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Tsekeri A, Amiridis V, Lopatin A, Marinou E, Giannakaki E, Pikridas M, Sciare J, Liakakou E, Gerasopoulos E, Duesing S, Corbin JC, Gysel M, Bukowiecki N, Baars H, Engelmann R, Wehner B, Kottas M, Mamali D, Kokkalis P, Raptis PI, Stavroulas I, Keleshis C, Müller D, Solomos S, Binietoglou I, Mihalopoulos N, Papayannis A, Stachlewska IS, Igloffstein J, Wandinger U, Ansmann A, Dubovik O, Goloub P. Aerosol absorption profiling from the synergy of lidar and sun-photometry: the ACTRIS-2 campaigns in Germany, Greece and Cyprus. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201817608005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol absorption profiling is crucial for radiative transfer calculations and climate modelling. Here, we utilize the synergy of lidar with sun-photometer measurements to derive the absorption coefficient and single scattering albedo profiles during the ACTRIS-2 campaigns held in Germany, Greece and Cyprus. The remote sensing techniques are compared with in situ measurements in order to harmonize and validate the different methodologies and reduce the absorption profiling uncertainties.
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2
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Zhao W, Xu X, Fang B, Zhang Q, Qian X, Wang S, Liu P, Zhang W, Wang Z, Liu D, Huang Y, Venables DS, Chen W. Development of an incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced aerosol extinction spectrometer and its application to measurement of aerosol optical hygroscopicity. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:E16-E22. [PMID: 28414337 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.000e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of a blue light-emitting-diode-based incoherent broad-band cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) instrument for the measurement of the aerosol extinction coefficient at λ=461 nm. With an effective absorption path length of 2.8 km, an optimum detection limit of 0.05 Mm-1 (5×10-10 cm-1) was achieved with an averaging time of 84 s. The baseline drift of the developed spectrometer was about ±0.3 Mm-1 over 2.5 h (1σ standard deviation). The performance of the system was evaluated with laboratory-generated monodispersed polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres. The retrieved complex refractive index of PSL agreed well with previously reported values. The relative humidity (RH) dependence of the aerosol extinction coefficient was measured using IBBCEAS. The measured extinction enhancement factor values for 200 nm dry ammonium sulphate particles at different RH were in good agreement with the modeled values. Field performance of the aerosol extinction spectrometer was demonstrated at the Hefei Radiation Observatory site.
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3
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Kilic D, Brem BT, Klein F, El-Haddad I, Durdina L, Rindlisbacher T, Setyan A, Huang R, Wang J, Slowik JG, Baltensperger U, Prevot ASH. Characterization of Gas-Phase Organics Using Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Aircraft Turbine Engines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3621-3629. [PMID: 28304157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonmethane organic gas emissions (NMOGs) from in-service aircraft turbine engines were investigated using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) at an engine test facility at Zurich Airport, Switzerland. Experiments consisted of 60 exhaust samples for seven engine types (used in commercial aviation) from two manufacturers at thrust levels ranging from idle to takeoff. Emission indices (EIs) for more than 200 NMOGs were quantified, and the functional group fractions (including acids, carbonyls, aromatics, and aliphatics) were calculated to characterize the exhaust chemical composition at different engine operation modes. Total NMOG emissions were highest at idling with an average EI of 7.8 g/kg fuel and were a factor of ∼40 lower at takeoff thrust. The relative contribution of pure hydrocarbons (particularly aromatics and aliphatics) of the engine exhaust decreased with increasing thrust while the fraction of oxidized compounds, for example, acids and carbonyls increased. Exhaust chemical composition at idle was also affected by engine technology. Older engines emitted a higher fraction of nonoxidized NMOGs compared to newer ones. Idling conditions dominated ground level organic gas emissions. Based on the EI determined here, we estimate that reducing idle emissions could substantially improve air quality near airports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogushan Kilic
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin T Brem
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Klein
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Imad El-Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Durdina
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ari Setyan
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rujin Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich , 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Karpf A, Rao GN. Real-time trace gas sensor using a multimode diode laser and multiple-line integrated cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:6085-6092. [PMID: 26193156 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.006085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe and demonstrate a highly sensitive trace gas sensor based on a simplified design that is capable of measuring sub-ppb concentrations of NO2 in tens of milliseconds. The sensor makes use of a relatively inexpensive Fabry-Perot diode laser to conduct off-axis cavity enhanced spectroscopy. The broad frequency range of a multimode Fabry-Perot diode laser spans a large number of absorption lines, thereby removing the need for a single-frequency tunable laser source. The use of cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy enhances the sensitivity of the sensor by providing a pathlength on the order of 1 km in a small volume. Off-axis alignment excites a large number of cavity modes simultaneously, thereby reducing the sensor's susceptibility to vibration. Multiple-line integrated absorption spectroscopy (where one integrates the absorption spectra over a large number of rovibronic transitions of the molecular species) further improves the sensitivity of detection. Relatively high laser power (∼400 mW) is used to compensate for the low coupling efficiency of a broad linewidth laser to the optical cavity. The approach was demonstrated using a 407 nm diode laser to detect trace quantities of NO2 in zero air. Sensitivities of 750 ppt, 110 ppt, and 65 ppt were achieved using integration times of 50 ms, 5 s, and 20 s respectively.
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5
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Hovde C, Gomez AL. Phase-shift feedback cavity ring-down spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2015; 54:5555-5559. [PMID: 26192860 DOI: 10.1364/ao.54.005555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phase-shift cavity-enhanced techniques have been used to measure optical losses with relatively simple electronics. Instead of measuring the phase shift, in this work the intensity modulation frequency is varied using feedback to keep the phase shift locked to a target value. The modulation frequency then becomes a signal from which cavity losses can be estimated. The technique is applied with a super luminescent diode to measure losses resulting from the addition of acetylene to a cavity containing nitrogen at ambient temperature and pressure. The technique, phase-shift feedback cavity ring down, is compared to phase-shift cavity ring-down spectroscopy.
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6
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Moise T, Flores JM, Rudich Y. Optical Properties of Secondary Organic Aerosols and Their Changes by Chemical Processes. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4400-39. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5005259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Moise
- Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - J. Michel Flores
- Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Wood EC, Charest JR. Chemical Amplification - Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift Spectroscopy Measurements of Atmospheric Peroxy Radicals. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10266-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502451m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezra C. Wood
- Department
of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - John R. Charest
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Massachusetts 01003, United States
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8
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Sadanaga Y, Suzuki K, Yoshimoto T, Bandow H. Direct measurement system of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere using a blue light-emitting diode induced fluorescence technique. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:064101. [PMID: 24985825 DOI: 10.1063/1.4879821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An instrument for measuring atmospheric nitrogen dioxide has been developed by a light-emitting diode induced fluorescence (LED-IF) technique. Air was introduced into a fluorescence detection cell. A pulsed blue light LED with a peak wavelength of 430 nm was irradiated to excite NO2 molecules in this cell. Fluorescence emitted from excited NO2 molecules was detected by a dynode-gated photomultiplier tube. The current detection limit of the LED-IF instrument was estimated to be 7.0 and 0.91 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) at 1-min and 1-h integration times, respectively, with a signal to noise ratio of 2. This result indicates that this LED-IF instrument can measure sufficiently precise 1-h values of NO2 concentrations in the urban atmosphere. An NO2 test observation and an intercomparison of the LED-IF instrument with an NO2 measurement system based on a photolytic converter/NO-O3 chemiluminescence method were performed in the urban atmosphere. Concentration differences between the two methods were within ±25% for about 90% of the data. It has been demonstrated by these observations that NO2 concentrations can be observed in the urban areas using the LED-IF instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Sadanaga
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kazunari Suzuki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Yoshimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bandow
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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10
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Zhao W, Dong M, Chen W, Gu X, Hu C, Gao X, Huang W, Zhang W. Wavelength-Resolved Optical Extinction Measurements of Aerosols Using Broad-Band Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy over the Spectral Range of 445–480 nm. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2260-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303174n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Zhao
- Anhui Institute of Optics and
Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Meili Dong
- Anhui Institute of Optics and
Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
of the Atmosphere, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, 189A Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140
Dunkerque, France
| | - Xuejun Gu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and
Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Changjin Hu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and
Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Anhui Institute of Optics and
Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and
Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and
Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
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11
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Kiwanuka SS, Laurila TK, Frank JH, Esposito A, Blomberg von der Geest K, Pancheri L, Stoppa D, Kaminski CF. Development of Broadband Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy for Biomedical Diagnostics of Liquid Analytes. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5489-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301108q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.-S. Kiwanuka
- Department
of Chemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K
| | - T. K. Laurila
- Department
of Chemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K
- Metrology Research Institute, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Centre for Metrology and Accreditation (MIKES), Espoo, Finland
| | - J. H. Frank
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore California
94551, United States
| | - A. Esposito
- Medical
Research Council Cancer
Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - L. Pancheri
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Trento, Italy
| | - D. Stoppa
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK), Trento, Italy
| | - C. F. Kaminski
- Department
of Chemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K
- SAOT School of Advanced Optical
Technologies, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Guenther-Scharowsky-Strasse
1, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Lovich MA, Bruno NK, Plant CP, Wei AE, Vasquez GB, Johnson BJ, Fine DH, Gilbert RJ. Use of ultra pure nitric oxide generated by the reduction of nitrogen dioxide to reverse pulmonary hypertension in hypoxemic swine. Nitric Oxide 2011; 24:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Langridge JM, Ball SM, Shillings AJL, Jones RL. A broadband absorption spectrometer using light emitting diodes for ultrasensitive, in situ trace gas detection. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:123110. [PMID: 19123548 DOI: 10.1063/1.3046282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A broadband absorption spectrometer has been developed for highly sensitive and target-selective in situ trace gas measurements. The instrument employs two distinct modes of operation: (i) broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (BBCEAS) is used to quantify the concentration of gases in sample mixtures from their characteristic absorption features, and (ii) periodic measurements of the cavity mirrors' reflectivity are made using step-scan phase shift cavity ringdown spectroscopy (PSCRDS). The latter PSCRDS method provides a stand-alone alternative to the more usual method of determining mirror reflectivities by measuring BBCEAS absorption spectra for calibration samples of known composition. Moreover, the instrument's two modes of operation use light from the same light emitting diode transmitted through the cavity in the same optical alignment, hence minimizing the potential for systematic errors between mirror reflectivity determinations and concentration measurements. The ability of the instrument to quantify absorber concentrations is tested in instrument intercomparison exercises for NO(2) (versus a laser broadband cavity ringdown spectrometer) and for H(2)O (versus a commercial hygrometer). A method is also proposed for calculating effective absorption cross sections for fitting the differential structure in BBCEAS spectra due to strong, narrow absorption lines that are under-resolved and hence exhibit non-Beer-Lambert law behavior at the resolution of the BBCEAS measurements. This approach is tested on BBCEAS spectra of water vapor's 4v+delta absorption bands around 650 nm. The most immediate analytical application of the present instrument is in quantifying the concentration of reactive trace gases in the ambient atmosphere. The instrument's detection limits for NO(3) as a function of integration time are considered in detail using an Allan variance analysis. Experiments under laboratory conditions produce a 1sigma detection limit of 0.25 pptv for a 10 s acquisition time, which improves with further signal averaging to 0.09 pptv in 400 s. Finally, an example of the instrument's performance under field work conditions is presented, in this case of measurements of the sum of NO(3)+N(2)O(5) concentrations in the marine boundary layer acquired during the Reactive Halogens in the Marine Boundary Layer field campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Langridge
- Department of Chemistry, University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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14
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Kebabian PL, Wood EC, Herndon SC, Freedman A. A practical alternative to chemiluminescence-based detection of nitrogen dioxide: cavity attenuated phase shift spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:6040-5. [PMID: 18767663 DOI: 10.1021/es703204j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We present results obtained from a greatly improved version of a previously reported nitrogen dioxide monitor (Anal Chem. 2005, 77, 724-728) that utilizes cavity attenuated phase shift spectroscopy (CAPS). The sensor, which detects the optical absorption of nitrogen dioxide within a 20 nm bandpass centered at 440 nm, comprises a blue light emitting diode, an enclosed stainless steel measurement cell (26 cm length) incorporating a resonant optical cavity of near-confocal design and a vacuum photodiode detector. An analog heterodyne detection scheme is used to measure the phase shift in the waveform of the modulated light transmitted through the cell induced by the presence of nitrogen dioxide within the cell. The sensor, which operates at atmospheric pressure, fits into a 19 in.-rack-mounted instrumentation box, weighs 10 kg, and utilizes 70 W of electrical power with pump included. The sensor response to nitrogen dioxide (calculated as the cotangent of the phase shift) is demonstrated to be linear (r2 > 0.9999) within +/- 1 ppb over a range of 0-320 ppb (by volume). The device exhibits a detection limit (3sigma precision) of less than 60 parts per trillion (0.060 ppb) with 10 s integration, a value derived from measurements at NO2 concentration levels of both 0 and 20 ppb; the detection limit improves as the integration time is increased to several hundred seconds. The observed baseline drift is less than +/- 0.5 ppb overthe course of a month. An intercomparison of measurements of ambient NO2 concentrations over several days using this sensor with a quantum cascade laser-based infrared absorption spectrometer and a standard chemiluminescence-based NOx analyzer is presented. The data from the CAPS sensor are highly correlated (r2 > 0.99) with the other two instruments. The absolute agreement between the CAPS and each of the two other instruments is within the expected statistical noise associated with the infrared laser-based absorption spectrometer (+/- 0.3 ppb with 10 s sampling) and chemiluminescence analyzer (+/- 0.4 ppb with 60 s averaging). The major limitation concerning accuracy is a direct spectral interference with phototchemically produced 1,2-dicarbonyl species (e.g., glyoxal, methylglyoxal). However, this interference can be readily removed by shifting the detection band to a slightly longer wavelength and ensuring that the lower edge of the detection band is greater than 455 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Kebabian
- Center for Sensor Systems and Technology, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3976, USA
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