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Pal R, Chattaraj PK. Structure, stability, reactivity and bonding in noble gas compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9856-9866. [PMID: 38497096 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Noble gases (Ngs) are recognized as the least reactive elements due to their fully filled valence electronic configuration. Their reluctance to engage in chemical bond formation necessitates extreme conditions such as low temperatures, high pressures, and reagents with high reactivity. In this Perspective, we discuss our endeavours in the theoretical prediction of viable Ng complexes, emphasizing the pursuit of synthesizing them under nearly ambient conditions. Our research encompasses various bonding categories of Ng complexes and our primary aim is to comprehend the bonding mechanisms within these complexes, utilizing state-of-the-art theoretical tools such as natural bond orbital, energy decomposition, and electron density analyses. These complex types manifest distinct bonding scenarios. In the non-insertion type, the donor-acceptor interaction strength hinges on the polarizing ability of the binding atom, drawing the electron density of the Ng towards itself. In certain instances, especially with heavier Ng elements, this interaction reaches a magnitude where it can be considered a covalent bond. Conversely, in most insertion cases, the Ng prefers to share electrons to form a covalent bond on one side while interacting electrostatically on the other side. In rare cases, both bonds may be portrayed as electron-shared covalent bonds. Furthermore, a host cage serves as an excellent platform to explore the limits of achieving Ng-Ng bonds (even for helium), under high pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranita Pal
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India.
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Montes de Oca-Estévez MJ, Valdés Á, Prosmiti R. A kernel-based machine learning potential and quantum vibrational state analysis of the cationic Ar hydride (Ar 2H +). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7060-7071. [PMID: 38345626 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05865d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
One of the most fascinating discoveries in recent years, in the cold and low pressure regions of the universe, was the detection of ArH+ and HeH+ species. The identification of such noble gas-containing molecules in space is the key to understanding noble gas chemistry. In the present work, we discuss the possibility of [Ar2H]+ existence as a potentially detectable molecule in the interstellar medium, providing new data on possible astronomical pathways and energetics of this compound. As a first step, a data-driven approach is proposed to construct a full 3D machine-learning potential energy surface (ML-PES) via the reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) method. The training and testing data sets are generated from CCSD(T)/CBS[56] computations, while a validation protocol is introduced to ensure the quality of the potential. In turn, the resulting ML-PES is employed to compute vibrational levels and molecular spectroscopic constants for the cation. In this way, the most common isotopologue in ISM, [36Ar2H]+, was characterized for the first time, while simultaneously, comparisons with previously reported values available for [40Ar2H]+ are discussed. Our present data could serve as a benchmark for future studies on this system, as well as on higher-order cationic Ar-hydrides of astrophysical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Judit Montes de Oca-Estévez
- Institute of Fundamental Physics (IFF-CSIC), CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- Atelgraphics S.L., Mota de Cuervo 42, 28043, Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Valdés
- Escuela de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, A. A., 3840, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rita Prosmiti
- Institute of Fundamental Physics (IFF-CSIC), CSIC, Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Bretón J, Hernández-Rojas J, Hernández MI, Campos-Martínez J, González-Lezana T. Trihydrogen Cation Helium Clusters: A New Potential Energy Surface. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300425. [PMID: 37608649 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a new analytical potential energy surface (PES) for the interaction between the trihydrogen cation and a He atom,H 3 + - H e ${{H}_{3}^{+}-He}$ , in its electronic ground state. The proposed PES has been built as a sum of two contributions: a polarization energy term due to the electric field generated by the molecular cation at the position of the polarizable He atom, and an exchange-repulsion and dispersion interactions represented by a sum of "atom-bond" potentials between the three bonds ofH 3 + ${{H}_{3}^{+}}$ and the He atom. All parameters of this new PES have been chosen and fitted from data obtained from high-level ab-initio calculations. Using this new PES plus the Aziz-Slaman potential for the interaction between Helium atoms and assuming pair-wise interactions, we carry out classical Basin-Hopping (BH) global optimization, semiclassical BH with Zero Point Energy corrections, and quantum Diffusion Monte Carlo simulations. We have found the minimum energy configurations of small He clusters doped withH 3 + ${{H}_{3}^{+}}$ ,H 3 + H e N ${{H}_{3}^{+}{\left(He\right)}_{N}}$ , with N=1-16. The study of the energies of these clusters allows us to find a pronounced anomaly for N=12, in perfect agreement with previous experimental findings, which we relate to a greater relative stability of this aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Bretón
- Departamento de Física e IUdEA, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Javier Hernández-Rojas
- Departamento de Física e IUdEA, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Calculation of the intermolecular potential energy surfaces of $${\mathbf{H}\mathbf{e}\mathbf{H}}_{3}^{+}$$ by means of ab initio methods. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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McDonald DC, Rittgers BM, Theis RA, Fortenberry RC, Marks JH, Leicht D, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy and anharmonic theory of H 3 +Ar 2,3 complexes: The role of symmetry in solvation. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:134305. [PMID: 33032436 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vibrational spectra of H3 +Ar2,3 and D3 +Ar2,3 are investigated in the 2000 cm-1 to 4500 cm-1 region through a combination of mass-selected infrared laser photodissociation spectroscopy and computational work including the effects of anharmonicity. In the reduced symmetry of the di-argon complex, vibrational activity is detected in the regions of both the symmetric and antisymmetric hydrogen stretching modes of H3 +. The tri-argon complex restores the D3h symmetry of the H3 + ion, with a concomitant reduction in the vibrational activity that is limited to the region of the antisymmetric stretch. Throughout these spectra, additional bands are detected beyond those predicted with harmonic vibrational theory. Anharmonic theory is able to reproduce some of the additional bands, with varying degrees of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - B M Rittgers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - R A Theis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460, USA
| | - R C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - J H Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - D Leicht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - M A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Grandinetti F. Cationic Noble-Gas Hydrides: From Ion Sources to Outer Space. Front Chem 2020; 8:462. [PMID: 32637393 PMCID: PMC7317115 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic species with noble gas (Ng)-hydrogen bonds play a major role in the gas-phase ion chemistry of the group 18 elements. These species first emerged more than 90 years ago, when the simplest HeH+ and HeH2 + were detected from ionized He/H2 mixtures. Over the years, the family has considerably expanded and currently includes various bonding motifs that are investigated with intense experimental and theoretical interest. Quite recently, the results of these studies acquired new and fascinating implications. The diatomic ArH+ and HeH+ were, in fact, detected in various galactic and extragalactic regions, and this stimulates intriguing questions concerning the actual role in the outer space of the Ng-H cations observed in the laboratory. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the most relevant information currently available on the structure, stability, and routes of formation of these fascinating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Grandinetti
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici del CNR, Monterotondo, Italy
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Saha R, Jana G, Pan S, Merino G, Chattaraj PK. How Far Can One Push the Noble Gases Towards Bonding?: A Personal Account. Molecules 2019; 24:E2933. [PMID: 31412650 PMCID: PMC6719121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noble gases (Ngs) are the least reactive elements in the periodic table towards chemical bond formation when compared with other elements because of their completely filled valence electronic configuration. Very often, extreme conditions like low temperatures, high pressures and very reactive reagents are required for them to form meaningful chemical bonds with other elements. In this personal account, we summarize our works to date on Ng complexes where we attempted to theoretically predict viable Ng complexes having strong bonding to synthesize them under close to ambient conditions. Our works cover three different types of Ng complexes, viz., non-insertion of NgXY type, insertion of XNgY type and Ng encapsulated cage complexes where X and Y can represent any atom or group of atoms. While the first category of Ng complexes can be thermochemically stable at a certain temperature depending on the strength of the Ng-X bond, the latter two categories are kinetically stable, and therefore, their viability and the corresponding conditions depend on the size of the activation barrier associated with the release of Ng atom(s). Our major focus was devoted to understand the bonding situation in these complexes by employing the available state-of-the-art theoretic tools like natural bond orbital, electron density, and energy decomposition analyses in combination with the natural orbital for chemical valence theory. Intriguingly, these three types of complexes represent three different types of bonding scenarios. In NgXY, the strength of the donor-acceptor Ng→XY interaction depends on the polarizing power of binding the X center to draw the rather rigid electron density of Ng towards itself, and sometimes involvement of such orbitals becomes large enough, particularly for heavier Ng elements, to consider them as covalent bonds. On the other hand, in most of the XNgY cases, Ng forms an electron-shared covalent bond with X while interacting electrostatically with Y representing itself as [XNg]+Y-. Nevertheless, in some of the rare cases like NCNgNSi, both the C-Ng and Ng-N bonds can be represented as electron-shared covalent bonds. On the other hand, a cage host is an excellent moiety to examine the limits that can be pushed to attain bonding between two Ng atoms (even for He) at high pressure. The confinement effect by a small cage-like B12N12 can even induce some covalent interaction within two He atoms in the He2@B12N12 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical Studies Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Gourhari Jana
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical Studies Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, Mérida 97310, Yuc., Mexico.
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical Studies Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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Circular cationic compounds B3Rgn+ of triangular ion B3+ trapping rare gases. Chem Res Chin Univ 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-017-7054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Ozgurel O, Pauzat F, Pilmé J, Ellinger Y, Bacchus-Montabonel MC, Mousis O. Protonated ions as systemic trapping agents for noble gases: From electronic structure to radiative association. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:134305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4994630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Fortenberry RC, Thackston R, Francisco JS, Lee TJ. Toward the laboratory identification of the not-so-simple NS2neutral and anion isomers. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:074303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460-8064, USA
| | - Russell Thackston
- Department of Information Technology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia 30460-8150, USA
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Timothy J. Lee
- MS 245-1, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, USA
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Novak CM, Fortenberry RC. Vibrational frequencies and spectroscopic constants of three, stable noble gas molecules: NeCCH+, ArCCH+, and ArCN+. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:5230-5238. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The search for possible, natural, noble gas molecules has led to quantum chemical, spectroscopic analysis of NeCCH+, ArCCH+, and ArCN+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie M. Novak
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Georgia Southern University
- Statesboro
- USA
| | - Ryan C. Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- Georgia Southern University
- Statesboro
- USA
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Ghosh A, Ghanty TK. Unprecedented Enhancement of Noble Gas–Noble Metal Bonding in NgAu3+ (Ng = Ar, Kr, and Xe) Ion through Hydrogen Doping. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9998-10006. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Ghosh
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar,
Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Tapan K. Ghanty
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar,
Mumbai 400094, India
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Filipek G, Fortenberry RC. Formation of Potential Interstellar Noble Gas Molecules in Gas and Adsorbed Phases. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:765-772. [PMID: 31457160 PMCID: PMC6640802 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of naturally occurring ArH+ in various regions of the interstellar medium has shown the need for more understanding of the reactions that lead to covalently bonded noble gas molecules. The test comes with trying to predict the formation of other small noble gas molecules. Many molecules have been observed in various interstellar environments, which possess the possibility of bonding with noble gases. This work explores how both argon and neon can form bonds to ligands made of these species through quantum chemical computations. Argon and neon are chosen as they are among the most abundant atoms in the universe but are more polarizable than the more common but smaller helium atom. Reactions leading to noble gas molecules are modeled in the gas phase as well as through the adsorbed phase by catalysis with a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) surface. The adsorption energy of the neutral noble gas atoms to the surface increases as the size of the PAH also increases but this is still less than 10 kcal/mol. It is proposed and supported herein that an incoming molecule can bond with the noble gas atom adsorbed onto the PAH, form a stable structure, and allow the PAH to function as the leaving group. This work shows that the noble gas molecules ArCCH+, ArOH+, ArNH+, and NeCCH+ are not only stable minima on their respective potential energy surfaces but also can be formed in either the gas phase or through PAH adsorption with known or hypothesized interstellar molecules. Most notably, NeCCH+ does not appear to form in the gas phase but could be catalyzed on PAH surfaces. Hence, the interstellar detection of such molecules could also serve as a probe for the observation of interstellar PAHs.
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Makarewicz E, Gordon AJ, Berski S. The electronic structure of the xenon insertion compounds XXe–MX2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I; M = B, Al, Ga). Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Potential interstellar noble gas molecules: ArOH + and NeOH + rovibrational analysis from quantum chemical quartic force fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molap.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Theis RA, Fortenberry RC. Trihydrogen Cation with Neon and Argon: Structural, Energetic, and Spectroscopic Data from Quartic Force Fields. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4915-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riley A. Theis
- Georgia Southern University, Department
of Chemistry, Statesboro, Georgia 30460 United States
| | - Ryan C. Fortenberry
- Georgia Southern University, Department
of Chemistry, Statesboro, Georgia 30460 United States
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Pan S, Jalife S, Romero J, Reyes A, Merino G, Chattaraj PK. Attractive Xe–Li interaction in Li-decorated clusters. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pan S, Jalife S, Kumar RM, Subramanian V, Merino G, Chattaraj PK. Structure and Stability of (NG)nCN3Be3+Clusters and Comparison with (NG)BeY0/+. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2511-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pan S, Contreras M, Romero J, Reyes A, Chattaraj PK, Merino G. C5Li7+and O2Li5+as Noble-Gas-Trapping Agents. Chemistry 2013; 19:2322-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Grandinetti F. Review: gas-phase ion chemistry of the noble gases: recent advances and future perspectives. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:423-463. [PMID: 22173538 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review article surveys recent experimental and theoretical advances in the gas-phase ion chemistry of the noble gases. Covered issues include the interaction of the noble gases with metal and non-metal cations, the conceivable existence of covalent noble-gas anions, the occurrence of ion-molecule reactions involving singly-charged xenon cations, and the occurrence of bond-forming reactions involving doubly-charged cations. Research themes are also highlighted, that are expected to attract further interest in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Grandinetti
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, L.go dell'Università, s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Chakraborty A, Giri S, Chattaraj PK. Trapping of noble gases (He–Kr) by the aromatic H3+ and Li3+ species: a conceptual DFT approach. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00040j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Pauzat F, Ellinger Y, Pilmé J, Mousis O. H3(+) as a trap for noble gases-3: multiple trapping of neon, argon, and krypton in X(n)H3(+) (n = 1-3). J Chem Phys 2009; 130:174313. [PMID: 19425782 DOI: 10.1063/1.3126777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on the formation of XH(3)(+) noble gas complexes have shown strategic implications for the composition of the atmospheres of the giant planets as well as for the composition of comets. One crucial factor in the astrophysical process is the relative abundances of the noble gases versus H(3)(+). It is the context in which the possibility for clustering with more than one noble gas (X(n)H(3)(+) up to n = 3) has been investigated for noble gases X ranging from neon to krypton. In order to assert our results, a variety of methods have been used including ab initio coupled cluster CCSD and CCSD(T), MP2, and density functional BH&HLYP levels of theory. All complexes with one, two, and three noble gases are found to be stable in the Ne, Ar, and Kr families. These stable structures are planar with the noble gases attached to the apices of the H(3)(+) triangle. The binding energy of the nth atom, defined as the X(n)H(3)(+) --> X(n-1)H(3)(+) + X reaction energy, increases slightly with n varying from 1 to 3 in the neon series, while it decreases in the argon series and shows a minimum for n = 2 in the krypton series. The origin of this phenomenon is to be found in the variations in the respective vibrational energies. A topological analysis of the electron localization function shows the importance of the charge transfer from the noble gases toward H(3)(+) as a driving force in the bonding along the series. It is also consistent with the increase in the atomic polarizabilities from neon to krypton. Rotational constants and harmonic frequencies are reported in order to provide a body of data to be used for the detection in laboratory prior to space observations. This study strongly suggests that the noble gases could be sequestered even in an environment where the H(3)(+) abundance is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pauzat
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616, UPMC University Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France.
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