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Wultschner J, Schmitz I, Révidat S, Ullrich J, Seeger T. Emission Spectroscopy-Based Sensor System to Correlate the In-Cylinder Combustion Temperature of a Diesel Engine to NO x Emissions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2459. [PMID: 38676076 PMCID: PMC11054896 DOI: 10.3390/s24082459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Due to a rising importance of the reduction of pollutant, produced by conventional energy technologies, the knowledge of pollutant forming processes during a combustion is of great interest. In this study the in-cylinder temperature, of a near series diesel engine, is examined with a minimal invasive emission spectroscopy sensor. The soot, nearly a black body radiator, emits light, which is spectrally detected and evaluated with a modified function of Planck's law. The results show a good correlation between the determined temperatures and the NOx concentration, measured in the exhaust gas of the engine, during a variety of engine operating points. A standard deviation between 25 K and 49 K was obtained for the in-cylinder temperature measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wultschner
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany
- Center for Sensor Systems (ZESS), University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany
- Center for Sensor Systems (ZESS), University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Stephan Révidat
- Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH, D-65428 Rüsselsheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Ullrich
- Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH, D-65428 Rüsselsheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Seeger
- Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics, University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany
- Center for Sensor Systems (ZESS), University of Siegen, D-57076 Siegen, Germany
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2
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Huang X. Simultaneous Inversion of Particle Size Distribution, Thermal Accommodation Coefficient, and Temperature of In-Flame Soot Aggregates Using Laser-Induced Incandescence. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:634. [PMID: 38591434 PMCID: PMC11154289 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Measuring the size distribution and temperature of high-temperature dispersed particles, particularly in-flame soot, holds paramount importance across various industries. Laser-induced incandescence (LII) stands out as a potent non-contact diagnostic technology for in-flame soot, although its effectiveness is hindered by uncertainties associated with pre-determined thermal properties. To tackle this challenge, our study proposes a multi-parameter inversion strategy-simultaneous inversion of particle size distribution, thermal accommodation coefficient, and initial temperature of in-flame soot aggregates using time-resolved LII signals. Analyzing the responses of different heat transfer sub-models to temperature rise demonstrates the necessity of incorporating sublimation and thermionic emission for accurately reproducing LII signals of high-temperature dispersed particles. Consequently, we selected a particular LII model for the multi-parameter inversion strategy. Our research reveals that LII-based particle sizing is sensitive to biases in the initial temperature of particles (equivalent to the flame temperature), underscoring the need for the proposed multi-parameter inversion strategy. Numerical results obtained at two typical flame temperatures, 1100 K and 1700 K, illustrate that selecting an appropriate laser fluence enables the simultaneous inversion of particle size distribution, thermal accommodation coefficient, and initial particle temperatures of soot aggregates with high accuracy and confidence using the LII technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyou Zhang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Juqi Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Electronic System Engineering, Beijing 100854, China;
| | - Xing Huang
- Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing 100094, China;
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3
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Sipkens TA, Menser J, Dreier T, Schulz C, Smallwood GJ, Daun KJ. Laser-induced incandescence for non-soot nanoparticles: recent trends and current challenges. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2022; 128:72. [PMID: 35308124 PMCID: PMC8921179 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-022-07769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a widely used combustion diagnostic for in situ measurements of soot primary particle sizes and volume fractions in flames, exhaust gases, and the atmosphere. Increasingly, however, it is applied to characterize engineered nanomaterials, driven by the increasing industrial relevance of these materials and the fundamental scientific insights that may be obtained from these measurements. This review describes the state of the art as well as open research challenges and new opportunities that arise from LII measurements on non-soot nanoparticles. An overview of the basic LII model, along with statistical techniques for inferring quantities-of-interest and associated uncertainties is provided, with a review of the application of LII to various classes of materials, including elemental particles, oxide and nitride materials, and non-soot carbonaceous materials, and core-shell particles. The paper concludes with a discussion of combined and complementary diagnostics, and an outlook of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Sipkens
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Jan Menser
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics – Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dreier
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics – Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christof Schulz
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics – Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Gregory J. Smallwood
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Kyle J. Daun
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Canada
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4
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Sipkens TA, Menser J, Dreier T, Schulz C, Smallwood GJ, Daun KJ. Laser-induced incandescence for non-soot nanoparticles: recent trends and current challenges. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2022; 128:72. [PMID: 35308124 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-006-2260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a widely used combustion diagnostic for in situ measurements of soot primary particle sizes and volume fractions in flames, exhaust gases, and the atmosphere. Increasingly, however, it is applied to characterize engineered nanomaterials, driven by the increasing industrial relevance of these materials and the fundamental scientific insights that may be obtained from these measurements. This review describes the state of the art as well as open research challenges and new opportunities that arise from LII measurements on non-soot nanoparticles. An overview of the basic LII model, along with statistical techniques for inferring quantities-of-interest and associated uncertainties is provided, with a review of the application of LII to various classes of materials, including elemental particles, oxide and nitride materials, and non-soot carbonaceous materials, and core-shell particles. The paper concludes with a discussion of combined and complementary diagnostics, and an outlook of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Sipkens
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Jan Menser
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dreier
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christof Schulz
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Gregory J Smallwood
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Kyle J Daun
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Canada
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5
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Zhang J, Li S, Qi H. A robust trivariate approach for characterizing the primary particle size distribution of soot aggregates using time-resolved laser-induced incandescence. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Sipkens TA, Menser J, Dreier T, Schulz C, Smallwood GJ, Daun KJ. Laser-induced incandescence for non-soot nanoparticles: recent trends and current challenges. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2022. [PMID: 35308124 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-016-6551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a widely used combustion diagnostic for in situ measurements of soot primary particle sizes and volume fractions in flames, exhaust gases, and the atmosphere. Increasingly, however, it is applied to characterize engineered nanomaterials, driven by the increasing industrial relevance of these materials and the fundamental scientific insights that may be obtained from these measurements. This review describes the state of the art as well as open research challenges and new opportunities that arise from LII measurements on non-soot nanoparticles. An overview of the basic LII model, along with statistical techniques for inferring quantities-of-interest and associated uncertainties is provided, with a review of the application of LII to various classes of materials, including elemental particles, oxide and nitride materials, and non-soot carbonaceous materials, and core-shell particles. The paper concludes with a discussion of combined and complementary diagnostics, and an outlook of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Sipkens
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Jan Menser
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dreier
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christof Schulz
- IVG, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics - Reactive Fluids, and CENIDE, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Gregory J Smallwood
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, K1K 2E1 Canada
| | - Kyle J Daun
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, N2L 3G1 Canada
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7
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Robinson-Enebeli S, Talebi-Moghaddam S, Daun KJ. Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Incandescence Measurements on Aerosolized Nickel Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6273-6285. [PMID: 34240871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the first quantitative analysis of time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TiRe-LII) measurements on aerosolized nickel nanoparticles in several gases and over a range of laser fluences. A measurement model composed of spectroscopic and heat transfer submodels is used to recover the particle size distribution parameters and the thermal accommodation coefficient (TAC). A qualitative analysis of the results reveals evidence of nonincandescent laser-induced emission temporally aligned with the laser pulse, and more laser energy is absorbed than can be accounted for from the modeled spectral absorption cross section of the nanoparticles. The TiRe-LII inferred particle size parameters were generally consistent with values found from ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The TACs for nickel nanoparticles in polyatomic gases were larger than those in monoatomic gases, which may indicate chemisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Robinson-Enebeli
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - S Talebi-Moghaddam
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - K J Daun
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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8
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Kim H, Aldén M, Brackmann C. Suppression of unpolarized background interferences for Raman spectroscopy under continuous operation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:1048-1063. [PMID: 33726327 DOI: 10.1364/oe.414677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A time-resolving filtering technique developed to improve background suppression in Raman spectroscopy is presented and characterized. The technique enables separation of signal contributions via their polarization dependency by the addition of a waveplate to a normal measurement system and data post-processing. As a result, background interferences of broadband laser-induced fluorescence and incandescence, as well as flame luminosity and blackbody radiation, were effectively suppressed from Raman spectra. Experimental setting parameters of the method were investigated under well-controlled conditions to assess their impact on the background-filtering ability, and the overall trend was understood. The fluorescence background was effectively suppressed for all investigated settings of modulation period, number of accumulations, and recording duration, with the spectrum quality preserved after the filtering. For practical application, the method was tested for measurements in a sooting flame accompanied by a strong luminosity and interfering laser-induced background signals. The technique resulted in a 200-fold decrease of the background and allowed for quantitative analyses of concentrations and temperatures from the filtered data. Thus, the method shows strong potential to extend the applicability of Raman spectroscopy, in particular for in situ diagnostics under challenging experimental conditions.
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9
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Bastos ARN, Brites CDS, Rojas-Gutierrez PA, Ferreira RAS, Longo RL, DeWolf C, Capobianco JA, Carlos LD. Thermal properties of lipid bilayers derived from the transient heating regime of upconverting nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:24169-24176. [PMID: 33283824 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06989b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heat transfer and thermal properties at the nanoscale can be challenging to obtain experimentally. These are potentially relevant for understanding thermoregulation in cells. Experimental data from the transient heating regime in conjunction with a model based on the energy conservation enable the determination of the specific heat capacities for all components of a nanoconstruct, namely an upconverting nanoparticle and its conformal lipid bilayer coating. This approach benefits from a very simple, cost-effective and non-invasive optical setup to measure the thermal parameters at the nanoscale. The time-dependent model developed herein lays the foundation to describe the dynamics of heat transfer at the nanoscale and were used to understand the heat dissipation by lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R N Bastos
- Phantom-g, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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10
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Zhang JY, Qi H, Shi JW, Gao BH, Ren YT. Simultaneous determination of primary particle size distribution and thermal accommodation coefficient of soot aggregates using low-fluence LII. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:37249-37264. [PMID: 33379563 DOI: 10.1364/oe.411180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the ill-posed inverse problem of LII-based nanoparticle size measurement, recovered primary particle size distribution (PPSD) is sensitive to the uncertainty of LII model parameters. In the absence of reliable prior knowledge, the thermal accommodation coefficient (TAC) and fractal-dependent shielding factor are often required to be inferred simultaneously with the PPSD. In the simplified LII model for low fluence regime, TAC and fractal-dependent shielding factor are combined to define a new fractal-dependent TAC. The present study theoretically verified the feasibility of inferring PPSD and fractal-dependent TAC from the normalized LII signals. Moreover, the inversion is independent of prior knowledge of most full LII model parameters, which is attributed to low laser fluence, normalized signal, and fractal-dependent TAC.
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11
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Michelsen HA, Colket MB, Bengtsson PE, D'Anna A, Desgroux P, Haynes BS, Miller JH, Nathan GJ, Pitsch H, Wang H. A Review of Terminology Used to Describe Soot Formation and Evolution under Combustion and Pyrolytic Conditions. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12470-12490. [PMID: 32986401 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a glossary and review of terminology used to describe the chemical and physical processes involved in soot formation and evolution and is intended to aid in communication within the field and across disciplines. There are large gaps in our understanding of soot formation and evolution and inconsistencies in the language used to describe the associated mechanisms. These inconsistencies lead to confusion within the field and hinder progress in addressing the gaps in our understanding. This review provides a list of definitions of terms and presents a description of their historical usage. It also addresses the inconsistencies in the use of terminology in order to dispel confusion and facilitate the advancement of our understanding of soot chemistry and particle characteristics. The intended audience includes senior and junior members of the soot, black carbon, brown carbon, and carbon black scientific communities, researchers new to the field, and scientists and engineers in associated fields with an interest in carbonaceous material production via high-temperature hydrocarbon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Michelsen
- Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering and Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Meredith B Colket
- United Technologies Research Center, Avon, Connecticut 06001, United States
| | | | - Andrea D'Anna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- UMR-8522-PC2A-Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l'Atmosphère, Université Lille, CNRS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Brian S Haynes
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - J Houston Miller
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Graham J Nathan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA 5005 Adelaide, Australia
| | - Heinz Pitsch
- Institute for Combustion Technology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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12
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Long BA, Lau CY, Rodriguez DJ, Tang SA, Anderson SL. Sublimation Kinetics for Individual Graphite and Graphene Nanoparticles (NPs): NP-to-NP Variations and Evolving Structure-Kinetics and Structure-Emissivity Relationships. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14090-14101. [PMID: 32698584 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A single nanoparticle (NP) mass spectrometry method was used to measure sublimation rates as a function of nanoparticle temperature (TNP) for sets of individual graphite and graphene NPs. Initially, the NP sublimation rates were ∼400 times faster than those for bulk graphite, and there were large NP-to-NP variations. Over time, the rates slowed substantially, though they remained well above the bulk rate. The initial activation energies (Ea values) were correspondingly low and doubled, as a few monolayers worth of material was sublimed from the surfaces. The high initial rates and low Ea values are attributed to large numbers of edge, defect, and other low coordination sites on the NP surfaces, and the changes are attributed to atomic-scale "smoothing" of the surface by preferential sublimation of the less stable sites. The emissivity of the NPs also changed after heating, more frequently increasing. The emissivity and sublimation rates were anticorrelated, leading to the conclusion that high densities of low-coordination sites on the NP surfaces enhance sublimation but suppress emissivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Long
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Chris Y Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Daniel J Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Susanna An Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Scott L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E., Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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13
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Baldelli A, Trivanovic U, Sipkens TA, Rogak SN. On determining soot maturity: A review of the role of microscopy- and spectroscopy-based techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126532. [PMID: 32229356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Incomplete combustion is the main source of airborne soot, which has negative impacts on public health and the environment. Understanding the morphological and chemical evolution of soot is important for assessing and mitigating the impact of soot emissions. Morphological and chemical structures of soot are commonly studied using microscopy or spectroscopy, and the best technique depends on the parameter of interest and the stage of soot formation considered (i.e., maturity). For the earliest stages of soot formation, particles exhibit simple morphology yet complex and reactive chemical composition, which is best studied by spectroscopic techniques sensitive to the large number of soot precursor species. The only microscope that can offer some morphological information at this stage is the scanning probe microscopy, which can image single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the precursors of soot. A broader range of types of spectrometers and microscopes can be used by increasing the soot maturity. Mature soot is primarily carbon, and exhibits complex fractal-like morphology best studied with electron microscopy and techniques sensitive to thin oxide or organic coatings. Each characterization technique can target different morphological and chemical properties of soot, from the early to the late stage of its formation. Thus, a guideline for the selection of the appropriate technique can facilitates studies on environmental samples involving the presence of soot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Baldelli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Ln #2054, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Una Trivanovic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Ln #2054, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Timothy A Sipkens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Ln #2054, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven N Rogak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Ln #2054, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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14
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Verdugo I, Cruz JJ, Álvarez E, Reszka P, Figueira da Silva LF, Fuentes A. Candle flame soot sizing by planar time-resolved laser-induced incandescence. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11364. [PMID: 32647154 PMCID: PMC7347618 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Soot emissions from flaming combustion are relevant as a significant source of atmospheric pollution and as a source of nanomaterials. Candles are interesting targets for soot characterization studies since they burn complex fuels with a large number of carbon atoms, and yield stable and repeatable flames. We characterized the soot particle size distributions in a candle flame using the planar two-color time-resolved laser induced incandescence (2D-2C TiRe-LII) technique, which has been successfully applied to different combustion applications, but never before on a candle flame. Soot particles are heated with a planar laser sheet to temperatures above the normal flame temperatures. The incandescent soot particles emit thermal radiation, which decays over time when the particles cool down to the flame temperature. By analyzing the temporal decay of the incandescence signal, soot particle size distributions within the flame are obtained. Our results are consistent with previous works, and show that the outer edges of the flame are characterized by larger particles ([Formula: see text]), whereas smaller particles ([Formula: see text]) are found in the central regions. We also show that our effective temperature estimates have a maximum error of 100 K at early times, which decreases as the particles cool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Verdugo
- Departamento de Industrias, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla 110-V, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Juan José Cruz
- Departamento de Industrias, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla 110-V, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Emilio Álvarez
- Departamento de Industrias, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla 110-V, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Pedro Reszka
- Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luís Fernando Figueira da Silva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22.451-900, Brazil
| | - Andrés Fuentes
- Departamento de Industrias, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla 110-V, Valparaiso, Chile.
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15
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Analysis of the Influence of the Conduction Sub-Model Formulation on the Modeling of Laser-Induced Incandescence of Diesel Soot Aggregates. ENTROPY 2019; 22:e22010021. [PMID: 33285795 PMCID: PMC7516442 DOI: 10.3390/e22010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a powerful diagnostic technique allowing quantifying soot emissions in flames and at the exhaust of combustion systems. It can be advantageously coupled with modeling approaches to infer information on the physical properties of combustion-generated particles (including their size), which implies formulating and solving balance equations accounting for laser-excited soot heating and cooling processes. Properly estimating soot diameter by time-resolved LII (TiRe-LII), nevertheless, requires correctly evaluating the thermal accommodation coefficient αT driving the energy transferred by heat conduction between soot aggregates and their surroundings. To analyze such an aspect, an extensive set of LII signals has been acquired in a Diesel spray flame before being simulated using a refined model built upon expressions accounting for soot heating by absorption, annealing, and oxidation as well as cooling by radiation, sublimation, conduction, and thermionic emission. Within this framework, different conduction sub-models have been tested while a corrective factor allowing the particle aggregate properties to be taken into account has also been considered to simulate the so-called shielding effect. Using a fitting procedure coupling design of experiments and a genetic algorithm-based solver, the implemented model has been parameterized so as to obtain simulated data merging on a single curve with experimentally monitored ones. Eventually, values of the thermal accommodation coefficient have been estimated with each tested conduction sub-model while the influence of the aggregate size on the so-inferred αT has been analyzed.
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16
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Gurentsov EV. UV laser synthesis of nanoparticles in the gas phase. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158417030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Sipkens TA, Daun KJ. Defining regimes and analytical expressions for fluence curves in pulsed laser heating of aerosolized nanoparticles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:5684-5696. [PMID: 28380825 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.005684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluence curves are a powerful tool for understanding the mechanisms underlying nanosecond pulse laser heating of aerosolized nanoparticles, which is relevant to laser-induced incandescence (LII). This paper presents analytical expressions encompassing the entirety of the fluence domain considered in LII and uses them to formally define fluence regimes. The derived expressions and non-dimensional parameters facilitate one of the first comparisons of published experimental fluence curves. This procedure provides physical insight into the laser-nanoparticle interaction and highlights inconsistencies in the application of LII models to analyze the data.
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18
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Altenhoff M, Teige C, Storch M, Will S. Novel electric thermophoretic sampling device with highly repeatable characteristics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:125108. [PMID: 28040913 DOI: 10.1063/1.4971988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel thermophoretic sampling device for probing nanoparticle aggregates in all types of flames as well as in particle-laden gases and aerosols is presented. For the motion of the sampling probe, a tubular electric linear motor is utilized, and its design and operation are described in detail. The spatial and temporal performance is determined from oscilloscope measurements and high-speed recordings of one motion profile featuring three different resident times. Motion sequences offering a minimum residence time of 3 ms and a maximum velocity of 4.1 m s-1 simultaneously providing smooth probe movement and minimal vibrations are feasible. For a stroke length of 100 mm, maximum deviations between sampling and setpoint positions of 0.14 mm in axial, 0.02 mm in horizontal, and 0.36 mm in vertical direction are determined, respectively. The evaluation of standard deviations among individual motion sequences for every time step shows high precision in all directions of movement. The influence of probe invasion on a laminar premixed flame produced using a McKenna burner is characterized employing high-speed recordings. Soot radiance intensities are temporally evaluated in four regions of interest near the sampling probe where maximum changes in the order of 20% are observed. Thermophoretic sampling was performed on the flame at 17 mm height above burner using ethene and ethyne as fuels with an equal equivalence ratio of 2.7. Morphological soot aggregate properties are derived from comprehensive transmission electron microscopy analysis and show satisfying results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Altenhoff
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Christian Teige
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Michael Storch
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Stefan Will
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen 91058, Germany
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19
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Bové H, Steuwe C, Fron E, Slenders E, D'Haen J, Fujita Y, Uji-I H, vandeVen M, Roeffaers M, Ameloot M. Biocompatible Label-Free Detection of Carbon Black Particles by Femtosecond Pulsed Laser Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:3173-8. [PMID: 27104759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Although adverse health effects of carbon black (CB) exposure are generally accepted, a direct, label-free approach for detecting CB particles in fluids and at the cellular level is still lacking. Here, we report nonincandescence related white-light (WL) generation by dry and suspended carbon black particles under illumination with femtosecond (fs) pulsed near-infrared light as a powerful tool for the detection of these carbonaceous materials. This observation is done for four different CB species with diameters ranging from 13 to 500 nm, suggesting this WL emission under fs near-infrared illumination is a general property of CB particles. As the emitted radiation spreads over the whole visible spectrum, detection is straightforward and flexible. The unique property of the described WL emission allows optical detection and unequivocal localization of CB particles in fluids and in cellular environments while simultaneously colocalizing different cellular components using various specific fluorophores as shown here using human lung fibroblasts. The experiments are performed on a typical multiphoton laser-scanning microscopy platform, widely available in research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Bové
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University , Agoralaan Building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | | | - Eli Slenders
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University , Agoralaan Building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jan D'Haen
- Institute for Material Research, Hasselt University , Wetenschapspark 1, 3950 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University , N20W10, Kita-Ward Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Martin vandeVen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University , Agoralaan Building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Marcel Ameloot
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University , Agoralaan Building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
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20
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Nanthaamornphong A, Carver JC, Morris K, Michelsen HA, Rouson DW. Building CLiiME via Test-Driven Development: A Case Study. Comput Sci Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1109/mcse.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Kamboures MA, Hu S, Yu Y, Sandoval J, Rieger P, Huang SM, Zhang S, Dzhema I, Huo D, Ayala A, Chang MCO. Black carbon emissions in gasoline vehicle exhaust: a measurement and instrument comparison. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2013; 63:886-901. [PMID: 24010369 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2013.787130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the performance and agreement of several commercially available black carbon (BC) measurement instruments, when applied to the quantification of BC in light-duty vehicle (LDV) exhaust. Samples from six vehicles, three fuels, and three driving cycles were used. The pilot study included determinations of the method detection limit (MDL) and repeatability. With respect to the MDL, the real-time instruments outperformed the time-integrated instruments, with MDL = 0.12 mg/mi for the AE51 Aethalometer, and 0.15 mg/mi for the Micro Soot Sensor (MSS), versus 0.38 mg/mi for the IMPROVE_A thermal/ optical method, and 0.35 mg/mi for the OT21_T Optical Transmissometer. The real-time instruments had repeatability values ranging from 30% to 35%, which are somewhat better than those of the time-integrated instruments (40-41%). These results suggest that, despite being less resource intensive, real-time methods can be equivalent or superior to time-integrated methods in terms of sensitivity and repeatability. BC mass data, from the photoacoustic and light attenuation instruments, were compared against same-test EC data, determined using the IMPROVE_A method. The MSS BC data was well correlated with EC, with R2 = 0.85 for the composite results and R2 = 0.86 for the phase-by-phase (PBP) results. The correlation of BC, by the AE51, AE22, and OT21_T with EC was moderate to weak. The weaker correlation was driven by the inclusion of US06 test data in the linear regression analysis. We hypothesize that test-cycle-dependent BC:EC ratios are due to the different physicochemical properties of particulate matter (PM) in US06 and Federal Test Procedure (FTP) tests. Correlation amongst the real-time MSS, PASS-1, AE51, and AE22 instruments was excellent (R2 = 0.83-0.95), below 1 mg/mi levels. In the process of investigating these BC instruments, we learned that BC emissions at sub-1 mg/mi levels can be measured and are achievable by current-generation gasoline engines. IMPLICATIONS Most comparison studies of black carbon (BC) measurement methods were carried out in the ambient air. This study assesses the agreement among various BC measurement instrument in emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) on standard test cycles, and evaluates applicability of these methods under various fuel types, driving cycles, and engine combustion technologies. This research helps to fill in the knowledge gap of BC method standardization as stated in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2011 Report to Congress on Black Carbon, and these results demonstrate the feasibility of quantification of BC at the 1 mg/mi PM standard in California Low Emission Vehicle III regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kamboures
- Southern Laboratory Branch of the California Resources Board, 9480 Telstar Avenue, Suite 4, El Monte, CA 91731, USA
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22
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Duffy P, Magno LM, Yadav RB, Roberts SK, Ward AD, Botchway SW, Colavita PE, Quinn SJ. Incandescent porous carbon microspheres to light up cells: solution phenomena and cellular uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm14303d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Hu S, Dong Y, Yang J, Liu J, Cao S. Simultaneous synthesis of luminescent carbon nanoparticles and carbon nanocages by laser ablation of carbon black suspension and their optical limiting properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm14510j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Goulay F, Nemes L, Schrader PE, Michelsen HA. Spontaneous emission from C2(d3Πg) and C3(A1Πu) during laser irradiation of soot particles. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268971003627824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Sundén AEK, Goto M, Matsumoto J, Shiromaru H, Tanuma H, Azuma T, Andersen JU, Canton SE, Hansen K. Absolute cooling rates of freely decaying fullerenes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:143001. [PMID: 19905566 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The cooling rates of C60- have been measured in an electrostatic storage ring between several hundred mus and several tens of ms with one-photon laser excitation. The absolute energy scale is established by the photon energy, and the cooling time interval is derived from the nonexponential decay of the ensemble of hot molecules. The energy decreases due to the combined action of depletion and thermal emission of IR photons with a total energy loss rate that varies inversely proportional to time, 0.9 eV/t. The radiative component decreases from a few hundred eV/s at submillisecond time scales to several tens of eV/s at 20 ms and confirms that the crossover from depletion to predominantly radiative cooling occurs around 5 ms. The method is applicable to any large molecule or cluster which decays spontaneously, irrespective of the specific decay channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E K Sundén
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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26
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Gurentsov EV, Eremin AV, Schulz C. Effect of active impurities on the condensation of nanoparticles from supersaturated carbon vapor in the combined laser photolysis of C3O2 and H2S. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s002315840802002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Sommer R, Leipertz A. Application of laser-induced incandescence to suspended carbon black particles. OPTICS LETTERS 2007; 32:1947-9. [PMID: 17603623 DOI: 10.1364/ol.32.001947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, laser-induced incandescence (LII) has successfully been applied to carbon black suspensions. A linear correlation between the experimentally derived signal decay time and the mean primary particle size, determined by transmission electron microscopy, for different carbon black particles was found. Moreover, a nonlinear relation similar to that known from measurements of aerosols was observed for the peak LII signal and the laser fluence. Despite different heat transfer properties, the signal decay time was not influenced by the solvents used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Sommer
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 8, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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28
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Michelsen HA, Tivanski AV, Gilles MK, van Poppel LH, Dansson MA, Buseck PR. Particle formation from pulsed laser irradiation of soot aggregates studied with a scanning mobility particle sizer, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning transmission x-ray microscope. APPLIED OPTICS 2007; 46:959-77. [PMID: 17279144 DOI: 10.1364/ao.46.000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the physical and chemical changes induced in soot aggregates exposed to laser radiation using a scanning mobility particle sizer, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning transmission x-ray microscope to perform near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Laser-induced nanoparticle production was observed at fluences above 0.12 J/cm(2) at 532 nm and 0.22 J/cm(2) at 1064 nm. Our results indicate that new particle formation proceeds via (1) vaporization of small carbon clusters by thermal or photolytic mechanisms, followed by homogeneous nucleation, (2) heterogeneous nucleation of vaporized carbon clusters onto material ablated from primary particles, or (3) both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Michelsen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratory, P.O. Box 969, Mail Stop 9055, Livermore, California 94551-0969, USA.
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29
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Migliorini F, De Iuliis S, Cignoli F, Zizak G. Absorption correction of two-color laser-induced incandescence signals for soot volume fraction measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 2006. [PMID: 17068607 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-006-2210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A numerical iterative procedure is presented for the evaluation of the effect of signal absorption in two-color laser-induced incandescence measurements. The correction process is applied to our experimental data in an axisymmetric flame [Appl. Opt. 44, 7414 (2005)]. The influence of signal trapping on peak soot temperature and on soot volume fraction has been found to be minimal. Some numerical tests were performed to investigate the effects of soot concentration, flame size, and soot refractive index on the magnitude of the signal absorption correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Migliorini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerchee, Istituo per l'Energetica e le Interfasi, Milano, Italy
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30
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De Iuliis S, Cignoli F, Zizak G. Two-color laser-induced incandescence (2C-LII) technique for absolute soot volume fraction measurements in flames. APPLIED OPTICS 2005; 44:7414-23. [PMID: 16353814 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.007414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A two-color version of the laser-induced incandescence (2C-LII) technique was implemented for measuring absolute soot volume fraction in flames. By using a calibrated tungsten ribbon lamp, soot peak temperatures were measured as a function of fluence at several locations in an ethylene diffusion flame by using a steeply edged laser beam profile. Above a certain fluence threshold, peak temperatures were tightly distributed just above 4000 K independent of the particle size and number density. Radial profiles of soot volume fraction were obtained and compared (not calibrated) with results from the laser extinction technique. Good agreement showed the validity of the 2C-LII technique at a controlled fluence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana De Iuliis
- CNR-IENI, Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi, Via Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
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31
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Choi JH, Koshland CP, Sawyer RF, Lucas D. Measurement of polystyrene nanospheres using excimer laser fragmentation fluorescence spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2005; 59:1203-8. [PMID: 16274531 DOI: 10.1366/000370205774430936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Monodisperse polystyrene nanospheres with a mean diameter of 102 nm are photofragmented with 193 nm light in N2 at laser fluences from 1 to 20 J/cm2. Carbon atom fluorescence at 248 nm from the disintegration of the particles is used as a signature of the polystyrene. The normalized fluorescence signals are self-similar with an exponential decay lifetime of approximately 10 ns. At fluences above 17 J/cm2, optical breakdown occurs and a strong continuum emission is generated that lasts significantly longer. A non-dimensional parameter, the photon-to-atom ratio (PAR), is used to interpret the laser-particle interaction energetics. Carbon fluorescence from polystyrene particles is compared with that from soot, and a similarity between the two particles is observed when normalized with PAR. Carbon emission from bulk polystyrene was also measured. Similar emission signals were observed, but the breakdown threshold of the surface is significantly lower at 0.2 J/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Choi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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32
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Yoder GD, Diwakar PK, Hahn DW. Assessment of soot particle vaporization effects during laser-induced incandescence with time-resolved light scattering. APPLIED OPTICS 2005; 44:4211-9. [PMID: 16045207 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.004211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although laser-induced incandescence (LII) has been successfully used for soot volume fraction and particle size measurements, uncertainties remain regarding issues of soot vaporization leading to mass loss and morphological changes occurring in soot due to intense heating. Prompt LII detection schemes are often based on the assumption that the associated time scale is shorter than the time scale of soot vaporization or sublimation. The validity of such assumptions is the focus of the current study. Time-resolved light-scattering measurements were made in combination with LII measurements to quantify soot particle vaporization effects resulting from the LII laser pulse. The light-scattering measurements revealed a sharp decrease in total soot particle mass during the time course of the 25 ns full-width LII laser pulse for fluences in the range of 0.5 J/cm2. Light-scattering theory was used to invert the scattering data, revealing approximately 80%-90% reductions in the soot particle volume for LII fluences of 0.47 and 0.61 J/cm2. In addition, the time-resolved scattering measurements show that the time scale of soot vaporization is completely confined to the LII laser pulse itself. Light scattering revealed no soot vaporization only for fluences of approximately 0.1 J/cm2, which is consistent with recent work on low-fluence LII. Possible mechanisms for soot vaporization are discussed, notably for near-threshold fluences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Yoder
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6300, USA
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33
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Rosner DE. Flame Synthesis of Valuable Nanoparticles: Recent Progress/Current Needs in Areas of Rate Laws, Population Dynamics, and Characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0492092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Rosner
- High-Temperature Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratory and Center for Combustion Studies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286
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34
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Meyer TR, Roy S, Belovich VM, Corporan E, Gord JR. Simultaneous planar laser-induced incandescence, OH planar laser-induced fluorescence, and droplet Mie scattering in swirl-stabilized spray flames. APPLIED OPTICS 2005; 44:445-454. [PMID: 15717834 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous planar laser-induced incandescence, hydroxyl radical planar laser-induced fluorescence, and droplet Mie scattering are used to study the instantaneous flame structure and soot formation process in an atmospheric pressure, swirl-stabilized, liquid-fueled, model gas-turbine combustor. Optimal excitation and detection schemes to maximize single-shot signals and avoid interferences from soot-laden flame emission are discussed. The data indicate that rich pockets of premixed fuel and air along the interface between the spray flame and the recirculation zone serve as primary sites for soot inception. Intermittent large-scale structures and local equivalence ratio are also found to play an important role in soot formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence R Meyer
- Innovative Scientific Solutions, Incorporated, Dayton, Ohio 45440, USA.
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35
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Michelsen HA, Witze PO, Kayes D, Hochgreb S. Time-resolved laser-induced incandescence of soot: the influence of experimental factors and microphysical mechanisms. APPLIED OPTICS 2003; 42:5577-5590. [PMID: 14526849 DOI: 10.1364/ao.42.005577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a data set for testing models of time-resolved laser-induced incandescence of soot. Measurements were made in a laminar ethene diffusion flame over a wide range of laser fluences at 532 nm. The laser was seeded to provide a smooth temporal profile, and the beam was spatially filtered and imaged into the flame to provide a homogeneous spatial profile. The particle incandescence was imaged onto a fast photodiode. The measurements are compared with the standard Melton model [Appl. Opt. 23,2201 (1984)] and with a new model that incorporates physical mechanisms not included in the Melton model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Michelsen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, MS 9055, P.O. Box 969, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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