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Aslam I, Roeffaers MBJ. Carbonaceous Nanoparticle Air Pollution: Toxicity and Detection in Biological Samples. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12223948. [PMID: 36432235 PMCID: PMC9698098 DOI: 10.3390/nano12223948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among the different air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is of great concern due to its abundant presence in the atmosphere, which results in adverse effects on the environment and human health. The different components of PM can be classified based on their physicochemical properties. Carbonaceous particles (CPs) constitute a major fraction of ultrafine PM and have the most harmful effects. Herein, we present a detailed overview of the main components of CPs, e.g., carbon black (CB), black carbon (BC), and brown carbon (BrC), from natural and anthropogenic sources. The emission sources and the adverse effects of CPs on the environment and human health are discussed. Particularly, we provide a detailed overview of the reported toxic effects of CPs in the human body, such as respiratory effects, cardiovascular effects, neurodegenerative effects, carcinogenic effects, etc. In addition, we also discuss the challenges faced by and limitations of the available analytical techniques for the qualitative and quantitative detection of CPs in atmospheric and biological samples. Considering the heterogeneous nature of CPs and biological samples, a detailed overview of different analytical techniques for the detection of CPs in (real-exposure) biological samples is also provided. This review provides useful insights into the classification, toxicity, and detection of CPs in biological samples.
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2
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Cotterell MI, Knight JW, Reid JP, Orr-Ewing AJ. Accurate Measurement of the Optical Properties of Single Aerosol Particles Using Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2619-2631. [PMID: 35467353 PMCID: PMC9082593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New approaches for the sensitive and accurate quantification of aerosol optical properties are needed to improve the current understanding of the unique physical chemistry of airborne particles and to explore their roles in fields as diverse as chemical manufacturing, healthcare, and atmospheric science. We have pioneered the use of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), with concurrent angularly resolved elastic light scattering measurements, to interrogate the optical properties of single aerosol particles levitated in optical and electrodynamic traps. This approach enables the robust quantification of optical properties such as extinction cross sections for individual particles of known size. Our measurements can now distinguish the scattering and absorption contributions to the overall light extinction, from which the real and imaginary components of the complex refractive indices can be retrieved and linked to chemical composition. In this Feature Article, we show that this innovative measurement platform enables accurate and precise optical measurements for spherical and nonspherical particles, whether nonabsorbing or absorbing at the CRDS probe wavelength. We discuss the current limitations of our approach and the key challenges in physical and atmospheric chemistry that can now be addressed by CRDS measurements for single aerosol particles levitated in controlled environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Cotterell
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - J. W. Knight
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - J. P. Reid
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - A. J. Orr-Ewing
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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3
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Knight J, Egan JV, Orr-Ewing AJ, Cotterell MI. Direct Spectroscopic Quantification of the Absorption and Scattering Properties for Single Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1571-1577. [PMID: 35196856 PMCID: PMC9097522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the optical properties of micrometer-scale light-absorbing aerosol particles is of paramount importance in addressing key challenges in atmospheric and physical chemistry. For example, the absorption of solar radiation by atmospheric aerosols represents one of the largest uncertainties in climate models. Moreover, reaction acceleration within the unique environments of aerosol droplets cannot be replicated in bulk solutions. The causes of these reaction rate enhancements remain controversial, but ultrasensitive spectroscopic measurements of evolving aerosol optical properties should provide new insights. We demonstrate a new approach using cavity ring-down spectroscopy that allows the first direct spectroscopic quantification of the continuously evolving absorption and scattering cross sections for single, levitated, micrometer-scale particles as their size and chromophore concentration change. For two-component droplets composed of nigrosin and 1,2,6-hexanetriol, the unprecedented sensitivity of our measurements reveals the evolving real and imaginary components of the refractive index caused by changes in concentration as 1,2,6-hexanetriol slowly evaporates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie
W. Knight
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, U.K. BS8
1TS
| | - Joanna V. Egan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, U.K. BS8
1TS
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, U.K. LS2 9JT
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, U.K. BS8
1TS
| | - Michael I. Cotterell
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, U.K. BS8
1TS
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4
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Valenzuela A, Chu F, Haddrell AE, Cotterell MI, Walker JS, Orr-Ewing AJ, Reid JP. Optical Interrogation of Single Levitated Droplets in a Linear Quadrupole Trap by Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:394-405. [PMID: 33355458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Optical trapping is a well-established technique to manipulate and levitate micro- and nanoscale particles and droplets. However, optical traps for single aerosol studies are most often limited to trapping spherical nonabsorbing droplets, and a universal optical trap for the stable confinement of particles regardless of their absorption strength and morphology is not established. Instead, new opportunities arise from levitating droplets using electrodynamic traps. Here, using a combined electrodynamic linear quadrupole trap and a cavity ring-down spectrometer, we demonstrate that it is possible to trap single droplets and simultaneously measure their extinction cross sections and elastic scattering phase functions over extended periods of time. To test the novel setup, we evaluated the evaporation of 1,2,6-hexanetriol under low-humidity conditions, and the evolution of aqueous (NH4)2SO4 and NaCl droplets experiencing changing environmental conditions. Our studies extended beyond spherical droplets and we measured particle extinction cross sections after the efflorescence (crystallization) of the inorganic salt particles. Comparison of measured cross sections for crystallized particles with light scattering model predictions (using Mie theory or the T-matrix/extended boundary-condition method (EBCM) implementations for random orientation, with either the spheroid or superellipsoid parameterizations) enables information on particle shape to be inferred. Specifically, we find that cross sections for dry (NH4)2SO4 particles are accounted for by Mie theory and, thus, particle shape is represented well by a sphere. Conversely, the cross sections for dry NaCl particles are only reconciled with light scattering models pertaining to nonspherical shapes. These results will have implications for accurate remote sensing retrievals of dry salt optical properties and for parameterizations implemented in radiative forcing calculations with changing humidity. Moreover, our new platform for precise and accurate measurement of optical properties of micron-scale and sub-micron particles has potential applications in a range of areas of atmospheric science, such as precise light scattering measurements for ice crystals and mineral dust. It represents a promising step toward accurate characterizations of optical properties for nonspherical and light-absorbing aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Valenzuela
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.,Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), Granada 18006, Spain
| | - Fenghong Chu
- Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Allen E Haddrell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | | | - Jim S Walker
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | | | - Jonathan P Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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5
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Willoughby RE, Cotterell MI, Lin H, Orr-Ewing AJ, Reid JP. Measurements of the Imaginary Component of the Refractive Index of Weakly Absorbing Single Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5700-5710. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rose E. Willoughby
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Michael I. Cotterell
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- College
for Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, United Kingdom
- Aerosol
Observation Based Research, Met Office, Exeter EX1 3PB, United Kingdom
| | - Hongze Lin
- College
of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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6
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McHale LE, Hecobian A, Yalin AP. Open-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy for trace gas measurements in ambient air. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:5523-5535. [PMID: 29092375 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.005523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work used a near-infrared methane cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) sensor to examine performance and limitations of open-path CRDS for atmospheric measurements. A simple purge-enclosure was developed to maintain high mirror reflectivity and allowed >100 hours of operation with mirror reflectivity above 0.99996. We characterized effects of aerosols on ring-down decay signals and found the dominant effect to be fluctuations by large super-micron particles. Simple software filtering approaches were developed to combat these fluctuations allowing noise-equivalent sensitivity of ~6x10-10 cm-1HJ Hz-1/2 within a factor of ~3 of closed-path systems (based on stability of the absorption baseline). Sensor measurements were validated against known methane concentrations in a closed-path configuration, while open-path validation was performed by side-by-side comparison with a commercial closed-path system.
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7
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Mason BJ, Cotterell MI, Preston TC, Orr-Ewing AJ, Reid JP. Direct Measurements of the Optical Cross Sections and Refractive Indices of Individual Volatile and Hygroscopic Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:5701-13. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. J. Mason
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - M. I. Cotterell
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - T. C. Preston
- Department
of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0B9
| | - A. J. Orr-Ewing
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - J. P. Reid
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
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8
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Cotterell MI, Mason BJ, Preston TC, Orr-Ewing AJ, Reid JP. Optical extinction efficiency measurements on fine and accumulation mode aerosol using single particle cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15843-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00252d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a new single aerosol particle approach using cavity ringdown spectroscopy to accurately determine optical extinction cross sections at multiple wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas C. Preston
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal
- Canada
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9
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Mason BJ, Walker JS, Reid JP, Orr-Ewing AJ. Deviations from Plane-Wave Mie Scattering and Precise Retrieval of Refractive Index for a Single Spherical Particle in an Optical Cavity. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:2083-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5014863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J. Mason
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Jim S. Walker
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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10
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Walker JS, Carruthers AE, Orr-Ewing AJ, Reid JP. Measurements of Light Extinction by Single Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1748-1752. [PMID: 26282989 DOI: 10.1021/jz4008068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A Bessel beam optical trap is combined with continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy to measure the extinction cross section of individual aerosol particles. Particles, ∼1 μm in size, can be captured indefinitely and processes that transform size or refractive index studied. The measured light extinction induced by the particle is shown to depend on the position of the particle in the cavity, allowing accurate measurements of the mode structure of a high finesse optical cavity without significant perturbation. The variation in extinction efficiency of a sodium chloride droplet with relative humidity is shown to agree well with predictions from Mie scattering theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim S Walker
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom BS8 1TS
| | | | - Andrew J Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom BS8 1TS
| | - Jonathan P Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom BS8 1TS
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11
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Mellon D, King SJ, Kim J, Reid JP, Orr-Ewing AJ. Measurements of Extinction by Aerosol Particles in the Near-Infrared Using Continuous Wave Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:774-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109894x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mellon
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. King
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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12
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Dial KD, Hiemstra S, Thompson JE. Simultaneous Measurement of Optical Scattering and Extinction on Dispersed Aerosol Samples. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7885-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100617j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy D. Dial
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, MS1061, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
| | - Scott Hiemstra
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, MS1061, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
| | - Jonathan E. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, MS1061, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409
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13
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Butler TJA, Mellon D, Kim J, Litman J, Orr-Ewing AJ. Optical-feedback cavity ring-down spectroscopy measurements of extinction by aerosol particles. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:3963-72. [PMID: 19249854 DOI: 10.1021/jp810310b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Optical feedback cavity ring-down spectroscopy (OF-CRDS) using a continuous wave distributed feedback diode laser at 1650 nm has been used to measure extinction of light by samples of monodisperse spherical aerosol particles <1 mum in diameter. The OF-CRDS method allows measurements of low levels of extinction of incident light to be made at repetition rates of 1 kHz or greater. A statistical model is proposed to describe the linear relationship between the extinction coefficient (alpha) and its variance (Var(alpha)). Application of this model to experimental measurements of Var(alpha) for a range of alpha values typically below approximately 1 x 10(-6) cm(-1) allows extinction cross-sections for the aerosol particles to be obtained without need for knowledge of the particle number density. Samples of polystyrene spheres with diameters of 400, 500, 600, and 700 nm were used to test the model by comparing extinction cross-sections determined from the experiment with the predictions of Mie theory calculations. Fitting of ring-down decay traces exhibiting amplitude noise to extract cavity ring-down times introduces additional quadratic and higher order polynomial dependencies of the variance that become significant for larger particle number densities and thus extinction coefficients (typically for alpha > 1 x 10(-6) cm(-1) under our experimental conditions). Aggregation of particles at larger number densities is suggested as a further source of variance in the measurements. Extinction cross-sections are severely underestimated if the measurements are made too rapidly to sample uncorrelated distributions of particle numbers and positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J A Butler
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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14
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Lang-Yona N, Rudich Y, Segre E, Dinar E, Abo-Riziq A. Complex Refractive Indices of Aerosols Retrieved by Continuous Wave-Cavity Ring Down Aerosol Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1762-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8017789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Lang-Yona
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Physics Services, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Y. Rudich
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Physics Services, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - E. Segre
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Physics Services, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - E. Dinar
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Physics Services, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - A. Abo-Riziq
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Physics Services, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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15
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Everest MA, Atkinson DB. Discrete sums for the rapid determination of exponential decay constants. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:023108. [PMID: 18315284 DOI: 10.1063/1.2839918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Several computational methods are presented for the rapid extraction of decay time constants from discrete exponential data. Two methods are found to be comparably fast and highly accurate. They are corrected successive integration and a method involving the Fourier transform (FT) of the data and the application of an expression that does not assume continuous data. FT methods in the literature are found to introduce significant systematic error owing to the assumption that data are continuous. Corrected successive integration methods in the literature are correct, but we offer a more direct way of applying them which we call linear regression of the sum. We recommend the use of the latter over FT-based methods, as the FT methods are more affected by noise in the original data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Everest
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, George Fox University, 414 N Meridian St., Newberg, Oregon 97132, USA.
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16
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Butler TJA, Miller JL, Orr-Ewing AJ. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy measurements of single aerosol particle extinction. I. The effect of position of a particle within the laser beam on extinction. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:174302. [PMID: 17492858 DOI: 10.1063/1.2723735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous wave distributed feedback diode laser operating in the near infrared at wavelengths close to 1650 nm has been used to measure the extinction of light by single aerosol particles. The technique of optical feedback cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) was used for measurement of CRDS events at a repetition rate of 1.25 kHz. This very high repetition rate enabled multiple measurements of the extinction of light by single aerosol particles for the first time and demonstrated the dependence of light scattering on the position of a particle within the laser beam. A model is proposed to explain quantitatively this phenomenon. The minimum detectable dimensionless extinction coefficient epsilonmin was determined to be 3x10(-6). Extinction values obtained for single spherical polymer beads from a monodisperse sample of particles of diameter of 4 microm are in near-quantitative agreement with the values calculated by the Mie scattering theory. The deviations from the Mie theory expected for measurement of extinction by CRDS using a continuous wave laser are discussed in the companion paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J A Butler
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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