1
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Schötz K, Panzer F, Sommer M, Bässler H, Köhler A. A spectroscopic assessment of static and dynamic disorder in a film of a polythiophene with a planarized backbone. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5538-5546. [PMID: 37853812 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01262j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The optoelectronic performance of organic semiconductor devices is related to the static and dynamic disorder in the film. The disorder can be assessed by considering the linewidth of its optical spectra. We focus on identifying the effect of conjugation length distribution on the static energetic disorder. Hence, we disentangle the contributions of static and dynamic disorder to the absorption and emission spectra of poly(3-(2,5-dioctylphenyl)-thiophene) (PDOPT) by exploring how the linewidth and energy of the spectra evolve upon cooling the sample from 300 K to 5 K. PDOPT has sterically hindered side chains that arrange such as to cause a planarized polymer backbone. This makes it a suitable model for a quasi-one-dimensional molecular system. By modelling the conjugated segments as coupled oscillators we find that the linewidth contribution resulting from the variation of conjugation length decreases linearly with decreasing exciton energy and extrapolates to zero at the energy corresponding to an infinite chain. These results provide a new avenue to the design of low disorder and hence high mobility polymeric semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Schötz
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Fabian Panzer
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Straße der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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2
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Qu T, Nan G, Ouyang Y, Bieketuerxun B, Yan X, Qi Y, Zhang Y. Structure-Property Relationship, Glass Transition, and Crystallization Behaviors of Conjugated Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4268. [PMID: 37959948 PMCID: PMC10649048 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have gained considerable interest due to their unique structures and promising applications in areas such as optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and flexible electronics. This review focuses on the structure-property relationship, glass transition, and crystallization behaviors of conjugated polymers. Understanding the relationship between the molecular structure of conjugated polymers and their properties is essential for optimizing their performance. The glass transition temperature (Tg) plays a key role in determining the processability and application of conjugated polymers. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the glass transition phenomenon and explore how side-chain interaction affects Tg. The crystallization behavior of conjugated polymers significantly impacts their mechanical and electrical properties. We investigate the nucleation and growth processes, as well as the factors that influence the crystallization process. The development of the three generations of conjugated polymers in controlling the crystalline structure and enhancing polymer ordering is also discussed. This review highlights advanced characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and thermal analysis, which provide insights into molecular ordering and polymer-crystal interfaces. This review provides an insight of the structure-property relationship, glass transition, and crystallization behaviors of conjugated polymers. It serves as a foundation for further research and development of conjugated polymer-based materials with enhanced properties and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Qu
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Guangming Nan
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yan Ouyang
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Bahaerguli. Bieketuerxun
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Xiuling Yan
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yunpeng Qi
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China
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3
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Takaya T, Iwata K. Conformational Relaxation Dynamics of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Photoexcited in Solution as Studied by Femtosecond Time-Resolved Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy in 1190-1550 nm Region. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7542-7552. [PMID: 37590214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
When a conjugated polymer is photoexcited in solution, its effective conjugation length in the singlet exciton state often increases through the conformational relaxation of the polymer main chain and/or hopping of the excitation. We measured femtosecond time-resolved near-IR stimulated Raman spectra of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) photoexcited in four organic solvents for understanding the dynamics of the exciton elongation through the conformational relaxation separately from that through the exciton hopping. In the ring CC stretch frequency region, a band appears at around 1415 cm-1 and decays, while a new band rises at around 1370 cm-1. The average time constant of the change is estimated to be 8.7-19 ps and correlated almost linearly with the viscosity of the solvents. These results suggest that the main chain of P3HT in the singlet exciton state relaxes from a twisted form to a planar form in the 0-100 ps range when it surmounts an activation barrier of 5.8-7.8 kJ mol-1, generated possibly by the steric effect of the hexyl side group. When the rise of the 1370 cm-1 band is analyzed in detail, it is reproduced with two exponential rise functions with time constants of 0-3.3 and 16-22 ps. The two rise components suggest that a portion of P3HT forms a cluster in solution, while the other portion of P3HT is isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Takaya
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
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4
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Takaya T, Shinohara M, Iwata K. Torsional relaxation dynamics of vinylene groups in photoexcited MEH-PPV as studied by time-resolved resonance stimulated Raman spectroscopy in the 900–1500 nm region. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Danielsen SPO, Bridges CR, Segalman RA. Chain Stiffness of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers in Solution. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Colin R. Bridges
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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6
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AlShetwi YA, Bessif B, Sommer M, Reiter G. Illumination of Conjugated Polymers Reduces the Nucleation Probability and Slows Down the Crystal Growth Rate. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaser A. AlShetwi
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- National Centre for Nanotechnology and Semiconductors, Materials Science Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brahim Bessif
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Str. der Nationen 62, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, Freiburg 79110, Germany
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7
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AlShetwi YA, Schiefer D, Sommer M, Reiter G. Continuous Illumination of a Conjugated Polymer Causes Strong Enhancement of Photoluminescence. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5636-5644. [PMID: 34029467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present measurements of absorbance and photoluminescence (PL) for films of poly(3-(2,5-dioctylphenyl)thiophene) (PDOPT) as a function of temperature (T) and time (t) of illumination. While having no detectable influence on absorbance of this conjugated polymer, our experiments clearly revealed that illumination of PDOPT caused a significant increase in the PL intensity (IPL(T,t)), that is, the emission probability of PDOPT. Without illumination, we always observed a decrease in IPL with time. An increase in IPL was only detectable when the sample was illuminated. Interestingly, while absorption and emission of photons occur on a time scale of nanoseconds, the here-reported changes in the emission probability were slow and occurred on a time scale of minutes to hours. The influence of illumination on changes in IPL(T,t) was qualitatively similar for slowly and rapidly crystallized PDOPT, that is, the degree of crystallinity was not decisive for the observation. The rate of the increase in IPL depended clearly on the power of the illumination light source. As a function of the illumination time, the change in IPL(T,t) was nonmonotonic and depended on sample temperature. We speculate that changes in polymer interactions caused by excited electronic states might have induced slow changes in polymer conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser A AlShetwi
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,National Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, 11442 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Schiefer
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Str. der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Thermo-Electrical Conduction of the 2,7-Di([1,1'-Biphenyl]-4-yl)-9H-Fluorene Molecular System: Coupling between Benzene Rings and Stereoelectronic Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143215. [PMID: 32674464 PMCID: PMC7397303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical and analytical thermal and electrical properties are studied through the 2,7-Di([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-9H-fluorene aromatic system as a prototype of a molecular switch. Variations of the dihedral angles between the two Benzene rings at each end of the molecule have been considered, thus determining the dependence on the structural variation of the molecule when the aromatic system is connected between metal contacts. The molecule is modeled through a Tight-Binding Hamiltonian where—from the analytical process of decimation and using Green’s functions—the probability of transmission (T) is calculated by using the Fisher–Lee relationship. Consequently, the thermal and electrical transport properties such as I−V curves, quantum noise (S), Fano factor (F), electrical conductance (G), thermal conductance (κ), Seebeck coefficient (Q), and merit number (ZT) are calculated. The available results offer the possibility of designing molecular devices, where the change in conductance or current induced by a stereoelectronic effect on the molecular junctions (within the aromatic system) can produce changes on the insulating–conductive states.
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9
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Ondarse-Alvarez D, Nelson T, Lupton JM, Tretiak S, Fernandez-Alberti S. Let Digons be Bygones: The Fate of Excitons in Curved π-Systems. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:7123-7129. [PMID: 30508376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We explore the diverse origins of unpolarized absorption and emission of molecular polygons consisting of π-conjugated oligomer chains held in a bent geometry by strain controlled at the vertex units. For this purpose, we make use of atomistic nonadiabatic excited-state molecular dynamics simulations of a bichromophore molecular polygon (digon) with bent chromophore chains. Both structural and photoexcited dynamics were found to affect polarization features. Bending strain induces exciton localization on individual chromophore units of the conjugated chains. The latter display different transition dipole moment orientations, a feature not present in the linear oligomer counterparts. In addition, bending makes exciton localization very sensitive to molecular distortions induced by thermal fluctuations. The excited-state dynamics reveals an ultrafast intramolecular energy redistribution that spreads the exciton equally among spatially separated chromophore fragments within the molecular system. As a result, digons become virtually unpolarized absorbers and emitters, in agreement with recent experimental studies on the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tammie Nelson
- Theoretical Division, Physics and Chemistry of Materials (T-1) , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Angewandte und Experimentelle Physik , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstrasse 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Physics and Chemistry of Materials (T-1) , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
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10
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Lin JB, Jin Y, Lopez SA, Druckerman N, Wheeler SE, Houk KN. Torsional Barriers to Rotation and Planarization in Heterocyclic Oligomers of Value in Organic Electronics. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:5624-5638. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice B. Lin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu Jin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven A. Lopez
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nathaniel Druckerman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Steven E. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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11
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12
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Simine L, Rossky PJ. Relating Chromophoric and Structural Disorder in Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1752-1756. [PMID: 28350467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The optoelectronic properties of amorphous conjugated polymers are sensitive to the details of the conformational disorder, and spectroscopy provides the means for structural characterization of the fragments of the chain that interact with light-"chromophores". A faithful interpretation of spectroscopic conformational signatures, however, presents a theoretical challenge. Here we investigate the relationship between the ground-state optical gaps, the properties of the excited states, and the structural features of chromophores of a single molecule poly(3-hexyl)-thiophene (P3HT) using quantum-classical atomistic simulations. Our results demonstrate that chromophoric disorder arises through the interplay between excited-state delocalization and electron-hole polarization, controlled by the torsional disorder introduced by side chains. Within this conceptual framework, we predict and explain the counterintuitive spectral behavior of P3HT, a red-shifted absorption, despite shortening of chromophores, with increasing temperature. This discussion introduces the concept of disorder-induced separation of charges in amorphous conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Simine
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter J Rossky
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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13
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Oldani N, Doorn SK, Tretiak S, Fernandez-Alberti S. Photoinduced dynamics in cycloparaphenylenes: planarization, electron–phonon coupling, localization and intra-ring migration of the electronic excitation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30914-30924. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06426h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cycloparaphenylenes represent the smallest possible fragments of armchair carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Oldani
- Universidad Nacional de Quilmes
- B1876BXD Bernal
- Argentina
| | - S. K. Doorn
- Theoretical Division
- Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS), and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT)
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA
| | - S. Tretiak
- Theoretical Division
- Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS), and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT)
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA
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14
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Zhang H, Zhao Z, Zhao N, Xie Y, Cai M, Wang X, Liu Y, Lan Z, Wan X. One-pot homopolymerization of thiophene-fused isoindigo for ambient-stable ambipolar organic field-effect transistors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01139c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The homopolymer that was directly obtained via one-pot polymerization exhibited much higher ambipolar transport behavior than the copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanrui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100080
- People's Republic of China
- Northeast Normal University
| | - Na Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- People's Republic of China
| | - Mian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100080
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy & Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- People's Republic of China
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15
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Batignani G, Pontecorvo E, Ferrante C, Aschi M, Elles CG, Scopigno T. Visualizing Excited-State Dynamics of a Diaryl Thiophene: Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Scattering as a Probe of Conjugated Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2981-8. [PMID: 27428853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated organic polymers based on substituted thiophene units are versatile building blocks of many photoactive materials, such as photochromic molecular switches or solar energy conversion devices. Unraveling the different processes underlying their photochemistry, such as the evolution on different electronic states and multidimensional structural relaxation, is a challenge critical to defining their function. Using femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) supported by quantum chemical calculations, we visualize the reaction pathway upon photoexcitation of the model compound 2-methyl-5-phenylthiophene. Specifically, we find that the initial wavepacket dynamics of the reaction coordinates occurs within the first ≈1.5 ps, followed by a ≈10 ps thermalization. Subsequent slow opening of the thiophene ring through a cleavage of the carbon-sulfur bond triggers an intersystem crossing to the triplet excited state. Our work demonstrates how a detailed mapping of the excited-state dynamics can be obtained, combining simultaneous structural sensitivity and ultrafast temporal resolution of FSRS with the chemical information provided by time-dependent density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Batignani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza" , Roma I-00185, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Universitá degli Studi dell'Aquila , L'Aquila I-67100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pontecorvo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza" , Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Carino Ferrante
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza" , Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Aschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Universitá degli Studi dell'Aquila , L'Aquila I-67100, Italy
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Tullio Scopigno
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza" , Roma I-00185, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science @Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Roma I-00161, Italy
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16
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Yu W, Magnanelli TJ, Zhou J, Bragg AE. Structural Heterogeneity in the Localized Excited States of Poly(3-hexylthiophene). J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:5093-102. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b04215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Timothy J. Magnanelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E. Bragg
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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17
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Gong JQ, Parkinson P, Kondratuk D, Gil-Ramírez G, Anderson HL, Herz LM. Structure-Directed Exciton Dynamics in Templated Molecular Nanorings. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2015; 119:6414-6420. [PMID: 25960822 PMCID: PMC4418736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with cyclic structures are interesting because their symmetry leads to unique electronic properties. Recent advances in Vernier templating now allow large shape-persistent fully conjugated porphyrin nanorings to be synthesized, exhibiting unique electronic properties. We examine the impact of different conformations on exciton delocalization and emission depolarization in a range of different porphyrin nanoring topologies with comparable spatial extent. Low photoluminescence anisotropy values are found to occur within the first few hundred femtoseconds after pulsed excitation, suggesting ultrafast delocalization of excitons across the nanoring structures. Molecular dynamics simulations show that further polarization memory loss is caused by out-of-plane distortions associated with twisting and bending of the templated nanoring topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Q. Gong
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Parkinson
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry
V. Kondratuk
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M. Herz
- Department
of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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18
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Kim P, Park KH, Kim W, Tamachi T, Iyoda M, Kim D. Relationship between Dynamic Planarization Processes and Exciton Delocalization in Cyclic Oligothiophenes. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:451-456. [PMID: 26261962 DOI: 10.1021/jz502395z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In cyclic molecular structures, while the effect of conformational disorder on exciton delocalization is well understood, the impact of dynamic planarization processes remains unclear due to a lack of detailed investigation on the associated exciton dynamics. Thus, we have investigated the exciton delocalization of π-conjugated linear and cyclic oligothiophenes in the course of dynamic planarization processes by time-resolved fluorescence spectra measurements and theoretical calculations. Especially, through a comparative analysis of linear and cyclic oligothiophenes, we found that the evolution of 0-0 and 0-1 vibronic bands is strongly related to the conformations of cyclic molecular systems, reflecting the extent of exciton delocalization. Collectively, we believe that our findings are applicable to various π-conjugated organic materials and will provide new insights into the relationship between exciton delocalization and cyclic molecular conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyosang Kim
- †Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Park
- †Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- †Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Tomoya Tamachi
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masahiko Iyoda
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- †Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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19
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Bjorgaard JA, Köse ME. Simulations of singlet exciton diffusion in organic semiconductors: a review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12409j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in exciton diffusion simulations in conjugated materials are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah A. Bjorgaard
- Center for Nonlinear Studies
- Theoretical Division
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Los Alamos
- USA
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20
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Parkinson P, Kondratuk DV, Menelaou C, Gong JQ, Anderson HL, Herz LM. Chromophores in Molecular Nanorings: When Is a Ring a Ring? J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:4356-4361. [PMID: 26273987 DOI: 10.1021/jz5022153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The topology of a conjugated molecule plays a significant role in controlling both the electronic properties and the conformational manifold that the molecule may explore. Fully π-conjugated molecular nanorings are of particular interest, as their lowest electronic transition may be strongly suppressed as a result of symmetry constraints. In contrast, the simple Kasha model predicts an enhancement in the radiative rate for corresponding linear oligomers. Here we investigate such effects in linear and cyclic conjugated molecules containing between 6 and 42 butadiyne-linked porphyrin units (corresponding to 600 C-C bonds) as pure monodisperse oligomers. We demonstrate that as the diameter of the nanorings increases beyond ∼10 nm, its electronic properties tend toward those of a similarly sized linear molecule as a result of excitation localization on a subsegment of the ring. However, significant differences persist in the nature of the emitting dipole polarization even beyond this limit, arising from variations in molecular curvature and conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Parkinson
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry V Kondratuk
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Menelaou
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Q Gong
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Herz
- †Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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21
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Zhang W, Gomez ED, Milner ST. Predicting Chain Dimensions of Semiflexible Polymers from Dihedral Potentials. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500923r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Zhang
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and ‡Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and ‡Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Scott T. Milner
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and ‡Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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22
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Han L, Zhong X, Liang W, Zhao Y. Energy relaxation and separation of a hot electron-hole pair in organic aggregates from a time-dependent wavepacket diffusion method. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:214107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4879955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Treat ND, Chabinyc ML. Phase Separation in Bulk Heterojunctions of Semiconducting Polymers and Fullerenes for Photovoltaics. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2014; 65:59-81. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040513-103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil D. Treat
- Department of Materials and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106;
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24
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Pensack RD, Song Y, McCormick TM, Jahnke AA, Hollinger J, Seferos DS, Scholes GD. Evidence for the Rapid Conversion of Primary Photoexcitations to Triplet States in Seleno- and Telluro- Analogues of Poly(3-hexylthiophene). J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:2589-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5013347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Pensack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yin Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Theresa M. McCormick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ashlee A. Jahnke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jon Hollinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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25
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Beenken WJD, Herrmann F, Presselt M, Hoppe H, Shokhovets S, Gobsch G, Runge E. Sub-bandgap absorption in organic solar cells: experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:16494-502. [PMID: 23929440 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp42236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Most high-performance organic solar cells involve bulk-heterojunctions in order to increase the active donor-acceptor interface area. The power conversion efficiency depends critically on the nano-morphology of the blend and the interface. Spectroscopy of the sub-bandgap region, i.e., below the bulk absorption of the individual components, provides unique opportunities to study interface-related properties. We present absorption measurements in the sub-bandgap region of bulk heterojunctions made of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) as an electron donor and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) as an electron acceptor and compare them with quantum-chemical calculations and recently published data on the external quantum efficiency (EQE). The very weak absorption of the deep sub-bandgap region measured by the ultra-sensitive Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy (PDS) features Urbach tails, polaronic transitions, conventional excitons, and possibly charge-transfer states. The quantum-chemical calculations allow characterizing some of the unsettled spectral features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wichard J D Beenken
- Technische Universität Ilmenau, Institut für Physik and Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologien, 98693 Ilmenau, Germany.
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26
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McCulloch B, Ho V, Hoarfrost M, Stanley C, Do C, Heller WT, Segalman RA. Polymer Chain Shape of Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) in Solution Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302463d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan McCulloch
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-1462, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Victor Ho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-1462, United States
| | - Megan Hoarfrost
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-1462, United States
| | - Chris Stanley
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Changwoo Do
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - William T. Heller
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
94720-1462, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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27
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Yu W, Zhou J, Bragg AE. Exciton Conformational Dynamics of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in Solution from Time-Resolved Resonant-Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:1321-1328. [PMID: 26286777 DOI: 10.1021/jz3003298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have used time-resolved resonant-Raman spectroscopy to investigate the picosecond conformational relaxation of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT) in chlorobenzene after 510 nm photoexcitation. Vibrational signatures from modes along and peripheral to the exciton's backbone have been identified according to the time dependence of excited-state Raman features and from comparisons to Raman spectra of other polymer states. Measured spectral dynamics reflect initial changes in the resonance enhancement of backbone modes on a time scale of 9 ± 1 ps. In contrast, contributions from peripheral modes exhibit time-dependent decay determined only by exciton intersystem-crossing kinetics. Spectral dynamics are interpreted in terms of evolution in bond lengths along the exciton's backbone resulting from increased conjugation allowed by torsional reordering. Possible origins of peripheral features are discussed, including distorted inter-ring modes at exciton termini. Findings provide a glimpse of the underlying molecular dynamics responsible for the red shift in the exciton's near-IR transient absorption occurring on the same time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, United States
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, United States
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, United States
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28
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Zheldakov IL, Wasylenko JM, Elles CG. Excited-state dynamics and efficient triplet formation in phenylthiophene compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6211-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23602h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Presselt M, Dietzek B, Schmitt M, Rau S, Winter A, Jäger M, Schubert US, Popp J. A Concept to Tailor Electron Delocalization: Applying QTAIM Analysis to Phenyl−Terpyridine Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:13163-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp107007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Presselt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany, Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902,
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany, Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902,
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany, Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902,
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany, Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902,
| | - Andreas Winter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany, Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902,
| | - Michael Jäger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany, Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902,
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany, Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902,
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany, Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany, Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Nanoscience, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), P.O. Box 902,
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30
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Dias FB, Kamtekar KT, Cazati T, Williams G, Bryce MR, Monkman AP. Exciton Diffusion in Polyfluorene Copolymer Thin Films: Kinetics, Energy Disorder and Thermally Assisted Hopping. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:2096-104. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Siebert R, Akimov D, Schmitt M, Winter A, Schubert US, Dietzek B, Popp J. Spectroscopic investigation of the ultrafast photoinduced dynamics in pi-conjugated terpyridines. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:910-9. [PMID: 19301307 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast light-induced processes in a series of pi-conjugated mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakis(terpyridine) derivatives are investigated by femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy. Non-exponential excited-state dynamics involving singlet-triplet intersystem crossing are observed which span from picoseconds to nanoseconds (see figure). Time-resolved spectroscopy is applied to investigate the ultrafast relaxation dynamics of several pi-conjugated mono-, bis-, tris- and tetrakis(terpyridine) derivatives. This particular series of structurally closely related systems was prepared applying efficient synthetic strategies and resembles key building blocks for a wide range of photoactive complexes, dendrimers and metallo-polymers with resulting potential applications, for example, in photovoltaics or as organic light-emitting diodes. Aiming for applications of supramolecular assemblies based on these recently presented terpyridine ligands a detailed knowledge of the light-induced processes of the ligands themselves represents a prerequisite. By applying femtosecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy in concert with time-resolved fluorescence and Raman measurements, we detail the photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Siebert
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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32
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Harriman A, Mallon L, Goeb S, Ulrich G, Ziessel R. Electronic Energy Transfer to the S2Level of the Acceptor in Functionalised Boron Dipyrromethene Dyes. Chemistry 2009; 15:4553-64. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Banerjee K, Gangopadhyay G. Spectra of conjugated polymer aggregates: Symmetry of the interchain dressed states. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:084705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3078208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Vukmirović N, Wang LW. Electronic Structure of Disordered Conjugated Polymers: Polythiophenes. J Phys Chem B 2008; 113:409-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp808360y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Vukmirović
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Lin-Wang Wang
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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35
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Widge AS, Matsuoka Y, Kurnikova M. Development and initial testing of an empirical forcefield for simulation of poly(alkylthiophenes). J Mol Graph Model 2008; 27:34-44. [PMID: 18485769 PMCID: PMC2873194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 02/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Conductive polymers from the polythiophene (PT) family have attracted interest in numerous domains, including potential applications in biosensing. Despite this, atomistic simulations of PTs have tended to use general organic force fields without well-tuned PT parameters, and there exists no optimized and well-validated PT force field that is compatible and consistent with existing biomolecular simulation suites. We present here the development of a new PT forcefield following the AMBER approach, using the program ANTECHAMBER and ab initio calculations at the HF/6-31G* level of theory to assign partial charges and parameterize the critical backbone torsion potential. The optimized geometries and force field potentials match well with both empirical data and previous investigators' calculations. Initial testing of these parameters through a series of replica exchange simulations of two PT derivatives in aqueous and organic implicit solvents demonstrates that the parameters can match empirical expectations within the limits of an implicit solvent model. This new force field forms a framework for modeling of proposed PT-based devices and sensors, and is expected to accelerate device design and eventual deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kurnikova
- Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
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36
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De S, Kesti T, Maiti M, Zhang F, Inganäs O, Yartsev A, Pascher T, Sundström V. Exciton dynamics in alternating polyfluorene/fullerene blends. Chem Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2007.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Solvent-induced photoemissions of high-energy chromophores of conjugated Polymer MEH-PPV: Role of conformational disorder. Macromol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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38
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Gulbinas V, Minevičiūtė I, Hertel D, Wellander R, Yartsev A, Sundström V. Exciton diffusion and relaxation in methyl-substituted polyparaphenylene polymer films. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:144907. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2790901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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39
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Kanemoto K, Imanaka Y, Akai I, Sugisaki M, Hashimoto H, Karasawa T. Intrachain Photoluminescence Dynamics of MEH−PPV in the Solid State. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:12389-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp073492b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuichi Kanemoto
- Department of Physics, Graduate Scholl of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imanaka
- Department of Physics, Graduate Scholl of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ichiro Akai
- Department of Physics, Graduate Scholl of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugisaki
- Department of Physics, Graduate Scholl of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Department of Physics, Graduate Scholl of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Karasawa
- Department of Physics, Graduate Scholl of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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40
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Scheblykin IG, Yartsev A, Pullerits T, Gulbinas V, Sundström V. Excited State and Charge Photogeneration Dynamics in Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:6303-21. [PMID: 17521181 DOI: 10.1021/jp068864f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are becoming interesting materials for a range of optoelectronic applications. However, their often complex electronic and structural properties prevent establishment of straightforward property-function relationships. In this paper, we summarize recent results on the photophysics and excited state dynamics of conjugated polymers, in order to paint a picture of exciton formation, quenching, and generation of charge carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan G Scheblykin
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Forster M, Thomsson D, Hania PR, Scheblykin IG. Redistribution of emitting state population in conjugated polymers probed by single-molecule fluorescence polarization spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:761-6. [PMID: 17268689 DOI: 10.1039/b615596k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuations in the fluorescence polarization degree and direction are reported for the first time for single conjugated polymer molecules embedded in a polystyrene matrix at room temperature. The polymer molecule, a polythiophene derivative, clearly emits as a multi-chromophore ensemble showing that the energy does not funnel to any specific low-energy trap. The fluorescence instead originates from thermally populated exciton states with different relative orientations of the transition dipole moments. The fluctuations in the fluorescence polarization are explained in terms of changes in the relative contributions of the different exciton states to the signal due to conformational fluctuations of the molecule or selective exciton quenching by triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Forster
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
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