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Liu Y, Hu H, Qi H, Lv M, Liu Z. The Synthesis, Structure, and Dielectric Properties of a One-Dimensional Hydrogen-Bonded DL-α-Phenylglycine Supramolecular Crown-Ether-Based Inclusion Compound. Molecules 2023; 28:7586. [PMID: 38005309 PMCID: PMC10673173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel hydrogen-bonded supramolecular crown-ether-based inclusion compound, [(DL-α-Phenylglycine)(18-crown-6)]+[(CoCl4)0.5]-(1), was obtained via evaporation in a methanolic solution at room temperature using DL-α-phenylglycine, 18-crown-6, cobalt chloride (CoCl2), and hydrochloric acid. Its structure, thermal properties, and electrical properties were characterized via elemental analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, variable-temperature infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and variable temperature-variable frequency dielectric constant testing. The compound was a monoclinic crystal system in the C2 space group at low temperature (100 K) and room temperature (293 K). Analysis of the single crystal structure showed that [(CoCl4)0.5]- presented an edge-sharing ditetrahedral structure in the disordered state, while the protonated DL-α-phenylglycine molecule in the disordered state and intramolecular hydroxyl group (-OH) underwent dynamic rocking, causing a significant stretching motion of the O-H···Cl-type one-dimensional hydrogen bond chain. This resulted in dielectric anomalies in the three axes of the crystal, thus showing significant dielectric anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (H.Q.); (M.L.)
- Xinjiang Sub-Center, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Urumqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry and Biomaterials, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Hongzhi Hu
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (H.Q.); (M.L.)
| | - Huanhuan Qi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (H.Q.); (M.L.)
| | - Meixia Lv
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (H.Q.); (M.L.)
| | - Zunqi Liu
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (H.Q.); (M.L.)
- Xinjiang Sub-Center, National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Urumqi 830052, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Chemistry and Biomaterials, Urumqi 830052, China
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Kim D, Kim K, Kim H, Choi M, Na JH. Design Optimization of Reconfigurable Liquid Crystal Patch Antenna. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:932. [PMID: 33669293 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In various fields such as the 5G antenna system and satellite communication system, there is a growing demand to develop a smart antenna with a frequency selective or beamforming function within a limited space. While antennas utilizing mechanical, electronic, and material characteristics are being studied, a method of having tunable frequency characteristics by applying a liquid crystal material with dielectric anisotropy to a planar patch antenna is proposed. In resonance mode, the design method for using only the minimum amount of expensive liquid crystals is systematically arranged while maximizing the amount of change in the operating frequency of the antenna by considering the electric field distribution on the surface of the patch antenna. Furthermore, to increase the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal, the liquid crystal must be aligned. Simultaneously, in cases where the cell gap of the liquid crystal exceeds 100 μm, the alignment force is weakened. While compensating for this shortcoming, securing the radiation characteristics of the antenna is proposed, and simulations are performed.
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Mitsuzuka M, Kinbara Y, Fukuhara M, Nakahara M, Nakano T, Takarada J, Wang Z, Mori Y, Kageoka M, Tawa T, Kawamura S, Tajitsu Y. Relationship between Photoelasticity of Polyurethane and Dielectric Anisotropy of Diisocyanate, and Application of High-Photoelasticity Polyurethane to Tactile Sensor for Robot Hands. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010143. [PMID: 33396439 PMCID: PMC7795569 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight types of polyurethane were synthesized using seven types of diisocyanate. It was found that the elasto-optical constant depends on the concentration of diisocyanate groups in a unit volume of a polymer and the magnitude of anisotropy of the dielectric constant of diisocyanate groups. It was also found that incident light scattered when bending stress was generated inside photoelastic polyurethanes. A high sensitive tactile sensor for robot hands was devised using one of the developed polyurethanes with high photoelasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Mitsuzuka
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yuho Kinbara
- Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Tokyo 105-7122, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Mizuki Fukuhara
- Department of Robotics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Maki Nakahara
- Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Tokyo 105-7122, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Tokyo 105-7122, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Jun Takarada
- Electrical Engineering Department, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan;
| | - Zhongkui Wang
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yoshiki Mori
- Department of Robotics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Masakazu Kageoka
- Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Tokyo 105-7122, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Tsutomu Tawa
- Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Tokyo 105-7122, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Sadao Kawamura
- Department of Robotics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (M.F.); (Y.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Yoshiro Tajitsu
- Electrical Engineering Department, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6368-1121
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Fang Z, Al-Maharik N, Kirsch P, Bremer M, Slawin AMZ, O'Hagan D. Synthesis of organic liquid crystals containing selectively fluorinated cyclopropanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:674-680. [PMID: 32362945 PMCID: PMC7176930 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of a series of organic liquid crystals (LCs) containing selectively fluorinated cyclopropanes at their termini. The syntheses used difluorocarbene additions to olefin precursors, an approach which proved straightforward such that these liquid crystal candidates could be efficiently prepared. Their physical and thermodynamic properties were evaluated and depending on individual structures, they either displayed positive or negative dielectric anisotropy. The study gives some guidance into effective structure–property relationships for the design of LCs containing selectively fluorinated cyclopropane motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeguo Fang
- School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Nawaf Al-Maharik
- School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, An Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Peer Kirsch
- Merck KGaA, Liquid Crystal R&D Chemistry, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthias Bremer
- Merck KGaA, Liquid Crystal R&D Chemistry, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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Tian T, Scullion D, Hughes D, Li LH, Shih CJ, Coleman J, Chhowalla M, Santos EJG. Electronic Polarizability as the Fundamental Variable in the Dielectric Properties of Two-Dimensional Materials. Nano Lett 2020; 20:841-851. [PMID: 31888332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric constant, which defines the polarization of the media, is a key quantity in condensed matter. It determines several electronic and optoelectronic properties important for a plethora of modern technologies from computer memory to field effect transistors and communication circuits. Moreover, the importance of the dielectric constant in describing electromagnetic interactions through screening plays a critical role in understanding fundamental molecular interactions. Here, we show that despite its fundamental transcendence, the dielectric constant does not define unequivocally the dielectric properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials due to the locality of their electrostatic screening. Instead, the electronic polarizability correctly captures the dielectric nature of a 2D material which is united to other physical quantities in an atomically thin layer. We reveal a long-sought universal formalism where electronic, geometrical, and dielectric properties are intrinsically correlated through the polarizability, opening the door to probe quantities yet not directly measurable including the real covalent thickness of a layer. We unify the concept of dielectric properties in any material dimension finding a global dielectric anisotropy index defining their controllability through dimensionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Declan Scullion
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University , Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
| | - Dale Hughes
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University , Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute for Frontier Materials , Deakin University , Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216 , Australia
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zürich , Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 , CH-8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Coleman
- School of Physics, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) and Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) , Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Manish Chhowalla
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FS , United Kingdom
| | - Elton J G Santos
- School of Mathematics and Physics , Queen's University , Belfast BT7 1NN , United Kingdom
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Liu Y, Zhu CL, Zheng XY, Qin LL, Yang SX, Liu ZQ. Phase transition and switchable dielectric behaviours in an organic-inorganic hybrid compound: (3-nitroanilinium) 2(18-crown-6) 2(H 2PO 4) 2(H 3PO 4) 3(H 2O). R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:180738. [PMID: 30473824 PMCID: PMC6227991 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An organic-inorganic hybrid compound with an extensive three-dimensional (3D) crystal structure, (3-nitroanilinium)2(18-crown-6)2(H2PO4)2(H3PO4)3(H2O) (1), was synthesized under slow evaporation conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicated that 1 underwent a reversible phase transition at ca 231 K with a hysteresis width of 10 K. Variable-temperature X-ray single-crystal diffraction revealed that the phase transition of 1 can be ascribed to coupling of pendulum-like motions of its nitro group with proton transfer in O-H···O hydrogen bonds of the 3D framework. The temperature dependence of its dielectric permittivity demonstrated a step-like change in the range of 150-280 K with remarkable dielectric anisotropy, making 1 a promising switchable dielectric material. Potential energy calculations further supported the possibility of dynamic motion of the cationic nitro group. Overall, our findings may inspire the development of other switchable dielectric phase transition materials by introducing inorganic anions into organic-inorganic hybrid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zun-qi Liu
- Author for correspondence: Zun-qi Liu e-mail:
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Nishikawa H, Shiroshita K, Higuchi H, Okumura Y, Haseba Y, Yamamoto SI, Sago K, Kikuchi H. A Fluid Liquid-Crystal Material with Highly Polar Order. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1702354. [PMID: 29023971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An anomalously large dielectric permittivity of ≈104 is found in the mesophase temperature range (MP phase) wherein high fluidity is observed for a liquid-crystal compound having a 1,3-dioxane unit in the mesogenic core (DIO). In this temperature range, no sharp X-ray diffraction peak is observed at both small and wide Bragg angles, similar to that for a nematic phase; however, an inhomogeneous sandy texture or broken Schlieren one is observed via polarizing optical microscopy, unlike that for a conventional nematic phase. DIO exhibits polarization switching with a large polarization value, i.e., P = 4.4 µC cm-2 , and a parallelogram-shaped polarization-electric field hysteresis loop in the MP phase. The inhomogeneously aligned DIO in the absence of an electric field adopts a uniform orientation along an applied electric field when field-induced polarization switching occurs. Furthermore, sufficiently larger second-harmonic generation is observed for DIO in the MP phase. Second-harmonic-generation interferometry clearly shows that the sense of polarization is inverted when the +/- sign of the applied electric field in MP is reversed. These results suggest that a unidirectional, ferroelectric-like parallel polar arrangement of the molecules is generated along the director in the MP phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Nishikawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shiroshita
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroki Higuchi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okumura
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Haseba
- JNC Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1, Goikaigan, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-8551, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yamamoto
- JNC Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1, Goikaigan, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-8551, Japan
| | - Koki Sago
- JNC Petrochemical Corporation, 5-1, Goikaigan, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-8551, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kikuchi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
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Kumagai T, Yoshida H, Ozaki M. Dielectric Properties of Dual-Frequency Reactive Mesogens before and after Photopolymerization. Materials (Basel) 2014; 7:1113-21. [PMID: 28788503 DOI: 10.3390/ma7021113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dielectric properties of reactive mesogens before and after photopolymerization were investigated. Commercially available nematic reactive mesogens (RMS03-013C, Merck) were measured and found to be dual-frequency liquid crystals. The property arose from the δ-relaxation process that was caused by rotational fluctuations parallel to the molecule’s long axis. After polymerization, the polymerized reactive mesogens still exhibited this dual-frequency property. The result was attributed to the β-relaxation process which arose from rotational fluctuations of localized parts of the main chain. The sign change of the dielectric anisotropy with increasing frequency after polymerization was opposite to the sign change before polymerization.
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