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Frka-Petesic B, Parton TG, Honorato-Rios C, Narkevicius A, Ballu K, Shen Q, Lu Z, Ogawa Y, Haataja JS, Droguet BE, Parker RM, Vignolini S. Structural Color from Cellulose Nanocrystals or Chitin Nanocrystals: Self-Assembly, Optics, and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12595-12756. [PMID: 38011110 PMCID: PMC10729353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread concerns over the impact of human activity on the environment have resulted in a desire to replace artificial functional materials with naturally derived alternatives. As such, polysaccharides are drawing increasing attention due to offering a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible feedstock for functional nanomaterials. In particular, nanocrystals of cellulose and chitin have emerged as versatile and sustainable building blocks for diverse applications, ranging from mechanical reinforcement to structural coloration. Much of this interest arises from the tendency of these colloidally stable nanoparticles to self-organize in water into a lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal, which can be readily manipulated in terms of its periodicity, structure, and geometry. Importantly, this helicoidal ordering can be retained into the solid-state, offering an accessible route to complex nanostructured films, coatings, and particles. In this review, the process of forming iridescent, structurally colored films from suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is summarized and the mechanisms underlying the chemical and physical phenomena at each stage in the process explored. Analogy is then drawn with chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), allowing for key differences to be critically assessed and strategies toward structural coloration to be presented. Importantly, the progress toward translating this technology from academia to industry is summarized, with unresolved scientific and technical questions put forward as challenges to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- International
Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Thomas G. Parton
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Honorato-Rios
- Department
of Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- B
CUBE − Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Ballu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Zihao Lu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Ogawa
- CERMAV-CNRS,
CS40700, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Johannes S. Haataja
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P.O. Box
15100, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Benjamin E. Droguet
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Parisi D, Seo J, Nazari B, Schaake RP, Rhoades AM, Colby RH. Shear-Induced Isotropic-Nematic Transition in Poly(ether ether ketone) Melts. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:950-956. [PMID: 35648606 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In a previous work on a poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) melt, above its nominal melting temperature (Tm ≅ 335 °C), a severe Cox-Merz rule failure was observed. The abrupt decrease in the apparent shear viscosity was ascribed to the formation of flow-induced crystallization precursors. Here shear rheology and reflection polariscope experiments are utilized to unravel the structural changes occurring under shear on a similar PEEK melt above Tm. Three regimes of the flow curve were identified from low (0.01 s-1) to high shear rates (1000 s-1): (I) an isotropic structure with weak birefringence due to polymer chain orientation and mild shear thinning for γ̇ < 1 s-1, (II) an isotropic-nematic transition accompanied by strong birefringence, two steady-state viscosities, and large nematic polydomain director fluctuations, and (III) shear-thinning behavior with an η ∼ γ̇-0.5 dependence for γ̇ > 20 s-1, typically found in nematic fluids. The findings reported in this experimental work suggest that the nematic phase may represent the early stage of the formation of shear-induced crystallization precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Parisi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jiho Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Behzad Nazari
- School of Engineering, Penn State Behrend, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563, United States
| | - Richard P Schaake
- SKF Research & Technology Development, 3992 AE Houten, The Netherlands
| | - Alicyn M Rhoades
- School of Engineering, Penn State Behrend, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563, United States
| | - Ralph H Colby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Jiang JS, Liao HY, Hua CC. Rheological and rheo-birefringence features of semidilute ethyl cellulose dispersions under steady shear flow. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5933-5941. [PMID: 32542297 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00520g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have conducted comprehensive rheological and rheo-birefringence characterizations of a series of semidilute ethyl cellulose (EC)/α-terpineol dispersions under steady shear flow. The EC dispersions investigated have commonly been utilized as a binder agent in fabricating metal/metal-oxide pastes for a number of industrial applications, and were recently demonstrated to foster nearly monodisperse spherical aggregates under dilute conditions. Herein, semidilute EC dispersions are shown to exhibit rheological features practically no different from those known for standard entangled polymer solutions. The corresponding rheo-birefringence responses, however, reveal microstructural features that are reminiscent of general colloidal systems. The steady-state feature reveals a universal stress-birefringence relationship at various EC concentrations, along with a common critical stress (∼200 Pa) at which the EC network breaks into smaller clusters. The transient feature displays prominent and long-persisting periodic oscillations that have previously been observed only for nearly monodisperse rod-like colloids or liquid crystals. The overall findings shed new light on the role of EC serving as a commonplace polymer binder in industry and, from a scientific perspective, raise interesting questions related to the characteristic rheological and microstructural features of general polymer dispersions in overlapped regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Shiun Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi 621, Taiwan.
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Fox RJ, Forest MG, Picken SJ, Dingemans TJ. Observation of transition cascades in sheared liquid crystalline polymers. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3891-3901. [PMID: 32242188 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00275e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the shear rheology of liquid crystalline solutions composed of charged, rodlike polymers that form supramolecular assemblies dispersed in water. Under steady shear, we observe shear thickening behavior, followed by a hesitation in the viscosity accompanied by an extremely narrow range of negative first normal stress difference. The Peclet number (Pe, shear rate normalized by rod rotational diffusivity) for the onset of shear thickening is in agreement with previous, high-resolution numerical simulations of the Doi-Edwards-Hess kinetic theory. We interrogate these dynamic responses through shear step-down experiments, revealing a complex evolution of transient responses. Detailed analysis of the stress transients provides compelling evidence that the principal axis of the rod orientational distribution, the nematic director, undergoes a cascade of transitions and coexistence of periodic states known as kayaking, tumbling, and wagging, before transitioning to steady flow alignment above a critical shear rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Fox
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3050, USA.
| | - M Gregory Forest
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3050, USA. and Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3250, USA
| | - Stephen J Picken
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3050, USA.
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Härtel A, Blaak R, Löwen H. Towing, breathing, splitting, and overtaking in driven colloidal liquid crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 81:051703. [PMID: 20866243 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.051703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The nonequilibrium response of a colloidal liquid-crystalline nematic phase to an external aligning field, which rotates in a plane, is explored by dynamical fundamental measure density-functional theory. Depending on the drive frequency, different dynamical states are found, which are characterized by towing and overtaking of the nematic director by the field as well as by breathing and dynamical splitting of the orientational distribution peak. This complex response can be exploited for smart optical switching and mixing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Härtel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Pryamitsyn V, Ganesan V. Structure of Aggregating Rod Suspensions Under Combined Shear and Electric Fields. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900787g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pryamitsyn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Venkat Ganesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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Grandner S, Heidenreich S, Hess S, Klapp SHL. Polar nano-rods under shear: from equilibrium to chaos. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2007; 24:353-365. [PMID: 18204812 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2007-10246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The orientational dynamics of rod-like particles with permanent (electric or magnetic) dipole moments in a plane Couette shear flow is investigated using mesoscopic relaxation equations combined with a generalized Landau free energy. The free energy contribution due to the coupling between average alignment and dipole orientation is derived on a microscopic basis. Numerical results of the resulting eight-dimensional dynamical system are presented for the case of longitudinal dipoles and thermodynamic conditions where the equilibrium state is a (polar or non-polar) nematic. Solution diagrams reveal presence of a large variety of periodic, transient chaotic, and chaotic dynamic states of the average alignment and dipole moment, respectively, appearing as a function of Deborah number and tumbling parameter. Compared to rods without dipoles we observe a significant preference of out-of-plane kayaking-tumbling states and, generally, a higher sensitivity to the initial conditions including bistability. We also demonstrate that the average (electric) dipole moment characterizing most of the observed states yields electrodynamic (magnetic) fields of measurable strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grandner
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Sekr. PN 7-1, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623, Berlin, Germany
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Tao YG, den Otter WK, Briels WJ. Shear Viscosities and Normal Stress Differences of Rigid Liquid-Crystalline Polymers. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma060622q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guo Tao
- Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - W. K. den Otter
- Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - W. J. Briels
- Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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