuracy of computational approaches for modeling changes in absorption energies with respect to changes in geometry and applied external electric fields. We illustrate the high sensitivity of absorption energies on the ground-state structure of retinal, which varies significantly with the computational method used for geometry optimization. The response to external fields, in particular to point charges which model the protein environment in combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) applications, is a crucial feature, which is not properly represented by previously used methods, such as time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF), and Hartree-Fock (HF) or semiempirical configuration interaction singles (CIS). This is discussed in detail for bacteriorhodopsin (bR), a protein which blue-shifts retinal gas-phase excitation energy by about 0.5 eV. As a result of this study, we propose a procedure which combines structure optimization or molecular dynamics simulation using DFT methods with a semiempirical or ab initio multireference configuration interaction treatment of the excitation energies. Using a conventional QM/MM point charge representation of the protein environment, we obtain an absorption energy for bR of 2.34 eV. This result is already close to the experimental value of 2.18 eV, even without considering the effects of protein polarization, differential dispersion, and conformational sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wanko
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Paderborn, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Cembran A, Bernardi F, Olivucci M, Garavelli M. Counterion Controlled Photoisomerization of Retinal Chromophore Models: a Computational Investigation. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:16018-37. [PMID: 15584736 DOI: 10.1021/ja048782+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CASPT2//CASSCF photoisomerization path computations have been used to unveil the effects of an acetate counterion on the photochemistry of two retinal protonated Schiff base (PSB) models: the 2-cis-penta-2,4-dieniminium and the all-trans-epta-2,4,6-trieniminium cations. Different positions/orientations of the counterion have been investigated and related to (i) the spectral tuning and relative stability of the S0, S1, and S2 singlet states; (ii) the selection of the photochemically relevant excited state; (iii) the control of the radiationless decay and photoisomerization rates; and, finally, (iv) the control of the photoisomerization stereospecificity. A rationale for the results is given on the basis of a simple (electrostatic) qualitative model. We show that the model readily explains the computational results providing a qualitative explanation for different aspects of the experimentally observed "environment" dependent PSB photochemistry. Electrostatic effects likely involved in controlling retinal photoisomerization stereoselectivity in the protein are also discussed under the light of these results, and clues for a stereocontrolled electrostatically driven photochemical process are presented. These computations provide a rational basis for the formulation of a mechanistic model for photoisomerization electrostatic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cembran
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, I-40126 Italy
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Wanko M, Garavelli M, Bernardi F, Niehaus TA, Frauenheim T, Elstner M. A global investigation of excited state surfaces within time-dependent density-functional response theory. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:1674-92. [PMID: 15268299 DOI: 10.1063/1.1635798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the capability of time-dependent density functional response theory to describe excited state potential energy surfaces of conjugated organic molecules. Applications to linear polyenes, aromatic systems, and the protonated Schiff base of retinal demonstrate the scope of currently used exchange-correlation functionals as local, adiabatic approximations to time-dependent Kohn-Sham theory. The results are compared to experimental and ab initio data of various kinds to attain a critical analysis of common problems concerning charge transfer and long range (nondynamic) correlation effects. This analysis goes beyond a local investigation of electronic properties and incorporates a global view of the excited state potential energy surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wanko
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Paderborn, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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Grimm S, Nonnenberg C, Frank I. Restricted open-shell Kohn–Sham theory for π–π* transitions. I. Polyenes, cyanines, and protonated imines. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1623742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Nonnenberg C, Grimm S, Frank I. Restricted open-shell Kohn–Sham theory for π–π* transitions. II. Simulation of photochemical reactions. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1623743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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