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Tian T, Scullion D, Hughes D, Li LH, Shih CJ, Coleman J, Chhowalla M, Santos EJG. Electronic Polarizability as the Fundamental Variable in the Dielectric Properties of Two-Dimensional Materials. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:841-851. [PMID: 31888332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric constant, which defines the polarization of the media, is a key quantity in condensed matter. It determines several electronic and optoelectronic properties important for a plethora of modern technologies from computer memory to field effect transistors and communication circuits. Moreover, the importance of the dielectric constant in describing electromagnetic interactions through screening plays a critical role in understanding fundamental molecular interactions. Here, we show that despite its fundamental transcendence, the dielectric constant does not define unequivocally the dielectric properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials due to the locality of their electrostatic screening. Instead, the electronic polarizability correctly captures the dielectric nature of a 2D material which is united to other physical quantities in an atomically thin layer. We reveal a long-sought universal formalism where electronic, geometrical, and dielectric properties are intrinsically correlated through the polarizability, opening the door to probe quantities yet not directly measurable including the real covalent thickness of a layer. We unify the concept of dielectric properties in any material dimension finding a global dielectric anisotropy index defining their controllability through dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Declan Scullion
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University , Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
| | - Dale Hughes
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University , Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Coleman
- School of Physics, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Manish Chhowalla
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FS , United Kingdom
| | - Elton J G Santos
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University , Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
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3
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Giannozzi P, Andreussi O, Brumme T, Bunau O, Buongiorno Nardelli M, Calandra M, Car R, Cavazzoni C, Ceresoli D, Cococcioni M, Colonna N, Carnimeo I, Dal Corso A, de Gironcoli S, Delugas P, DiStasio RA, Ferretti A, Floris A, Fratesi G, Fugallo G, Gebauer R, Gerstmann U, Giustino F, Gorni T, Jia J, Kawamura M, Ko HY, Kokalj A, Küçükbenli E, Lazzeri M, Marsili M, Marzari N, Mauri F, Nguyen NL, Nguyen HV, Otero-de-la-Roza A, Paulatto L, Poncé S, Rocca D, Sabatini R, Santra B, Schlipf M, Seitsonen AP, Smogunov A, Timrov I, Thonhauser T, Umari P, Vast N, Wu X, Baroni S. Advanced capabilities for materials modelling with Quantum ESPRESSO. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:465901. [PMID: 29064822 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8f79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1533] [Impact Index Per Article: 219.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantum EXPRESSO is an integrated suite of open-source computer codes for quantum simulations of materials using state-of-the-art electronic-structure techniques, based on density-functional theory, density-functional perturbation theory, and many-body perturbation theory, within the plane-wave pseudopotential and projector-augmented-wave approaches. Quantum EXPRESSO owes its popularity to the wide variety of properties and processes it allows to simulate, to its performance on an increasingly broad array of hardware architectures, and to a community of researchers that rely on its capabilities as a core open-source development platform to implement their ideas. In this paper we describe recent extensions and improvements, covering new methodologies and property calculators, improved parallelization, code modularization, and extended interoperability both within the distribution and with external software.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Giannozzi
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Physics, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - O Andreussi
- Institute of Computational Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS), and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Brumme
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - O Bunau
- IMPMC, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06, MNHN, IRD, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M Buongiorno Nardelli
- Department of Physics and Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States of America
| | - M Calandra
- IMPMC, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06, MNHN, IRD, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - R Car
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of America
| | - C Cavazzoni
- CINECA-Via Magnanelli 6/3, I-40033 Casalecchio di Reno, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Ceresoli
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM), National Research Council (CNR), I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M Cococcioni
- Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS), and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Colonna
- Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS), and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - I Carnimeo
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Physics, University of Udine, via delle Scienze 206, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - A Dal Corso
- SISSA-Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
- CNR-IOM DEMOCRITOS, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy
| | - S de Gironcoli
- SISSA-Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
- CNR-IOM DEMOCRITOS, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy
| | - P Delugas
- SISSA-Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - R A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
| | - A Ferretti
- CNR Istituto Nanoscienze, I-42125 Modena, Italy
| | - A Floris
- School of Mathematics and Physics, College of Science, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - G Fratesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - G Fugallo
- ETSF, Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés, Ecole Polytechnique, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - R Gebauer
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Strada Costiera 11, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - U Gerstmann
- Department Physik, Universität Paderborn, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - F Giustino
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - T Gorni
- IMPMC, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06, MNHN, IRD, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
- SISSA-Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - J Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States of America
| | - M Kawamura
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - H-Y Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of America
| | - A Kokalj
- Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - E Küçükbenli
- SISSA-Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - M Lazzeri
- IMPMC, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06, MNHN, IRD, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M Marsili
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - N Marzari
- Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS), and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Mauri
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy
| | - N L Nguyen
- Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS), and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H-V Nguyen
- Institute of Physics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 10 Dao Tan, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - A Otero-de-la-Roza
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - L Paulatto
- IMPMC, UMR CNRS 7590, Sorbonne Universités-UPMC University Paris 06, MNHN, IRD, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - S Poncé
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - D Rocca
- Université de Lorraine, CRM2, UMR 7036, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- CNRS, CRM2, UMR 7036, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - R Sabatini
- Orionis Biosciences, Newton, MA 02466, United States of America
| | - B Santra
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States of America
| | - M Schlipf
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - A P Seitsonen
- Institut für Chimie, Universität Zurich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - A Smogunov
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - I Timrov
- Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS), and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T Thonhauser
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, United States of America
| | - P Umari
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- CNR-IOM DEMOCRITOS, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy
| | - N Vast
- Laboratoire des Solides Irradiés, École Polytechnique, CEA-DRF-IRAMIS, CNRS UMR 7642, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - X Wu
- Department of Physics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122-1801, United States of America
| | - S Baroni
- SISSA-Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
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Rissner F, Egger DA, Natan A, Körzdörfer T, Kümmel S, Kronik L, Zojer E. Collectively induced quantum-confined Stark effect in monolayers of molecules consisting of polar repeating units. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:18634-45. [PMID: 21955058 PMCID: PMC3217729 DOI: 10.1021/ja203579c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure of terpyrimidinethiols is investigated by means of density-functional theory calculations for isolated molecules and monolayers. In the transition from molecule to self-assembled monolayer (SAM), we observe that the band gap is substantially reduced, frontier states increasingly localize on opposite sides of the SAM, and this polarization in several instances is in the direction opposite to the polarization of the overall charge density. This behavior can be analyzed by analogy to inorganic semiconductor quantum-wells, which, as the SAMs studied here, can be regarded as semiperiodic systems. There, similar observations are made under the influence of a, typically external, electric field and are known as the quantum-confined Stark effect. Without any external perturbation, in oligopyrimidine SAMs one encounters an energy gradient that is generated by the dipole moments of the pyrimidine repeat units. It is particularly strong, reaching values of about 1.6 eV/nm, which corresponds to a substantial electric field of 1.6 × 10(7) V/cm. Close-lying σ- and π-states turn out to be a particular complication for a reliable description of the present systems, as their order is influenced not only by the docking groups and bonding to the metal, but also by the chosen computational approach. In the latter context we demonstrate that deliberately picking a hybrid functional allows avoiding pitfalls due to the infamous self-interaction error. Our results show that when aiming to build a monolayer with a specific electronic structure one can not only resort to the traditional technique of modifying the molecular structure of the constituents, but also try to exploit collective electronic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Rissner
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David A. Egger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amir Natan
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovoth, Israel
| | - Thomas Körzdörfer
- Theoretical Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Kümmel
- Theoretical Physics IV, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovoth, Israel
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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11
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Giannozzi P, Baroni S, Bonini N, Calandra M, Car R, Cavazzoni C, Ceresoli D, Chiarotti GL, Cococcioni M, Dabo I, Dal Corso A, de Gironcoli S, Fabris S, Fratesi G, Gebauer R, Gerstmann U, Gougoussis C, Kokalj A, Lazzeri M, Martin-Samos L, Marzari N, Mauri F, Mazzarello R, Paolini S, Pasquarello A, Paulatto L, Sbraccia C, Scandolo S, Sclauzero G, Seitsonen AP, Smogunov A, Umari P, Wentzcovitch RM. QUANTUM ESPRESSO: a modular and open-source software project for quantum simulations of materials. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:395502. [PMID: 21832390 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/39/395502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5869] [Impact Index Per Article: 391.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
QUANTUM ESPRESSO is an integrated suite of computer codes for electronic-structure calculations and materials modeling, based on density-functional theory, plane waves, and pseudopotentials (norm-conserving, ultrasoft, and projector-augmented wave). The acronym ESPRESSO stands for opEn Source Package for Research in Electronic Structure, Simulation, and Optimization. It is freely available to researchers around the world under the terms of the GNU General Public License. QUANTUM ESPRESSO builds upon newly-restructured electronic-structure codes that have been developed and tested by some of the original authors of novel electronic-structure algorithms and applied in the last twenty years by some of the leading materials modeling groups worldwide. Innovation and efficiency are still its main focus, with special attention paid to massively parallel architectures, and a great effort being devoted to user friendliness. QUANTUM ESPRESSO is evolving towards a distribution of independent and interoperable codes in the spirit of an open-source project, where researchers active in the field of electronic-structure calculations are encouraged to participate in the project by contributing their own codes or by implementing their own ideas into existing codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Giannozzi
- CNR-INFM Democritos National Simulation Center, 34100 Trieste, Italy. Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy
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