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Assomo JGGN, Ebrahimi S, Jay-Gerin JP, Soldera A. Supercritical Water: A Simulation Study to Unravel the Heterogeneity of Its Molecular Structures. Molecules 2024; 29:2947. [PMID: 38931011 PMCID: PMC11206336 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In the quest to accurately model the radiolysis of water in its supercritical state, a detailed understanding of water's molecular structure, particularly how water molecules are arranged in this unique state, is essential. (2) Methods: We conducted molecular dynamics simulations using the SPC/E water model to investigate the molecular structures of supercritical water (SCW) over a wide temperature range, extending up to 800 °C. (3) Results: Our results show that at a constant pressure of 25 MPa, the average intermolecular distance around a reference water molecule remains remarkably stable at ~2.9 Å. This uniformity persists across a substantial temperature range, demonstrating the unique heterogeneous nature of SCW under these extreme conditions. Notably, the simulations also reveal intricate patterns within SCW, indicating the simultaneous presence of regions with high and low density. As temperatures increase, we observe a rise in the formation of molecular clusters, which are accompanied by a reduction in their average size. (4) Conclusions: These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating the molecular complexity of SCW into traditional track-structure chemistry models to improve predictions of SCW behavior under ionizing radiation. The study establishes a foundational reference for further exploration of the properties of supercritical water, particularly for its application in advanced nuclear technologies, including the next generation of water-cooled reactors and their small modular reactor variants that utilize SCW as a coolant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Guy Gérard Ndongo Assomo
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Maroua, Maroua BP 814, Cameroon;
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Matter (LPCM), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Sadollah Ebrahimi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Matter (LPCM), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Jean-Paul Jay-Gerin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
| | - Armand Soldera
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Matter (LPCM), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boulevard de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
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2
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Yu S, He J, Zhang Z, Sun Z, Xie M, Xu Y, Bie X, Li Q, Zhang Y, Sevilla M, Titirici MM, Zhou H. Towards Negative Emissions: Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass for Sustainable Carbon Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307412. [PMID: 38251820 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The contemporary production of carbon materials heavily relies on fossil fuels, contributing significantly to the greenhouse effect. Biomass is a carbon-neutral resource whose organic carbon is formed from atmospheric CO2. Employing biomass as a precursor for synthetic carbon materials can fix atmospheric CO2 into solid materials, achieving negative carbon emissions. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) presents an attractive method for converting biomass into carbon materials, by which biomass can be transformed into materials with favorable properties in a distinct hydrothermal environment, and these carbon materials have made extensive progress in many fields. However, the HTC of biomass is a complex and interdisciplinary problem, involving simultaneously the physical properties of the underlying biomass and sub/supercritical water, the chemical mechanisms of hydrothermal synthesis, diverse applications of resulting carbon materials, and the sustainability of the entire technological routes. This review starts with the analysis of biomass composition and distinctive characteristics of the hydrothermal environment. Then, the factors influencing the HTC of biomass, the reaction mechanism, and the properties of resulting carbon materials are discussed in depth, especially the different formation mechanisms of primary and secondary hydrochars. Furthermore, the application and sustainability of biomass-derived carbon materials are summarized, and some insights into future directions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Jiangkai He
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Zhien Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zhuohua Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Mengyin Xie
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yongqing Xu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Bie
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Qinghai Li
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Yanguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - Marta Sevilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología del Carbono (INCAR), CSIC, Francisco Pintado Fe 26, Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | | | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
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3
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Georgiou R, Sahle CJ, Sokaras D, Bernard S, Bergmann U, Rueff JP, Bertrand L. X-ray Raman Scattering: A Hard X-ray Probe of Complex Organic Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12977-13005. [PMID: 35737888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the characterization of organic systems via X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) and a step-by-step guidance for its application. We present the fundamentals of XRS required to use the technique and discuss the main parameters of the experimental set-ups to optimize spectral and spatial resolution while maximizing signal-to-background ratio. We review applications that target the analysis of mixtures of organic compounds, the identification of minor spectral features, and the spatial discrimination in heterogeneous systems. We discuss the recent development of the direct tomography technique, which utilizes the XRS process as a contrast mechanism for assessing the three-dimensional spatially resolved carbon chemistry of complex organic materials. We conclude by exposing the current limitations and provide an outlook on how to overcome some of the existing challenges and advance future developments and applications of this powerful technique for complex organic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella Georgiou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, MNHN, IPANEMA, F-91192 Saint-Aubin, France.,Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Sylvain Bernard
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7590, Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jean-Pascal Rueff
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP 48, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Loïc Bertrand
- Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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4
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Andreani C, Romanelli G, Parmentier A, Senesi R, Kolesnikov AI, Ko HY, Calegari Andrade MF, Car R. Hydrogen Dynamics in Supercritical Water Probed by Neutron Scattering and Computer Simulations. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:9461-9467. [PMID: 33108193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an investigation of supercritical water is presented combining inelastic and deep inelastic neutron scattering experiments and molecular dynamics simulations based on a machine-learned potential of ab initio quality. The local hydrogen dynamics is investigated at 250 bar and in the temperature range of 553-823 K, covering the evolution from subcritical liquid to supercritical gas-like water. The evolution of libration, bending, and stretching motions in the vibrational density of states is studied, analyzing the spectral features by a mode decomposition. Moreover, the hydrogen nuclear momentum distribution is measured, and its anisotropy is probed experimentally. It is shown that hydrogen bonds survive up to the higher temperatures investigated, and we discuss our results in the framework of the coupling between intramolecular modes and intermolecular librations. Results show that the local potential affecting hydrogen becomes less anisotropic within the molecular plane in the supercritical phase, and we attribute this result to the presence of more distorted hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Andreani
- Dipartimento di Fisica and NAST Centre, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici del CNR di Messina, Viale F. Stagno dAlcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romanelli
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roberto Senesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica and NAST Centre, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici del CNR di Messina, Viale F. Stagno dAlcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Alexander I Kolesnikov
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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6
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Arnold C, Inhester L, Carbajo S, Welsch R, Santra R. Simulated XUV photoelectron spectra of THz-pumped liquid water. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:044505. [PMID: 30709301 DOI: 10.1063/1.5054272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly intense, sub-picosecond terahertz (THz) pulses can be used to induce ultrafast temperature jumps (T-jumps) in liquid water. A supercritical state of gas-like water with liquid density is established, and the accompanying structural changes are expected to give rise to time-dependent chemical shifts. We investigate the possibility of using extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy as a probe for ultrafast dynamics induced by sub-picosecond THz pulses of varying intensities and frequencies. To this end, we use ab initio methods to calculate photoionization cross sections and photoelectron energies of (H2O)20 clusters embedded in an aqueous environment represented by point charges. The cluster geometries are sampled from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations modeling the THz-water interactions. We find that the peaks in the valence photoelectron spectrum are shifted by up to 0.4 eV after the pump pulse and that they are broadened with respect to unheated water. The shifts can be connected to structural changes caused by the heating, but due to saturation effects they are not sensitive enough to serve as a thermometer for T-jumped water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arnold
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Inhester
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sergio Carbajo
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ralph Welsch
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Santra
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Raman AS, Li H, Chiew YC. Widom line, dynamical crossover, and percolation transition of supercritical oxygen via molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:014502. [PMID: 29306275 DOI: 10.1063/1.5002699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical oxygen, a cryogenic fluid, is widely used as an oxidizer in jet propulsion systems and is therefore of paramount importance in gaining physical insights into processes such as transcritical and supercritical vaporization. It is well established in the scientific literature that the supercritical state is not homogeneous but, in fact, can be demarcated into regions with liquid-like and vapor-like properties, separated by the "Widom line." In this study, we identified the Widom line for oxygen, constituted by the loci of the extrema of thermodynamic response functions (heat capacity, volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, and isothermal compressibility) in the supercritical region, via atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. We found that the Widom lines derived from these response functions all coincide near the critical point until about 25 bars and 15-20 K, beyond which the isothermal compressibility line begins to deviate. We also obtained the crossover from liquid-like to vapor-like behavior of the translational diffusion coefficient, shear viscosity, and rotational relaxation time of supercritical oxygen. While the crossover of the translational diffusion coefficient and shear viscosity coincided with the Widom lines, the rotational relaxation time showed a crossover that was largely independent of the Widom line. Further, we characterized the clustering behavior and percolation transition of supercritical oxygen molecules, identified the percolation threshold based on the fractal dimension of the largest cluster and the probability of finding a cluster that spans the system in all three dimensions, and found that the locus of the percolation threshold also coincided with the isothermal compressibility Widom line. It is therefore clear that supercritical oxygen is far more complex than originally perceived and that the Widom line, dynamical crossovers, and percolation transitions serve as useful routes to better our understanding of the supercritical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav S Raman
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Huiyong Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Y C Chiew
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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8
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Skarmoutsos I, Guardia E, Samios J. Local structural fluctuations, hydrogen bonding and structural transitions in supercritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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The local structure of sub- and supercritical water as studied by FTIR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Ono T, Watanabe M, Sato Y, Inomata H, Nakahara K, Itou M, Sakurai Y. A flow cell for measuring X-ray Compton scattering of liquid at temperatures up to 623 K and pressures up to 20 MPa. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:083106. [PMID: 27587099 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A flow-type cell was developed for measuring Compton scattering spectra of heat-sensitive aqueous solution. Compton scattering spectra of water and ethanol were measured in the region from ambient conditions to 623 K and 20 MPa. Compton profiles derived from measurement with the flow-type cell were comparable with those in the literature. Results obtained from the flow-type cell showed that delocalization of electronic charge density of water and ethanol at high temperatures occurred. Delocalization of the electronic charge density of ethanol was greater than that of water at high temperature, which is consistent with the prior works that use proton NMR chemical shifts to describe hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Ono
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-403, Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masaru Watanabe
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-403, Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sato
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-403, Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inomata
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11-403, Aoba, Aramaki, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakahara
- Suntory Global Innovation Center Limited Research Institute, Suntory World Research Center, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-Cho, Soraku-Gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Itou
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-Cho, Sayo-Gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakurai
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-Cho, Sayo-Gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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11
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Fransson T, Harada Y, Kosugi N, Besley NA, Winter B, Rehr JJ, Pettersson LGM, Nilsson A. X-ray and Electron Spectroscopy of Water. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7551-69. [PMID: 27244473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Here we present an overview of recent developments of X-ray and electron spectroscopy to probe water at different temperatures. Photon-induced ionization followed by detection of electrons from either the O 1s level or the valence band is the basis of photoelectron spectroscopy. Excitation between the O 1s and the unoccupied states or occupied states is utilized in X-ray absorption and X-ray emission spectroscopies. These techniques probe the electronic structure of the liquid phase and show sensitivity to the local hydrogen-bonding structure. Both experimental aspects related to the measurements and theoretical simulations to assist in the interpretation are discussed in detail. Different model systems are presented such as the different bulk phases of ice and various adsorbed monolayer structures on metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fransson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University , S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kosugi
- Institute for Molecular Science , Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Besley
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Winter
- Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz Center Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - John J Rehr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lars G M Pettersson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Metatla N, Lafond F, Jay-Gerin JP, Soldera A. Heterogeneous character of supercritical water at 400 °C and different densities unveiled by simulation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the molecular microstructures and the “clustering” behavior of supercritical water at 400 °C and different densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Metatla
- Centre Québécois sur les Matériaux Fonctionnels
- Département de Chimie
- Faculté des Sciences
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
| | - Fabien Lafond
- Centre Québécois sur les Matériaux Fonctionnels
- Département de Chimie
- Faculté des Sciences
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
| | - Jean-Paul Jay-Gerin
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
- Canada
| | - Armand Soldera
- Centre Québécois sur les Matériaux Fonctionnels
- Département de Chimie
- Faculté des Sciences
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
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13
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Fransson T, Zhovtobriukh I, Coriani S, Wikfeldt KT, Norman P, Pettersson LGM. Requirements of first-principles calculations of X-ray absorption spectra of liquid water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 18:566-83. [PMID: 26619162 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03919c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A computational benchmark study on X-ray absorption spectra of water has been performed by means of transition-potential density functional theory (TP-DFT), damped time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), and damped coupled cluster (CC) linear response theory. For liquid water, using TDDFT with a tailored CAM-B3LYP functional and a polarizable embedding, we find that an embedding with over 2000 water molecules is required to fully converge spectral features for individual molecules, but a substantially smaller embedding can be used within averaging schemes. TP-DFT and TDDFT calculations on 100 MD structures demonstrate that TDDFT produces a spectrum with spectral features in good agreement with experiment, while it is more difficult to fully resolve the spectral features in the TP-DFT spectrum. Similar trends were also observed for calculations of bulk ice. In order to further establish the performance of these methods, small water clusters have been considered also at the CC2 and CCSD levels of theory. Issues regarding the basis set requirements for spectrum simulations of liquid water and the determination of gas-phase ionization potentials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fransson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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14
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Sokhan VP, Jones A, Cipcigan FS, Crain J, Martyna GJ. Molecular-scale remnants of the liquid-gas transition in supercritical polar fluids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:117801. [PMID: 26406855 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.117801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An electronically coarse-grained model for water reveals a persistent vestige of the liquid-gas transition deep into the supercritical region. A crossover in the density dependence of the molecular dipole arises from the onset of nonpercolating hydrogen bonds. The crossover points coincide with the Widom line in the scaling region but extend farther, tracking the heat capacity maxima, offering evidence for liquidlike and gaslike state points in a "one-phase" fluid. The effect is present even in dipole-limit models, suggesting that it is common for all molecular liquids exhibiting dipole enhancement in the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Sokhan
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - A Jones
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - F S Cipcigan
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - J Crain
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - G J Martyna
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA
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15
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Mishra PK, Vendrell O, Santra R. Ultrafast Energy Transfer from Solvent to Solute Induced by Subpicosecond Highly Intense THz Pulses. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:8080-6. [PMID: 26000640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast energy transfer from an intense, subpicosecond THz pulse to bulk water at 300 K and density 1 g/cm(3) is simulated by ab initio molecular dynamics with explicit inclusion of the laser pulse. A 200 fs subcycle pulse of intensity 5 × 10(12) W/cm(2) corresponding to a peak field amplitude of 0.6 V/Å and achievable nowadays using optical rectification techniques results in a temperature jump from 300 K up to ∼1000 K within the first picosecond after the pulse. We discuss in detail the time-dependent structural changes caused by the THz pulse in the water medium and suggest possible ways to measure those changes by pump-probe experimental techniques. The ultrafast energy transfer from the energized water molecules to a solute molecule is studied on a test system, phenol. We find that phenol is, in the gas phase, insensitive to the THz pulse and only gains energy in solution via collisional energy transfer with the water molecules in its environment. The reason for this is found in the mode of interaction of the THz pulse with the aqueous medium. In short, water molecules respond mainly through their permanent dipole moments trying to orient themselves in the strong electric field of the pulse and disrupting their hydrogen-bonding structure. As compared with the water molecule, phenol has a smaller but still substantial permanent dipole moment. The moments of inertia of phenol are, however, too large for it to rotate in the short duration of the THz pulse. Therefore, the direct heating-up mechanism is mostly selective to the solvent molecules, whereas the solute heats up indirectly via collisions with its hot environment in about 1 to 2 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kr Mishra
- †Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,‡Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstr. 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany.,§Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oriol Vendrell
- †Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,§Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robin Santra
- †Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,‡Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Jungiusstr. 9, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Sellberg JA, Kaya S, Segtnan VH, Chen C, Tyliszczak T, Ogasawara H, Nordlund D, Pettersson LGM, Nilsson A. Comparison of x-ray absorption spectra between water and ice: new ice data with low pre-edge absorption cross-section. J Chem Phys 2015; 141:034507. [PMID: 25053326 DOI: 10.1063/1.4890035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of crystal growth conditions on the O K-edge x-ray absorption spectra of ice is investigated through detailed analysis of the spectral features. The amount of ice defects is found to be minimized on hydrophobic surfaces, such as BaF2(111), with low concentration of nucleation centers. This is manifested through a reduction of the absorption cross-section at 535 eV, which is associated with distorted hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, a connection is made between the observed increase in spectral intensity between 544 and 548 eV and high-symmetry points in the electronic band structure, suggesting a more extended hydrogen-bond network as compared to ices prepared differently. The spectral differences for various ice preparations are compared to the temperature dependence of spectra of liquid water upon supercooling. A double-peak feature in the absorption cross-section between 540 and 543 eV is identified as a characteristic of the crystalline phase. The connection to the interpretation of the liquid phase O K-edge x-ray absorption spectrum is extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas A Sellberg
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarp Kaya
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Vegard H Segtnan
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hirohito Ogasawara
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, USA
| | - Lars G M Pettersson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Louvel M, Bordage A, Da Silva-Cadoux C, Testemale D, Lahera E, Del Net W, Geaymond O, Dubessy J, Argoud R, Hazemann JL. A high-pressure high-temperature setup for in situ Raman spectroscopy of supercritical fluids. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Zhao L, Ma K, Yang Z. Changes of water hydrogen bond network with different externalities. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8454-89. [PMID: 25884333 PMCID: PMC4425091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is crucial to uncover the mystery of water cluster and structural motif to have an insight into the abundant anomalies bound to water. In this context, the analysis of influence factors is an alternative way to shed light on the nature of water clusters. Water structure has been tentatively explained within different frameworks of structural models. Based on comprehensive analysis and summary of the studies on the response of water to four externalities (i.e., temperature, pressure, solutes and external fields), the changing trends of water structure and a deduced intrinsic structural motif are put forward in this work. The variations in physicochemical and biological effects of water induced by each externality are also discussed to emphasize the role of water in our daily life. On this basis, the underlying problems that need to be further studied are formulated by pointing out the limitations attached to current study techniques and to outline prominent studies that have come up recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Kai Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zi Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
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19
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20
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Gallo P, Corradini D, Rovere M. Widom line and dynamical crossovers as routes to understand supercritical water. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5806. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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21
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Meibohm J, Schreck S, Wernet P. Temperature dependent soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy of liquids. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:103102. [PMID: 25362366 DOI: 10.1063/1.4896977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel sample holder is introduced which allows for temperature dependent soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy of liquids in transmission mode. The setup is based on sample cells with x-ray transmissive silicon nitride windows. A cooling circuit allows for temperature regulation of the sample liquid between -10 °C and +50 °C. The setup enables to record soft x-ray absorption spectra of liquids in transmission mode with a temperature resolution of 0.5 K and better. Reliability and reproducibility of the spectra are demonstrated by investigating the characteristic temperature-induced changes in the oxygen K-edge x-ray absorption spectrum of liquid water. These are compared to the corresponding changes in the oxygen K-edge spectra from x-ray Raman scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Meibohm
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Schreck
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Sun Q, Wang Q, Ding D. Hydrogen Bonded Networks in Supercritical Water. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11253-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp503474s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Orogenic
Belts and Crustal Evolution, Ministry of Education, The School of
Earth and Planetary Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Orogenic
Belts and Crustal Evolution, Ministry of Education, The School of
Earth and Planetary Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongye Ding
- School of Resources and Environmental
Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
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23
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Vöhringer-Martinez E, Link O, Lugovoy E, Siefermann KR, Wiederschein F, Grubmüller H, Abel B. Hydrogen bond dynamics of superheated water and methanol by ultrafast IR-pump and EUV-photoelectron probe spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:19365-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02063d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Snapshot of superheated water 40 ps after fs-IR laser excitation; representative aggregates formed during the simulation (close-up) compared to one obtained from superheated methanol phase (inset).
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Vöhringer-Martinez
- Departamento de Físico-Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad de Concepción
- Concepción, Chile
| | - O. Link
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Georg August Universität Göttingen
- Göttingen, Germany
| | - E. Lugovoy
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Modification (IOM)
- 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - K. R. Siefermann
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Modification (IOM)
- 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - F. Wiederschein
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie
- 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - H. Grubmüller
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie
- 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - B. Abel
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Modification (IOM)
- 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Mirsaidov U, Mokkapati VRSS, Bhattacharya D, Andersen H, Bosman M, Özyilmaz B, Matsudaira P. Scrolling graphene into nanofluidic channels. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2874-2878. [PMID: 23702655 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on the "scrolling" of planar graphene induced by water as a result of the interplay between water capillarity and graphene elasticity. This scrolling leads to the formation of stable nanochannels that encapsulate water and nanoscale objects. We demonstrate that these graphene nanochannels can be used as nanofluidic platforms for dynamic imaging of nanoscale processes in liquids with Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs). These water-impermeable graphene nanochannels have practical application in the design of nanofluidic devices used in biosensors and many analytical separation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkur Mirsaidov
- Mechanobiology Institute-Singapore, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore.
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25
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Microscopic structure of water at elevated pressures and temperatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6301-6. [PMID: 23479639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220301110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the microscopic structure of water at sub- and supercritical conditions studied using X-ray Raman spectroscopy, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory. Systematic changes in the X-ray Raman spectra with increasing pressure and temperature are observed. Throughout the studied thermodynamic range, the experimental spectra can be interpreted with a structural model obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations. A spatial statistical analysis using Ripley's K-function shows that this model is homogeneous on the nanometer length scale. According to the simulations, distortions of the hydrogen-bond network increase dramatically when temperature and pressure increase to the supercritical regime. In particular, the average number of hydrogen bonds per molecule decreases to ≈ 0.6 at 600 °C and p = 134 MPa.
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27
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Sokaras D, Nordlund D, Weng TC, Mori RA, Velikov P, Wenger D, Garachtchenko A, George M, Borzenets V, Johnson B, Qian Q, Rabedeau T, Bergmann U. A high resolution and large solid angle x-ray Raman spectroscopy end-station at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:043112. [PMID: 22559520 PMCID: PMC4108631 DOI: 10.1063/1.4704458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a new x-ray Raman spectroscopy end-station recently developed, installed, and operated at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. The end-station is located at wiggler beamline 6-2 equipped with two monochromators-Si(111) and Si(311) as well as collimating and focusing optics. It consists of two multi-crystal Johann type spectrometers arranged on intersecting Rowland circles of 1 m diameter. The first one, positioned at the forward scattering angles (low-q), consists of 40 spherically bent and diced Si(110) crystals with 100 mm diameters providing about 1.9% of 4π sr solid angle of detection. When operated in the (440) order in combination with the Si (311) monochromator, an overall energy resolution of 270 meV is obtained at 6462.20 eV. The second spectrometer, consisting of 14 spherically bent Si(110) crystal analyzers (not diced), is positioned at the backward scattering angles (high-q) enabling the study of non-dipole transitions. The solid angle of this spectrometer is about 0.9% of 4π sr, with a combined energy resolution of 600 meV using the Si (311) monochromator. These features exceed the specifications of currently existing relevant instrumentation, opening new opportunities for the routine application of this photon-in/photon-out hard x-ray technique to emerging research in multidisciplinary scientific fields, such as energy-related sciences, material sciences, physical chemistry, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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Pylkkänen T, Sakko A, Hakala M, Hämäläinen K, Monaco G, Huotari S. Temperature Dependence of the Near-Edge Spectrum of Water. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:14544-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2015462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Pylkkänen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Arto Sakko
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Hakala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Keijo Hämäläinen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulio Monaco
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Simo Huotari
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
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Ma H, Ma J. Density dependence of hydrogen bonding and the translational-orientational structural order in supercritical water: A molecular dynamics study. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:054504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3620404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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31
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Swiatla-Wojcik D, Szala-Bilnik J. Transition from patchlike to clusterlike inhomogeneity arising from hydrogen bonding in water. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:054121. [PMID: 21303106 DOI: 10.1063/1.3552950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembling of water molecules via hydrogen bonding has been studied by molecular dynamics simulations using flexible potential model. The relationship between the number of H-bonds per molecule, n(HB), the size of H-bonded nets, k, and the size of patches of four-bonded molecules, k(4), has been examined for several thermodynamic states of water ranging from ambient to supercritical conditions. Two kinds of structural inhomogeneity have been found: the patchlike associated with the mean n(HB)> 2.0 and the clusterlike for n(HB)< 1.9. In compressed water up to ~473 K patches coexist with less ordered nets, both constituting the gel-like H-bonded network. The size of patches steeply decreases with the increasing temperature and the decreasing density of water. The inhomogeneity resulting from the presence of patches disappears above 473 K. This feature is associated with the rapid increase in the fraction of unbound molecules and with the breakage of the gel-like network into a variety of H-bonded clusters leading to the clusterlike structural inhomogeneity. In contrast to the patchlike inhomogeneity an increase in temperature and a decrease in density make this kind of inhomogeneity more pronounced. A degree of connectivity of H-bonds has been characterized by a parameter P(g) defined as the total fraction of molecules belonging to the H-bonded clusters of size k ≥ 5. The simulation-derived values of P(g) agree well with the predictions of the random bond theory giving the explicit expression for P(g) as a function of the mean n(HB). Going from ambient to supercritical conditions, we have found that the patchlike inhomogeneity is connected with the very slight reduction in P(g), whereas the clusterlike inhomogeneity generates a steep linear decrease of P(g) with the decreasing mean n(HB). The self-diffusion coefficient calculated for the thermodynamic states of water showing the clusterlike inhomogeneity has occurred to be inversely proportional to the density. We have also found that the clusterlike inhomogeneity is associated with the linear correlation between P(g) and the macroscopic properties of water: the static dielectric constant, the viscosity, and the density. The provided relationships allow one to estimate the degree of connectivity of hydrogen bonds from the measured macroscopic quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Swiatla-Wojcik
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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Waluyo I, Huang C, Nordlund D, Bergmann U, Weiss TM, Pettersson LGM, Nilsson A. The structure of water in the hydration shell of cations from x-ray Raman and small angle x-ray scattering measurements. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:064513. [PMID: 21322711 PMCID: PMC3188634 DOI: 10.1063/1.3533958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) spectroscopy and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) are used to study water in aqueous solutions of NaCl, MgCl(2), and AlCl(3) with the particular aim to provide information about the structure of the hydration shells of the cations. The XRS spectra show that Na(+) weakens the hydrogen bonds of water molecules in its vicinity, similar to the effect of increased temperature and pressure. Mg(2+) and Al(3+), on the other hand, cause the formation of short and strong hydrogen bonds between the surrounding water molecules. The SAXS data show that Mg(2+) and Al(3+) form tightly bound hydration shells that give a large density contrast in the scattering data. From the form factors extracted from the SAXS data, we found that Mg(2+) and Al(3+) have, respectively, an equivalent of one and one and a half stable hydration shells that appear as a density contrast. In addition, we estimated that the density of water in the hydration shells of Mg(2+) and Al(3+) is, respectively, ∼61% and ∼71% higher than in bulk water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iradwikanari Waluyo
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Tassaing T, Garrain PA, Bégué D, Baraille I. On the cluster composition of supercritical water combining molecular modeling and vibrational spectroscopic data. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:034103. [PMID: 20649304 DOI: 10.1063/1.3457483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is aimed at a detailed analysis of supercritical water structure based on the combination of experimental vibrational spectra as well as molecular modeling calculations of isolated water clusters. We propose an equilibrium cluster composition model where supercritical water is considered as an ideal mixture of small water clusters (n=1-3) at the chemical equilibrium and the vibrational spectra are expected to result from the superposition of the spectra of the individual clusters, Thus, it was possible to extract from the decomposition of the midinfrared spectra the evolution of the partition of clusters in supercritical water as a function of density. The cluster composition predicted by this model was found to be quantitatively consistent with the near infrared and Raman spectra of supercritical water analyzed using the same procedure. We emphasize that such methodology could be applied to determine the portion of cluster in water in a wider thermodynamic range as well as in more complex aqueous supercritical solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tassaing
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM), UMR 5255, CNRS-Université Bordeaux I, 351, Cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex 33405, France.
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Pylkkänen T, Lehtola J, Hakala M, Sakko A, Monaco G, Huotari S, Hämäläinen K. Universal Signature of Hydrogen Bonding in the Oxygen K-Edge Spectrum of Alcohols. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:13076-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp106479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Pylkkänen
- Department of Physics, POB 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - J. Lehtola
- Department of Physics, POB 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - M. Hakala
- Department of Physics, POB 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - A. Sakko
- Department of Physics, POB 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - G. Monaco
- Department of Physics, POB 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - S. Huotari
- Department of Physics, POB 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - K. Hämäläinen
- Department of Physics, POB 64, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
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Skarmoutsos I, Guardia E. Effect of the local hydrogen bonding network on the reorientational and translational dynamics in supercritical water. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:074502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3305326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Huse N, Wen H, Nordlund D, Szilagyi E, Daranciang D, Miller TA, Nilsson A, Schoenlein RW, Lindenberg AM. Probing the hydrogen-bond network of water via time-resolved soft X-ray spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:3951-7. [PMID: 19440624 DOI: 10.1039/b822210j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report time-resolved studies of hydrogen bonding in liquid H(2)O, in response to direct excitation of the O-H stretch mode at 3 mum, probed via soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge. This approach employs a newly developed nanofluidic cell for transient soft X-ray spectroscopy in the liquid phase. Distinct changes in the near-edge spectral region (XANES) are observed, and are indicative of a transient temperature rise of 10 K following transient laser excitation and rapid thermalization of vibrational energy. The rapid heating occurs at constant volume and the associated increase in internal pressure, estimated to be 8 MPa, is manifested by distinct spectral changes that differ from those induced by temperature alone. We conclude that the near-edge spectral shape of the oxygen K-edge is a sensitive probe of internal pressure, opening new possibilities for testing the validity of water models and providing new insight into the nature of hydrogen bonding in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Huse
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Skarmoutsos I, Dellis D, Samios J. The Effect of Intermolecular Interactions on Local Density Inhomogeneities and Related Dynamics in Pure Supercritical Fluids. A Comparative Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:2783-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp809271n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Skarmoutsos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157-71, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Dellis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157-71, Athens, Greece
| | - Jannis Samios
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157-71, Athens, Greece
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Jay-Gerin JP, Lin M, Katsumura Y, He H, Muroya Y, Meesungnoen J. Effect of water density on the absorption maximum of hydrated electrons in sub- and supercritical water up to 400 °C. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:114511. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2978955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Fister TT, Seidler GT, Shirley EL, Vila FD, Rehr JJ, Nagle KP, Linehan JC, Cross JO. The local electronic structure of alpha-Li3N. J Chem Phys 2008. [PMID: 18681665 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.79.174117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
New theoretical and experimental investigations of the occupied and unoccupied local electronic densities of states (DOS) are reported for alpha-Li(3)N. Band-structure and density-functional theory calculations confirm the absence of covalent bonding character. However, real-space full-multiple-scattering (RSFMS) calculations of the occupied local DOS find less extreme nominal valences than have previously been proposed. Nonresonant inelastic x-ray scattering, RSFMS calculations, and calculations based on the Bethe-Salpeter equation are used to characterize the unoccupied electronic final states local to both the Li and N sites. There is a good agreement between experiment and theory. Throughout the Li 1s near-edge region, both experiment and theory find strong similarities in the s-and p-type components of the unoccupied local final DOS projected onto an orbital angular momentum basis (l-DOS). An unexpected, significant correspondence exists between the near-edge spectra for the Li 1s and N 1s initial states. We argue that both spectra are sampling essentially the same final DOS due to the combination of long core-hole lifetimes, long photoelectron lifetimes, and the fact that orbital angular momentum is the same for all relevant initial states. Such considerations may be generally applicable for low atomic number compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Fister
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Otomo T, Iwase H, Kameda Y, Matubayasi N, Itoh K, Ikeda S, Nakahara M. Partial Pair Correlation Functions of Low-Density Supercritical Water Determined by Neutron Diffraction with the H/D Isotopic Substitution Method. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:4687-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711434n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Otomo
- Institute of Material Structure Science, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan, Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan, Institute of Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan, and Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iwase
- Institute of Material Structure Science, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan, Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan, Institute of Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan, and Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kameda
- Institute of Material Structure Science, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan, Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan, Institute of Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan, and Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matubayasi
- Institute of Material Structure Science, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan, Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan, Institute of Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan, and Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Keiji Itoh
- Institute of Material Structure Science, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan, Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan, Institute of Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan, and Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Susumu Ikeda
- Institute of Material Structure Science, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan, Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan, Institute of Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan, and Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakahara
- Institute of Material Structure Science, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan, Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan, Institute of Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan, and Advanced Science Research Center, JAEA, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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Fister TT, Vila FD, Seidler GT, Svec L, Linehan JC, Cross JO. Local Electronic Structure of Dicarba-closo-dodecarboranes C2B10H12. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 130:925-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja074794u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T. Fister
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Fernando D. Vila
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Gerald T. Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Lukas Svec
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - John C. Linehan
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
| | - Julie O. Cross
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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Bergmann U, Di Cicco A, Wernet P, Principi E, Glatzel P, Nilsson A. Nearest-neighbor oxygen distances in liquid water and ice observed by x-ray Raman based extended x-ray absorption fine structure. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:174504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2784123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Fukui H, Huotari S, Andrault D, Kawamoto T. Oxygen K-edge fine structures of water by x-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy under pressure conditions. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:134502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2774988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Janik D, Janik I, Bartels DM. Neutron and β/γ Radiolysis of Water up to Supercritical Conditions. 1. β/γ Yields for H2, H• Atom, and Hydrated Electron. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:7777-86. [PMID: 17645317 DOI: 10.1021/jp071751r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Yields for H2, H(.) atom, and hydrated electron production in beta/gamma radiolysis of water have been measured from room temperature up to 400 degrees C on a 250 bar isobar, and also as a function of pressure (density) at 380 and 400 degrees C. Radiolysis was carried out using a beam of 2-3 MeV electrons from a van de Graaff accelerator, and detection was by mass spectrometer analysis of gases sparged from the irradiated water. N2O was used as a specific scavenger for hydrated electrons giving N2 as product. Ethanol-d(6) was used to scavenge H(.) atoms, giving HD as a stable product. It is found that the hydrated electron yield decreases and the H(.) atom yield increases dramatically at lower densities in supercritical water, and the overall escape yield increases. The yield of molecular H2 increases with temperature and does not tend toward zero at low density, indicating that it is formed promptly rather than in spur recombination. A minimum in both the radical and H2 yields is observed around 0.4 kg/dm(3) density in supercritical water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Janik
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Laffon C, Lacombe S, Bournel F, Parent P. Radiation effects in water ice: A near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure study. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:204714. [PMID: 17144730 DOI: 10.1063/1.2395937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The changes in the structure and composition of vapor-deposited ice films irradiated at 20 K with soft x-ray photons (3-900 eV) and their subsequent evolution with temperatures between 20 and 150 K have been investigated by near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) at the oxygen K edge. We observe the hydroxyl OH, the atomic oxygen O, and the hydroperoxyl HO(2) radicals, as well as the oxygen O(2) and hydrogen peroxide H(2)O(2) molecules in irradiated porous amorphous solid water (p-ASW) and crystalline (I(cryst)) ice films. The evolution of their concentrations with the temperature indicates that HO(2), O(2), and H(2)O(2) result from a simple step reaction fuelled by OH, where O(2) is a product of HO(2) and HO(2) a product of H(2)O(2). The local order of ice is also modified, whatever the initial structure is. The crystalline ice I(cryst) becomes amorphous. The high-density amorphous phase (I(a)h) of ice is observed after irradiation of the p-ASW film, whose initial structure is the normal low-density form of the amorphous ice (I(a)l). The phase I(a)h is thus peculiar to irradiated ice and does not exist in the as-deposited ice films. A new "very high density" amorphous phase-we call I(a)vh-is obtained after warming at 50 K the irradiated p-ASW ice. This phase is stable up to 90 K and partially transforms into crystalline ice at 150 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Laffon
- Laboratoire de Chimie-Physique, Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614, Université Pierre et Marie Curie et CNRS, 11 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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Skarmoutsos I, Samios J. Local Density Inhomogeneities and Dynamics in Supercritical Water: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approach. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:21931-7. [PMID: 17064161 DOI: 10.1021/jp060955p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics atomistic simulations in the canonical ensemble (NVT-MD) have been used to investigate the "Local Density Inhomogeneities and their Dynamics" in pure supercritical water. The simulations were carried out along a near-critical isotherm (Tr = T/Tc = 1.03) and for a wide range of densities below and above the critical one (0.2 rho(c) - 2.0 rho(c)). The results obtained reveal the existence of significant local density augmentation effects, which are found to be sufficiently larger in comparison to those reported for nonassociated fluids. The time evolution of the local density distribution around each molecule was studied in terms of the appropriate time correlation functions C(Delta)rhol(t). It is found that the shape of these functions changes significantly by increasing the density of the fluid. Finally, the local density reorganization times for the first and second coordination shell derived from these correlations exhibit a decreasing behavior by increasing the density of the system, signifying the density effect upon the dynamics of the local environment around each molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Skarmoutsos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 157-71, Athens, Greece
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Fujisawa T, Terazima M, Kimura Y, Maroncelli M. Resonance Raman study of the solvation of p-nitroaniline in supercritical water. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Smith JD, Cappa CD, Messer BM, Drisdell WS, Cohen RC, Saykally RJ. Probing the Local Structure of Liquid Water by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy†. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:20038-45. [PMID: 17020392 DOI: 10.1021/jp063661c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It was recently suggested that liquid water primarily comprises hydrogen-bonded rings and chains, as opposed to the traditionally accepted locally tetrahedral structure (Wernet et al. Science 2004, 304, 995). This controversial conclusion was primarily based on comparison between experimental and calculated X-ray absorption spectra (XAS) using computer-generated ice-like 11-molecule clusters. Here we present calculations which conclusively show that when hydrogen-bonding configurations are chosen randomly, the calculated XAS does not reproduce the experimental XAS regardless of the bonding model employed (i.e., rings and chains vs tetrahedral). Furthermore, we also present an analysis of a recently introduced asymmetric water potential (Soper, A. K. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2005, 17, S3273), which is representative of the rings and chains structure, and make comparisons with the standard SPC/E potential, which represents the locally tetrahedral structure. We find that the calculated XAS from both potentials is inconsistent with the experimental XAS. However, we also show the calculated electric field distribution from the rings and chains structure is strongly bimodal and highly inconsistent with the experimental Raman spectrum, thus casting serious doubt on the validity of the rings and chains model for liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared D Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94721, USA
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