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Abstract
Excess protons play a key role in the chemical reactions of ice because of their exceptional mobility, even when the diffusion of atoms and molecules is suppressed in ice at low temperatures. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the properties of excess protons in ice, with a focus on the involvement of protons in chemical reactions. The mechanism of efficient proton transport in ice, which involves a proton-hopping relay along the hydrogen-bond ice network and the reorientation of water, is discussed and compared with the inefficient transport of hydroxide in ice. Distinctly different properties of protons residing in the ice interior and on the ice surface are emphasized. Recent observations of the spontaneous occurrence of reactions in ice at low temperatures, which include the dissociation of protic acids and the hydrolysis of acidic oxides, are discussed with regard to the kinetic and thermodynamic effects of mobile protons on the promotion of unique chemical processes of ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hyeong Lee
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Heon Kang
- Department of Chemistry and The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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2
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Park Y, Shin S, Kang H. Entropy-Driven Spontaneous Reaction in Cryogenic Ice: Dissociation of Fluoroacetic Acids. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4282-4286. [PMID: 30001139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions are extremely difficult to occur in ice at low temperature, where atoms and molecules are frozen in position with minimal thermal energy and entropy. Contrary to this general behavior, certain weak acids including fluoroacetic acids dissociate spontaneously and more efficiently in cryogenic ice than in aqueous solution at room temperaure. The enhanced reactivity of weak acids is an unexpected consequence of proton-transfer equilibrium in ice. The configurational entropy of protons in ice shifts the acid dissociation equilibrium forward. This configurational entropy, although a solid-state property, is comparatively large in magnitude with the entropy of vaporization and can effectively drive proton-transfer reactions in ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwook Park
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Shin
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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Romanias MN, Zogka AG, Stefanopoulos VG, Papadimitriou VC, Papagiannakopoulos P. Uptake of Formic Acid on Thin Ice Films and on Ice Doped with Nitric Acid between 195 and 211 K. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:4042-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N. Romanias
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete (Greece), Fax: (+30) 2810‐545‐001
| | - Antonia G. Zogka
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete (Greece), Fax: (+30) 2810‐545‐001
| | - Vassileios G. Stefanopoulos
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete (Greece), Fax: (+30) 2810‐545‐001
| | - Vassileios C. Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete (Greece), Fax: (+30) 2810‐545‐001
| | - Panos Papagiannakopoulos
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete (Greece), Fax: (+30) 2810‐545‐001
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Darvas M, Picaud S, Jedlovszky P. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Adsorption of Oxalic Acid on an Ice Surface. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:3971-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Darvas
- Institut UTINAM—UMR 6213, CNRS/Université de Franche‐Comté, 16 route de Gray, F‐25030 Besancon Cedex, France, Fax: (+33) 3‐81‐66‐64‐75
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanosize Systems, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/a, H‐1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sylvain Picaud
- Institut UTINAM—UMR 6213, CNRS/Université de Franche‐Comté, 16 route de Gray, F‐25030 Besancon Cedex, France, Fax: (+33) 3‐81‐66‐64‐75
| | - Pal Jedlovszky
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Nanosize Systems, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE University, Pázmány Péter stny. 1/a, H‐1117 Budapest, Hungary
- HAS Research Group of Technical Analytical Chemistry, Szt. Gellert ter 4, H‐1111 Budapest, Hungary
- EKF Department of Chemistry, Leányka u. 6, H‐3300 Eger, Hungary
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Park SC, Moon ES, Kang H. Some fundamental properties and reactions of ice surfaces at low temperatures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12000-11. [PMID: 20683515 DOI: 10.1039/c003592k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ice surfaces offer a unique chemical environment in which reactions occur quite differently from those in liquid water or gas phases. In this article, we examine the basic properties of ice surfaces below the surface premelting temperature and discuss some of the recent investigations carried out on reactions at the ice surfaces. The static and dynamic properties of an ice surface as a reaction medium, such as its structure, molecule diffusion and proton transfer dynamics, and the surface preference of hydronium and hydroxide ions, are discussed in relation to the reactivity of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Chan Park
- Analytical Research Group, Central R&D Institute, Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Suwon, South Korea 443-743
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Bahr S, Kempter V. Interaction of acetonitrile with thin films of solid water. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:214509. [PMID: 19508078 DOI: 10.1063/1.3139967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin films of water were prepared on Ag at 124 K. Their properties were studied with metastable impact electron spectroscopy, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption. The interaction of acetonitrile (ACN) with these films was studied with the abovementioned techniques. From the absence of any infrared activity in the initial adsorption stage, it is concluded that ACN adsorbs linearly and that the C identical withN axis is aligned parallel to the water surface (as also found on neat Ag). Initially, the interaction with water surface species involves their dangling OD groups. During the completion of the first adlayer the ACN-ACN lateral interaction becomes of importance as well, and the ACN molecules become tilted with respect to the water surface. ACN shows propensity to stay at the surface after surface adsorption even during annealing up to the onset of desorption. The present results for the ACN-water interaction are compared with available classical molecular dynamics calculations providing the orientation profile for ACN on water as well as the ACN bonding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bahr
- Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Technische Universität Clausthal, Leibnizstr. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Argirusis C, Voigts F, Datta P, Grosse-Brauckmann J, Maus-Friedrichs W. Oxygen incorporation into strontium titanate single crystals from CO2 dissociation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:3152-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b901401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Yan H, Chu LT. Interactions of oxalic acid and ice on Cu surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9410-9420. [PMID: 18671415 DOI: 10.1021/la8008706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between oxalic acid (C 2H 2O 4) and H 2O on a polycrystalline Cu surface have been investigated by reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) methods. The desorption of H 2O and C 2H 2O 4 was studied; we found that the ice desorption temperature increases with the ice-film thickness. Desorption of the C 2H 2O 4 layer involves a structural modification and sublimation. The H 2O/C 2H 2O 4 and C 2H 2O 4/H 2O interfaces and the codeposited C 2H 2O 4+H 2O were prepared on the Cu surface by varying deposition sequences of gaseous C 2H 2O 4 and H 2O at 155 K. We found that the interaction between ice and C 2H 2O 4 does not lead to the H 2O-induced deprotonation of C 2H 2O 4 in a temperature range 155-283 K. However, H-bonding interactions between H 2O and C 2H 2O 4 can lead to the formation of a metastable oxalic acid-ice complex in the C 2H 2O 4/H 2O and C 2H 2O 4+H 2O systems during the TPD process. Desorption of H 2O from the C 2H 2O 4/H 2O/Cu system is suggested to involve the diffusion of H 2O through the top C 2H 2O 4 layer. H 2O desorption is followed by a rearrangement of C 2H 2O 4 to form a C 2H 2O 4 adlayer on Cu in the C 2H 2O 4+H 2O system. These experimental findings suggest that C 2H 2O 4 is not ionized on snow and ice in the polar boundary layer and at upper tropospheric temperatures ( approximately 240 K).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Health Department, Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA
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Bahr S, Toubin C, Kempter V. Interaction of methanol with amorphous solid water. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:134712. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2901970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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von Hessberg P, Pouvesle N, Winkler AK, Schuster G, Crowley JN. Interaction of formic and acetic acid with ice surfaces between 187 and 227 K. Investigation of single species- and competitive adsorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:2345-55. [DOI: 10.1039/b800831k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bahr S, Kempter V. Comparative study of the interaction of pyridine with polycrystalline Ag and amorphous solid water. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:174514. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2784119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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12
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Bahr S, Kempter V. Interaction of benzene with amorphous solid water adsorbed on polycrystalline Ag. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:074707. [PMID: 17718627 DOI: 10.1063/1.2759914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of benzene with polycrystalline Ag and amorphous solid water (D(2)O) deposited thereupon at 124 K was investigated. Metastable impact electron spectroscopy, Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption were utilized to obtain information on the electronic structure and the relative contribution to the bonding properties of the aromatic molecules among themselves and with D(2)O. On Ag, the benzene molecular plane is oriented parallel to the surface in the first layer. The second layer is tilted with respect to the first one. A total work function decrease of 0.8 eV takes place during the buildup of the first two layers. On amorphous solid water, the orientational distribution of the benzene molecular planes is initially peaked at an angle parallel to the water surface. During the completion of the first adlayer a coverage-induced reorientation takes place, inducing a tilt of the benzene molecules of the first adlayer. Still larger benzene exposures appear to lead to the formation of three-dimensional benzene clusters. Films produced by codepositing benzene and D(2)O or by postdepositing D(2)O layers on benzene films display "volcano like" benzene desorption during ice crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bahr
- Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Technische Universität Clausthal, Leibnizstrasse 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Hellebust S, O'Riordan B, Sodeau J. Cirrus cloud mimics in the laboratory: An infrared spectroscopy study of thin films of mixed ice of water with organic acids and ammonia. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:084702. [PMID: 17343464 DOI: 10.1063/1.2464082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The structures of formic and acetic acids deposited on a thin gold substrate held in vacuum at low temperatures and their related water-ice promoted chemistry have been investigated. The condensed water/guest films were taken to act as cirrus cloud "mimics." Such laboratory representations provide a necessary prelude to understanding how low temperature surfaces can affect chemical composition changes in the upper atmosphere. The systems were characterized by reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption spectrometry. The interaction behavior of the binary acid ices was compared to that observed when ternary mixtures of water, formic acid, and ammonia were deposited. Differences in the chemistry were observed depending on deposition method: layering or mixing. The more atmospherically relevant codeposition approach showed that at low temperatures, amorphous formic acid can be ionized to its monodentate form by water ice within the bulk rather than on the surface. In contrast, the introduction of ammonia leads to full bidentate ionization on the ice surface. The thermal desorption profiles of codeposited films of water, ammonia, and formic acid indicate that desorption occurs in three stages. The first is a slow release of ammonia between 120 and 160 K, then the main water desorption event occurs with a maximum rate close to 180 K, followed by a final release of ammonia and formic acid at about 230 K originating from nonhydrous ammonium formate on the surface. The behavior of acetic acid is similar to formic acid but shows lesser propensity to ionize in bulk water ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Hellebust
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Höfft O, Kahnert U, Bahr S, Kempter V. Interaction of NaI with Solid Water and Methanol. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:17115-20. [PMID: 16928006 DOI: 10.1021/jp0626014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of NaI with amorphous solid water (ASW) and methanol (MeOH) has been investigated with metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES), UPS(HeI), and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). We have studied the electron emission from the ionization of the highest-lying states of H(2)O, CH(3)OH, and of 5pI. We have prepared NaI layers on ASW (MeOH) films at about 105 K and annealed them up to about 200 K. Surface segregation of iodide is observed in ASW, as predicted for NaI aqueous solutions. On the other hand, surface segregation is not observed in MeOH, again as predicted for the interaction of NaI with liquid methanol. Electronic properties (ionization potentials, optical band gaps) and water binding energies are reported and are analyzed on the basis of available DFT results for hydrated NaI clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Höfft
- Technische Universität Clausthal, Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Leibnizstr. 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Bahr S, Borodin A, Höfft O, Kempter V, Allouche A, Borget F, Chiavassa T. Interaction of Acetic Acid with Solid Water. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:8649-56. [PMID: 16640419 DOI: 10.1021/jp055980u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of acetic acid (AA, CH(3)COOH), with solid water, deposited on metals, tungsten and gold, at 80 K, was investigated. We have prepared acid/water interfaces at 80 K, namely, acid layers on thin films of solid water and H(2)O adlayers on thin acid films; they were annealed between 80 and 200 K. Metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy UPS(HeII) were utilized to obtain information on the electronic structure of the outermost surface from the study of the electron emission from the weakest bound MOs of the acids, and of the molecular water. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) provided information on the desorption kinetics, and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided information on the identification of the adsorbed species as well as on the water and acid crystallization. The results are compatible with the finding of ref 1 (preceding paper), made on the basis of DFT calculations, that AA adsorbs on ice as cyclic dimers. Above 120 K, a rearrangement of the AA dimers is suggested by a sharpening of the spectral features in the IR spectra and by spectral changes in MIES and UPS; this is attributed to the glass transition in AA around 130 K. Above 150 K the spectra transform into those characteristic for polycrystalline polymer chains. This structure is stable up to about 180 K; desorption of water takes place from underneath the AA film, and practically all water has desorbed through the AA film before AA desorption starts. There is no indication of water-induced deprotonation of the acid molecules. For the interaction of H(2)O molecules adsorbed on amorphous AA films, the comparison of MIES with the DFT results of ref 1 shows that the initial phase of exposure does not lead to the formation of a top-adsorbed closed water film at 80 K. Rather, the H(2)O molecules become attached to or incorporated into the preexisting AA network by H bonding; no water network is formed in the initial stage of the water adsorption. Also under these conditions no deprotonation of the acid can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bahr
- Institut für Physik und Physikalische Technologien, Technische Universität Clausthal, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Abstract
The adsorption of acetic acid on a proton-ordered water ice surface is modeled using periodic plane-waves density-functional theory. The structures of acetic acid adsorbed as a monomer or oligomers, hydrated or not, are calculated through gradient optimization. The resulting quantum electronic density of states are compared to metastable impact electron spectroscopy (MIES) results and lead to selection of the most plausible structures of acetic acid on water ice. Hypotheses are formulated for the structure of the acid film growing on the ice surface including mainly cyclic dimers and hydrated forms. Adsorptions of single water molecules on acetic acid crystal surfaces are also studied after optimization of the acetic acid crystal bulk and surface structure. More comparisons with spectroscopic studies are proposed in the accompanying paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Allouche
- Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, Université de Provence and CNRS, Unité Mixte de Recherche N 6633, Campus de Saint Jérôme Service 242, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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Allouche A. Quantum studies of hydrogen bonding in formic acid and water ice surface. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:234703. [PMID: 16008469 DOI: 10.1063/1.1929733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure and spectroscopy (electronic and vibrational) of formic acid (HCOOH) dimers and trimers are investigated by means of the hybrid (B3LYP) density-functional theory. Adsorption of single and dimer HCOOH on amorphous water ice surface is modeled using two different water clusters. Particular attention has been given to spectroscopic consequences. Several hypotheses on formic acid film growing on ice and incorporation of a single water molecule in the formic acid film are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Allouche
- Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires, Université de Provence and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche N 6633, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France.
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